5 Steps to a 5 500 AP Psychology Questions to Know by Test Day

™ STEPS TO A 500 AP Psychology Questions to know by test day Also in the Steps Series: Steps to a 5: AP Psychology Steps to a 5: AP Psychology with CD-ROM Steps to a 5: AP Psychology Flashcards for Your iPod Steps to a 5: AP Psychology (iPhone App) Also in the 500 AP Questions to Know by Test Day series: Steps to a 5: 500 AP English Language Questions to Know by Test Day Steps to a 5: 500 AP English Literature Questions to Know by Test Day Steps to a 5: 500 AP Biology Questions to Know by Test Day Steps to a 5: 500 AP U.S History Questions to Know by Test Day Steps to a 5: 500 AP World History Questions to Know by Test Day ™ STEPS TO A 500 AP Psychology Questions to know by test day Lauren Williams New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto LAUREN WILLIAMS has a bachelor’s degree in history and psychology and a master’s degree in social studies education She has been a teacher in New York City for 12 years, having taught advanced placement psychology for nine years She is currently working toward a second master’s degree in counseling Copyright © 2011, by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-174204-7 MHID: 0-07-174204-2 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-174203-0, MHID: 0-07-174203-4 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please e-mail us at bulksales@mcgraw-hill.com Trademarks: McGraw-Hill, the McGraw-Hill Publishing logo, Steps to a 5, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of The McGraw-Hill Companies and/or its affi liates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners The McGraw-Hill Companies is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book TERMS OF USE This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc (“McGrawHill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the work Use of this work is subject to these terms Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and retrieve one copy of the work, you may not decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer, reproduce, modify, create derivative works based upon, transmit, distribute, disseminate, sell, publish or sublicense the work or any part of it without McGraw-Hill’s prior consent You may use the work for your own noncommercial and personal use; any other use of the work is strictly prohibited Your right to use the work may be terminated if you fail to comply with these terms THE WORK IS PROVIDED “AS IS.” McGRAW-HILL AND ITS LICENSORS MAKE NO GUARANTEES OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE ACCURACY, ADEQUACY OR COMPLETENESS OF OR RESULTS TO BE OBTAINED FROM USING THE WORK, INCLUDING ANY INFORMATION THAT CAN BE ACCESSED THROUGH THE WORK VIA HYPERLINK OR OTHERWISE, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ANY WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE McGraw-Hill and its licensors not warrant or guarantee that the functions contained in the work will meet your requirements or that its operation will be uninterrupted or error free Neither McGraw-Hill nor its licensors shall be liable to you or anyone else for any inaccuracy, error or omission, regardless of cause, in the work or for any damages resulting therefrom McGraw-Hill has no responsibility for the content of any information accessed through the work Under no circumstances shall McGraw-Hill and/or its licensors be liable for any indirect, incidental, special, punitive, consequential or similar damages that result from the use of or inability to use the work, even if any of them has been advised of the possibility of such damages This limitation of liability shall apply to any claim or cause whatsoever whether such claim or cause arises in contract, tort or otherwise CONTENTS Introduction vii Chapter Schools of Thought Questions 1–20 Chapter Research Methods Questions 21–30 Chapter The Brain 11 Questions 31–50 Chapter Neuroscience 17 Questions 51–60 Chapter Sensation and Perception 21 Questions 61–80 Chapter Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreams 27 Questions 81–110 Chapter Drugs and Hypnosis 35 Questions 111–130 Chapter Classical Conditioning 41 Questions 131–150 Chapter Operant Conditioning and Cognitive Learning 47 Questions 151–175 Chapter 10 Memory 55 Questions 176–195 Chapter 11 Remembering and Forgetting 61 Questions 196–215 Chapter 12 Intelligence and Testing 67 Questions 216–240 Chapter 13 Thought and Language 75 Questions 241–265 Chapter 14 Motivation 83 Questions 266–285 ❮ v vi ❯ Contents Chapter 15 Emotion 89 Questions 286–310 Chapter 16 Developmental Psychology: Infancy and Childhood 95 Questions 311–335 Chapter 17 Developmental Psychology: Adolescence and Adulthood 101 Questions 336–355 Chapter 18 Developmental Psychology: Death and Dying 107 Questions 356–360 Chapter 19 Freudian Psychology 109 Questions 361–380 Chapter 20 Personality Psychology 115 Questions 381–400 Chapter 21 Stress and Coping 121 Questions 401–415 Chapter 22 Disorders 125 Questions 416–435 Chapter 23 Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia 131 Questions 436–455 Chapter 24 Therapies 137 Questions 456–475 Chapter 25 Social Psychology Questions 476–500 Answers 149 143 INTRODUCTION Congratulations! You’ve taken a big step toward AP success by purchasing Steps to a 5: 500 AP Psychology Questions to Know by Test Day We are here to help you take the next step and score high on your AP Exam so you can earn college credits and get into the college or university of your choice This book gives you 500 AP-style multiple-choice questions that cover all the most essential course material Each question has a detailed answer explanation These questions will give you valuable independent practice to supplement your regular textbook and the groundwork you are already doing in your AP classroom This and the other books in this series were written by expert AP teachers who know your exam inside out and can identify the crucial exam information as well as questions that are most likely to appear on the exam You might be the kind of student who takes several AP courses and needs to study extra questions a few weeks before the exam for a final review Or you might be the kind of student who puts off preparing until the last weeks before the exam No matter what your preparation style is, you will surely benefit from reviewing these 500 questions, which closely parallel the content, format, and degree of difficulty of the questions on the actual AP exam These questions and their answer explanations are the ideal last-minute study tool for those final few weeks before the test Remember the old saying “Practice makes perfect.” If you practice with all the questions and answers in this book, we are certain you will build the skills and confidence needed to great on the exam Good luck! —Editors of McGraw-Hill Education ❮ vii This page intentionally left blank CHAPTER Schools of Thought Jill wants to study the process of thinking Which field of psychology should she choose? (A) Cognitive (B) Social (C) Personality (D) Learning (E) Perception I believe people choose to live meaningful lives I share many of the same beliefs as Carl Rogers Most important, I believe many people have the ability to reach self-actualization Who am I? (A) Wertheimer (B) Skinner (C) Maslow (D) Terman (E) Seligman Of the following, who is associated with the Gestalt school of psychology? (A) John Watson (B) William James (C) Ivan Pavlov (D) Max Wertheimer (E) Sigmund Freud Which of the following psychologists wrote The Principles of Psychology? (A) William James (B) Wilhelm Wundt (C) John Watson (D) Sigmund Freud (E) Max Wertheimer ❮ 184 ❯ Answers 341 (C) Passion involves constant thoughts about your loved one Intimacy involves the ability to be completely honest and feeling completely close with your partner Commitment is making a pledge to maintain the relationship for the long term Passionate love and companionate love are subcomponents, according to Sternberg 342 (D) One major criticism of Kohlberg’s theory on moral development came from Carol Gilligan She believed men and women may differ in their moral thinking; men use justice and women use care Both are socialized differently and, therefore, their moral development will differ greatly 343 (B) Most psychologists believe that because authoritative parenting involves a giveand-take relationship in which children have a voice, it is the type of parenting that will lead to success in the future 344 (A) According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in a stage called identity versus role confusion Erikson believed that there is a conflict that has to be resolved at every stage in psychosocial development In this particular stage, if teenagers not develop an identity they will enter the next stage with role confusion 345 (B) Many students might feel compelled to choose (C) because the question suggests a reference to the start of preschool But, in fact, teachers and friends actually become important before preschool During the initiative versus guilt stage, children are exposed to individuals besides their parents, which is why choice (B) is correct 346 (D) Similar in many ways to Erik Erikson, Levinson studied the psychosocial stages of male adulthood 347 (A) During the industry versus inferiority stage, a child must learn to direct his or her energy toward completing tasks Teenagers begin to understand the value of success, mainly through report card grades 348 (D) Erik Erikson argued that people in their middle adulthood (40–65) are in the stage generativity versus stagnation Middle adulthood is a time for helping the younger generation On the negative side, a lack of involvement leads to feelings of stagnation— doing nothing for the younger generation Choice (C) refers to young adulthood, and choice (E) refers to late adulthood 349 (C) According to Lawrence Kohlberg, the postconventional stage represents the highest level of moral reasoning Moral decisions are made after careful thinking about all alternatives and making a balance between human rights and laws of society Choice (C) is correct because unlike in Kohlberg’s other stages of moral development, in the postconventional stage people decide their behavior based on their own morals and values 350 (E) According to Erik Erikson, young adults are in the intimacy versus isolation stage If, as an adolescent, you successfully found your own identity you will be ready to find intimacy with a partner by your early twenties Young adulthood is a time for finding love and a meaningful relationship Answers ❮ 185 351 (B) The correct pairing in terms of age is choice (B) With all three, an individual is at age 50 or older The other choices not correctly correspond with age 352 (E) Although some students might be tempted to choose (D), latency, the correct answer is genital The genital stage begins at puberty and goes throughout adulthood Adolescents would fall under that psychosexual stage 353 (C) Robert Havighurst, David Elkind, and James Marcia all focused their work on adolescents Freud, Gilligan, Kohlberg, and Piaget touched on, but did not focus their work on, adolescents 354 (D) Children begin elementary school during the industry versus inferiority stage Choice (C) might look tempting, but children in that stage are not quite old enough to be in elementary school 355 (A) Robert Havighurst believed that all teenagers must complete a series of tasks before ending adolescence and beginning adulthood Although many might seem outdated in today’s world, they include finding a partner, choosing a career path, and so on Chapter 18: Developmental Psychology: Death and Dying 356 (B) According to Erik Erikson, a person in late adulthood (65 and older) is in the integrity versus despair stage of his or her life It is in this stage that people reflect and review their lives and the choices they made On the positive side of this stage, if they look back and feel content with their friends and family and how they lived, they feel a sense of satisfaction or integrity 357 (A) According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, people go through five stages when dealing with death and grief Denial is first; anger comes second; bargaining, usually with a higher power, comes third; depression is fourth, and, finally, the last stage is acceptance Although there are variations to this theory, for the purposes of the AP exam this is the order to know 358 (C) Elisabeth Kubler-Ross formulated a stage theory on death and dying 359 (B) In late adulthood, individuals experience a decline in perceptual speed, reaction time, and processing speed, all of which fall under cognitive abilities Choice (D) might look enticing, but there is no evidence that people necessarily lose their intellectual ability as they age 360 (D) According to Erik Erikson, an 80-year-old individual is in the integrity versus despair stage If a person reflects back on his or her life and sees a series of crises, problems, and bad experiences, he or she will have feelings of regret or despair 186 ❯ Answers Chapter 19: Freudian Psychology 361 (A) Freud believed in the importance of the unconscious and that the forces of the unconscious originated in early childhood Although Freud did study the conscious thought process, most of his work focused on the unconscious He did not discuss the naturenurture debate because he believed our personality stems from our environment This would rule out choices (C) and (D) 362 (C) Freud believed the unconscious motivation explained why we say or things we can’t understand Unconscious forces represent wishes, desires, or thoughts that, because of disturbing content, we automatically repress 363 (B) Free association is one of Freud’s important discoveries, which is still used today to help reveal a client’s unconscious thought process Choices (A), (C), and (D) can be eliminated because they are not real terms Choice (E) represents the entire field of Freudian psychology 364 (C) The id is Freud’s first division of the mind It contains two drives, sex and aggression Sex and aggression are the source of all mental energy, according to Freud The ego works to find acceptable ways of satisfying the id’s desires The superego’s goal is applying moral values to individual desires 365 (A) Unlike the ego and id, the superego focuses on the moral values and standards set by one’s family, caregivers, and society Because of this, children learn they must follow rules and regulations 366 (C) Unlike the id and superego, the ego works as the negotiator between the other two The ego follows the reality principle, which is the policy of satisfying desires only if they are socially acceptable 367 (D) The pleasure principle acts to satisfy wishes or desires and avoid pain while ignoring social regulations In the case of choice (D), the child acts out because his own wish was not met The other choices not show an individual avoiding pain and ignoring society’s regulations 368 (B) Choice (B) is the definition of a defense mechanism Choices (A), (C), (D), and (E) are all examples of possible defense mechanisms; they not actually define the term 369 (E) Sublimation involves redirecting a threatening or forbidden desire, usually sexual, into a socially acceptable one In this case, Todd puts his sexual frustration into a kickboxing class 370 (A) Rationalization is the making up of acceptable excuses for behaviors that cause a person to feel anxious In this case, Jay felt anxious about failing his class and, to reduce his anxiety, made the excuse that his teacher did not like him Answers ❮ 187 371 (E) Reaction formation involves turning unacceptable wishes into acceptable behaviors In this case, the fact that Tom is still in love with the woman who broke up with him is an unacceptable behavior Therefore he changes his desires into acceptable behavior 372 (C) According to Freud, the preconscious is the part of the mind that exists right below the surface It is the connection between the conscious and the unconscious 373 (D) The phallic stage lasts from about three to six years of age According to Freud it is a time when children’s pleasure seeking is centered on the genitals This stage is important for personality development because it is a time when boys discover their penis as a source of pleasure According to Freud boys develop a sexual attraction to their mother and as a result feel jealousy toward their father This concept became known as the Oedipus complex 374 (D) The Electra complex was named for Electra, a woman in Greek mythology who killed her mother Freud theorized that when girls discover they not have a penis they turn against their mothers and develop sexual desires for their fathers 375 (E) According to Freud, if a person becomes fixated during the phallic stage he or she may repress sexual urges later in life Choices (A) and (D) could look like the correct answer, but sexual repression, according to Freud, comes from a fixation during the stage in which children become aware of pleasure from their genitals During latency all sexual desires are repressed The genital stage occurs after sexual repression would begin 376 (A) Many psychologists, including neo-Freudians, did criticize Freud for placing too much emphasis on sexual conflict and the unconscious, and ignoring personal responsibility 377 (C) The Oedipus complex is a process in which a child competes with the parent of the same sex for the affections and pleasures of the parent of the opposite sex 378 (B) The id is pleasure seeking, and the superego is highly judgmental The individual must listen to one of them Choice (C) could look like the correct answer but because part of Grace’s thought process is to keep the money, that is the pleasure-seeking id at work 379 (E) According to Freud, when a person is fixated in the oral stage, later in life he or she may exhibit behavioral patterns that include choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) 380 (C) According to Freud, men who are fixated in the phallic stage cannot develop the proper relationship with their mother This could lead to misogynistic behavior later in life Chapter 20: Personality Psychology 381 (A) Archetypes, according to Carl Jung, are universal themes that are part of the collective unconscious These universal themes are terms or ideas shared by all cultures Anima, feminine traits; animus, masculine traits; persona, the part of your personality you share publicly; and shadow, the part of your personality you not publicly share, are all examples of archetypes 188 ❯ Answers 382 (B) The humanistic approach to psychology is concerned with individual potential for growth and the unique perceptions that an individual has in terms of attaining that potential Humanists believe all humans are born with a need for unconditional positive regard, acceptance, and love from others and themselves in order to achieve their full potential Psychoanalysis focuses on childhood memories Cognitive psychology focuses on changing one’s thought process Behavioral psychology focuses on changing one’s behavior, and developmental psychology focuses on change versus stagnation 383 (D) By taking the first letter of each trait, the “Big Five” traits make up the word OCEAN 384 (B) Generally, type A personality people have more stressful lifestyles Their fastpaced lifestyle leaves little time for relaxation Type A personality individuals tend to be in professions that also increase their stress levels They tend to be perfectionists and will not settle for less All of these characteristics lead to an increase in potential for cardiac health problems 385 (C) Carl Jung believed in the archetype called the persona The persona is the universally shared understanding that people try to bring the best part of their personality to the forefront when in public view They tend to hide the parts of their personality that they are not comfortable with In this scenario, George allows the public (his classmates) to see his confidence while hiding his insecurities 386 (D) The TAT, Thematic Apperception Test, is a projective test in which the subjects are given ambiguous pictures to tell a story about The MMPI is a test that looks for personality abnormalities The Rorschach test is an inkblot test The LSAT is an exam students take to get into law school 387 (E) Carl Rogers’s self theory emphasizes unconditional positive regard for any true, authentic relationship to work The self theory also places emphasis on congruency, which is when a person’s true self, ideal self, and self-image are all congruent with each other Selfactualization is the ability to reach one’s full potential Empathic understanding is truly understanding and listening to the needs of others Extraversion is the only term that is not part of the self theory 388 (B) Carl Rogers said that the self is made up of many self-perceptions and personality characteristics The ideal self is the person whom an individual strives to become, and the real self is the person an individual actually is These two personas should be consistent with one another 389 (C) Choice (C) best describes self-efficacy Many students might get confused with choice (E), but (E) actually defines the term locus of control This term focuses more on whether fate or external causes contribute to our accomplishments 390 (D) Motivation and determination are examples of internal causes of success External causes would be putting things in the hands of chance or fate Answers ❮ 189 391 (D) Source traits are used to describe the 35 basic traits from Raymond Cattell’s personality theory 392 (B) The trait theory is an approach for analyzing personality structure It identifies and classifies similarities and differences in personality characteristics Factor analysis is an actual statistical method to find relationships among different items Choice (A) can be eliminated because of the use of the word genetics Choice (D) is too vague to be the correct answer Choice (E) can be eliminated because of the use of the word behaviors 393 (E) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a true-false questionnaire The Thematic Apperception Test is a writing test based on ambiguous pictures The Rorschach test is an inkblot test Although MMPI is a specific type of objective personality test, choice (D), that is not the best answer 394 (A) Choice (A) is the only correct answer because it completely negates psychoanalysis and the unconscious by claiming that individuals have free will to reach their full potential 395 (C) Choice (C) is the definition of archetypes 396 (D) In contrast to Freud’s belief in biological drives, Adler proposed that humans are motivated by social urges and feelings of inferiority Choice (B) falls under Karen Horney Choice (C) falls under Carl Rogers Choice (E) is a learning behavior tool 397 (B) Karen Horney believed that a major influence on personality development stemmed from the relationship a child had with his or her parents Unlike Freud’s belief in psychosexual conflict, Horney believed these conflicts are avoidable if children are raised in a loving and trusting environment 398 (A) Part of Alfred Adler’s theory focuses on the belief that people want to believe in simplistic proverbs, such as “treat people the way you want to be treated.” As children, believing in these statements helps individuals cope with the complexities of reality 399 (D) One major criticism neo-Freudians had regarding Freud was the emphasis he placed on sexual drives and conflicts in determining our behavior Neo-Freudians believed much more strongly in our free will to make our own choices 400 (D) This question clearly defines the humanistic approach Chapter 21: Stress and Coping 401 (B) Choice (B) is the definition of the term stress The other choices are all examples of stress but not give the actual definition 402 (C) A threat appraisal is when the harm or loss has not yet occurred but the individual knows it will happen in the future Choice (A) occurs when an individual has already sustained some damage or injury Choice (B) occurs when there is potential for gain or personal growth but it is necessary to mobilize resources in order to achieve success 190 ❯ Answers 403 (A) The fight-flight response directs a great amount of energy to the muscles and brain, therefore eliminating choice (B) Threatening physical stimuli trigger the fight-flight response Choice (C) is incorrect because it does not solely calm the body down Choice (D) is incorrect because the fight-flight sequence stimulates the pituitary gland, not the thyroid gland Choice (E) is incorrect because the heart rate is increased first by the fightflight sequence 404 (D) This answer defines the term psychosomatic symptoms 405 (B) The hypothalamus is stimulated when an individual appraises a situation as threatening, psychologically or physically In turn, the hypothalamus triggers the pituitary gland and simultaneously activates the sympathetic nervous system 406 (A) The adrenal medulla is activated by the sympathetic nervous system Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is released This hormone increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow to muscles, and release of blood sugar The liver releases glycogen Acetylcholine is released in both the PNS and CNS, not the adrenal medulla Serotonin is primarily found in the gastrointestinal tract and the CNS Dopamine is partially secreted by the hypothalamus, not the adrenal medulla 407 (D) Hans Selye called his theory the general adaptation syndrome This theory describes the body’s reaction to stressful situations The alarm stage is the initial reaction to stress The resistance stage is the body’s reaction to continued stress The exhaustion stage is the body’s reaction to continuous and long-term stress 408 (A) Frustration is defined as the feeling that results when a person’s attempt to reach a goal is blocked In this scenario, the coach’s goal of winning the game was blocked, causing frustration to occur Choices (B), (D), and (E) could be examples of aggression but not necessarily frustration 409 (E) Choices (B), (C), and (D) are all examples of three different interpretations of a primary appraisal 410 (C) A challenge appraisal is based on one’s potential for future success when the proper tools are used In the example, Eva’s professor is letting her know the importance of her success on the tests and quizzes In other words, the professor is challenging her to well on them 411 (B) A harm/loss appraisal implies that an individual has already sustained some injury A harm/loss appraisal elicits negative emotions such as fear and anxiety, and the individual feels stressed The more negative emotions, the more stress the individual will have Choice (D) could seem like the correct answer, but all primary appraisals elicit physiological arousal 412 (C) During the exhaustion stage, extended periods of stress cause the body to become physically exhausted Because the body is not meant to handle such strenuous work from the autonomic nervous system, the immune system weakens and there is a breakdown of the internal organs Answers ❮ 191 413 (A) The alarm stage is the initial reaction to stress This is when the fight-flight response is activated In this case, Charlene is entering the initial alarm stage just before the chorus concert starts 414 (E) Choices (A), (B), (C), and (D) are all examples of the most common triggers of stress Although fear can cause stress, it is not the major cause of stress for most people 415 (D) Richard Lazarus’s theory emphasized the importance of appraising a situation before experiencing stress Chapter 22: Disorders 416 (B) Choice (B) defines the term mental disorder Choice (A) describes insanity Choice (C) could be any number of types of mental disorders Choice (D) is not the case for many disorders Choice (E) is also not the case for all mental disorders 417 (C) Insanity is legally defined as not knowing right from wrong 418 (A) The key words from choice (A) associated with the learning perspective are reinforcement and learned behavior The learning perspective theorizes that mental disorders are caused from the reinforcement of inappropriate behaviors Choice (B) would be part of the cognitive perspective Choice (C) would be part of the psychoanalytic perspective 419 (C) The Diagnostic Statistical Manual lists common symptoms of psychological disorders Professionals who classify and diagnose mental disorders use this manual It does not list the causes of mental disorders, nor does it discuss the treatments 420 (D) A somatoform disorder is marked by significant bodily symptoms with no physical causes Although choice (C) might look tempting, individuals with a somatoform disorder not make up their symptoms Even though there is no physical cause for their symptoms, they are felt 421 (E) Obsessive-compulsive disorder consists of persistent obsessive thoughts and irresistible impulses to perform some senseless behavior or ritual This definition describes the scenario in choice (E) 422 (A) A conversion disorder refers to changing anxiety or emotional stress into real physical or neurological symptoms In this scenario the soldier turned the psychological horrors of war into a physical symptom of blindness to protect himself 423 (C) Hypochondriasis is actually classified as a somatoform disorder because of the physical symptoms with no physical cause Therefore a hypochondriac is not suffering from an anxiety disorder 424 (B) Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by excessive worry about almost everything These anxious feelings can cause irritability and difficulty concentrating 192 ❯ Answers 425 (B) A panic disorder is characterized by unexpected panic attacks When an individual is having a panic attack he or she has symptoms similar to those Fran showed 426 (D) Agoraphobia is characterized by anxiety about being in places or situations in which there is no way to escape or the escape might be embarrassing In many instances the fear causes people to never leave their home for years 427 (D) Obsessive-compulsive disorder consists of obsessive, irrational thoughts, impulsive behavior, uncontrollable images, and ritualized behavior Severe depression is not a symptom of the disorder 428 (A) A conversion disorder is caused by emotional stress, which turns into physical symptoms with no cause 429 (B) Axis II of the DSM-IV refers to disorders that involve patterns of personality traits that are maladaptive and involve impaired functioning 430 (D) Recurring, multiple bodily symptoms with no physical cause mark somatoform disorders 431 (A) Researchers interviewed more than 8,000 individuals between the ages of 15 and 54 years Almost 50 percent reported having a substance abuse problem at some point in their life To the surprise of many, substance abuse is considered to be a mental disorder 432 (C) Exposure therapy gradually exposes the person to the real anxiety-provoking situation or objects that he or she is attempting to avoid by using ritualized behavior and obsessive thoughts 433 (A) Axis I of the DSM-IV lists the symptoms and the duration of these symptoms for various mental disorders 434 (C) Diathesis is a biological predisposition to the disorder Choice (D) might look tempting, but the biochemical model states that mental disorders have a genetic component This question places emphasis on the biological predisposition coming to the surface when a stressful event occurs 435 (D) Gender-identity disorders involve the desire to become a member of the other sex Chapter 23: Mood Disorders and Schizophrenia 436 (E) Schizophrenia is not a mood disorder A mood disorder is characterized as a prolonged and disturbed emotional state that affects an individual’s thoughts and behaviors Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder with symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations 437 (C) Dysthymic disorder is characterized by being chronically depressed for a period of two years Answers ❮ 193 438 (D) There is a direct link between levels of serotonin in the body and the onset of depression 439 (A) Choice (A), major depression, is the only choice that is not a characteristic of a personality disorder Major depression fits under mood disorders 440 (B) This scenario describes a psychopath Disregard for others, random violence, continuous lying, and little remorse are all symptoms of being a psychopath 441 (C) Schizoid personality disorder is marked with discomfort in close relationships and distorted thinking People suffering with dependent personality disorder have issues with codependency People with paranoid personality disorder have patterns of distrust and suspicious thoughts about others Antisocial personality disorder refers to patterns of disregarding the rights of others with no guilt or remorse 442 (E) Individuals with paranoid personality disorder suffer from distrust and suspicion of others They tend to assume that other people have evil tendencies or motives 443 (B) Dissociative identity disorder is the presence of two or more identities or personality states Each one has its own thought process and relation to the world Much research has been done regarding DID One explanation is a severe trauma from childhood, specifically abuse, which causes the mental split or dissociation of identities as a way of defending or coping with the memories of the trauma 444 (A) The major indicator that Scott is suffering from antisocial personality disorder is the lack of remorse for his poor behavior 445 (D) Unlike major depression or dysthymic disorder, individuals with bipolar disorder will go through several days or weeks with depression and then become manic In this scenario, Pricilla shows her manic behavior by taking her life savings to spend on a shopping spree in Europe 446 (B) The dopamine theory of schizophrenia says that the level of the neurotransmitter dopamine is overactive in schizophrenic patients, causing a wide range of symptoms On the other hand, people who suffer from Parkinson’s disease actually have low levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine 447 (D) Manic behavior is not a symptom of schizophrenia The other choices are all commonly seen symptoms of schizophrenia 448 (E) Catatonic schizophrenia is characterized by periods of wild excitement or periods of rigid prolonged immobility The person can remain in the same frozen posture for hours on end Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by hallucinations and delusions Disorganized schizophrenia is marked by bizarre ideas and confused speech 449 (A) Type I schizophrenia includes having positive symptoms, such as hallucinations, which is a distortion of normal functioning The other choices are all examples of negative emotion, which means the sympathetic nervous system slows down 194 ❯ Answers 450 (D) Researchers have had a hard time finding a single brain structure responsible for all of the symptoms seen in patients with schizophrenia Recent studies have shown that schizophrenic brains tend to have an abnormally smaller thalamus 451 (B) Dissociative fugue is marked by a sudden inability to recall one’s own past The person may not remember his or her identity Choice (A) might look like a tempting answer, but dissociative amnesia is usually associated with a stressful or traumatic event, physically or psychologically Choice (C), dissociative identity disorder, is also known as multiple personality disorder, which has nothing to with memory loss 452 (E) When testing a genetic marker or a genetic link, researchers must use identical twins because they share 100 percent of the same genetic makeup 453 (B) Major depression is linked to below-normal levels of serotonin Although there is evidence that below-normal dopamine levels also affect depression, choice (A) says moderate levels, not below-normal levels 454 (A) Developmental disorders are first diagnosed in early childhood or adolescence Autism falls under this label because its diagnosis is made in early childhood 455 (D) Narcissists absolutely suffer from an inflated sense of self Some students might want to put choice (A) as the answer, but that is not necessarily true for narcissists, more so for individuals suffering with borderline personality disorder Chapter 24: Therapies 456 (C) This question uses the term past experiences, which corresponds directly to psychoanalytic therapy and past conflict 457 (B) Insight therapy focuses on identifying the causes of the client’s problems Once the client has an insight into the cause of the problem, possible solutions are discussed 458 (A) Unlike a clinical psychologist, a psychiatrist is a medical doctor and can therefore prescribe medication using biomedical treatment 459 (D) Because ECT can be quick and effective, it works for clients who could possibly be suicidal 460 (E) Client-centered therapy helps the client assume a self-actualizing state This therapy empowers the client to reach his or her full potential With the use of positive regard, the client feels encouraged to take charge of the therapy session 461 (A) Prozac is part of a category of drugs that work as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors In other words, serotonin becomes more available in the body, helping those who suffer from depression 462 (C) Rational emotive therapy (RET) is a cognitive therapy that focuses on reconstructing the client’s self-defeating ways of thinking Answers ❮ 195 463 (B) Choice (B) is the definition of aversive therapy Aversive therapy basically uses a stimulus-response approach to rid an individual of negative behavior 464 (D) Most people associate dream analysis with psychoanalysis Gestalt therapy also includes dream analysis, which helps to look at the whole picture of an individual’s conflict 465 (A) Transference is a Freudian belief that describes a client-therapist relationship In this process the client transfers emotions and substitutes the therapist for someone important in the client’s life 466 (A) Cognitive therapy, as developed by Aaron Beck, assumes that we have automatic negative thoughts that we continually say to ourselves By using these thoughts we actually distort our perception of the world 467 (B) Systematic desensitization is a behavioral technique that gradually exposes a client to a specific feared object while simultaneously practicing relaxation techniques 468 (D) The humanist approach is built on the importance of empathy and support Behavioral therapies are sometimes criticized for being too mechanical The humanist approach focuses most on unconditional positive regard 469 (C) Rational emotive therapy, according to Albert Ellis, works to rid the client of negative thoughts, which are impeding his or her achievement of life goals 470 (A) Free association is a technique that encourages the client to talk about any thoughts or images that enter his or her head This free-flowing talk is supposed to provide material from the unconscious 471 (E) The presence of the disorder is correlated with reduced levels of light, which accompanies the onset of winter Controlled exposure to artificial light is often successful in treating seasonal affective disorder 472 (A) Self-actualization is associated with the humanistic approach, not psychoanalysis 473 (A) Aaron Beck developed a kind of cognitive therapy that specifically focused on ridding individuals of the negative thoughts that prevent them from achieving their goals 474 (D) This statement specifically defines the term biofeedback The key word that can help an individual answer this question correctly is feedback Feedback refers to an individual, in this case the client, receiving immediate information 475 (C) Behavioral therapy is used in treating anxiety disorders through systematic desensitization therapy Behavioral therapy is used to help individuals with autism through positive reinforcement Behavioral therapists work with drug addicts to try to find what triggers their addictive tendencies 196 ❯ Answers Chapter 25: Social Psychology 476 (C) Researchers have analyzed group decision-making processes involved in making bad decisions, such as the Bay of Pigs They discovered something called “groupthink.” This occurs when group discussions emphasize sticking together to make the “best” decision There is usually one member who discourages ideas that might threaten group unity In the Bay of Pigs situation, many of John F Kennedy’s advisors did just that 477 (A) Asch’s classic experiment on group conformity had individuals conforming on something as simple as two lines being the same length In this case, social pressures influence conformity Many students might get confused with obedience, but that was actually Milgram’s experiment 478 (B) Self-serving bias refers to explaining our successes by attributing them to our dispositions or personality traits and attributing our failures to the situation 479 (A) Philip Zimbardo’s “mock prison” experiment in the early 1970s is extremely important to know for the AP exam He was interested in studying group dynamics in prison He got student volunteers to play the roles of prisoners and prison guards The volunteers became immersed in their roles, and many of the guards conformed so much to what was expected of their role that they began to punish and humiliate the volunteers who played the roles of powerless inmates 480 (D) Choice (D) basically defines the term cognitive dissonance Essentially, we strive to keep our behaviors and attitudes consistent with one another Leon Festinger coined this term to describe the internal tension when our behavior and attitude not mesh 481 (B) Foot in door is a method of persuasion that relies on compliance to a second request if a person complies with a small request first Students might confuse the correct answer for door in face, but that is actually the complete opposite With door in face, an individual will settle for a small request after rejecting a larger one 482 (C) Stanley Milgram originally developed this experiment to try to better understand the answer many Nazi soldiers gave in the Nuremberg trials Milgram’s experiment deals specifically with obedience to authority figures 483 (A) Milgram discovered that people were less likely to be obedient if the authority figure was in another room People were more likely to be obedient when the authority figure was standing in the room with them 484 (D) The diffusion of responsibility theory says that in the presence of others, individuals feel less personal responsibility and are less likely to take action in a situation where help is required 485 (B) The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency, when looking for a cause of a person’s behavior, to focus on the person’s disposition and ignore or overlook the situational reasons Answers ❮ 197 486 (E) Part of Asch’s results showed that individuals are less likely to conform in certain situations; one is if there is just one other person who does not conform in the group 487 (C) Group cohesion is simply group togetherness, which is determined by how much group members perceive that they share common attributes, goals, and values 488 (B) In the Lapierre experiment, Lapierre wrote letters to several hotel and restaurant owners during a time when many Asian Americans were discriminated against and asked them if they would allow Asians into their place of business Most refused these potential customers But, in person, those same restaurant and hotel owners invited these people in 489 (C) Compliance is a kind of conformity in which we give in to social pressure in our public responses but not change our private beliefs 490 (D) Deindividuation states that we are more likely to behave out of character when there are high levels of anonymity and low probability of getting caught Choice (E) might look correct, but that is actually an example of diffusion of responsibility 491 (A) Using specific dilemmas, researchers compared the recommendations from individuals in a group with those made by the group after it had engaged in discussion Group discussions change individuals’ judgments, such as when groups urge a more risky recommendation than individuals 492 (B) Groupthink occurs when group discussions emphasize sticking together with an agreement over the use of critical thinking This situation creates an “in group” and an “out group.” Allowing all group members the freedom to share their opinions can eliminate groupthink 493 (D) In this scenario, Randy believes he personally works harder than others, attributing his success to his own disposition While choice (E) might look enticing, just because Rebi overestimates her ability to run a program does not mean she is attributing her success to her own disposition 494 (A) A self-fulfilling prophecy is a situation in which a person has a strong belief about a future behavior and then acts unknowingly to fulfill or carry out that behavior In this case, Jean believed her professor so much that her behavior reflected the statement 495 (B) Because the question asked what the dissonance theory would state, David would have to change one of his beliefs in order to reduce his cognitive inconsistencies 496 (B) Although choice (D) might look like the correct answer, it is not specific enough to this scenario The actor-observer bias occurs when a person judges other people’s behavior based on their personal attributes and the person’s own behavior based on the situation 497 (B) Although many people believe in the notion that opposites attract, the reality is that individuals tend to date and marry people similar to themselves in terms of morals, values, and life perspectives 198 ❯ Answers 498 (D) The just-world hypothesis is the belief that good people good things and bad people bad things To understand why an individual was raped, the just-world hypothesis would cause a person to assume the victim “asked for it.” 499 (E) This scenario defines the concept of social facilitation, which is the increase in performance in the presence of a crowd 500 (C) Diffusion of responsibility is the idea that in the presence of others, individuals feel less personal responsibility and are less likely to take action in a situation where help is required ... 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