few but very important last minute MRCP facts

few but very important last minute MRCP facts Osteoporosis is the most common cause of fracture of neck of femur and is not associated with any specific abnormality in the standard bone biochemistry profile Fibrosingalveolitis is the most common pulmonary manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis impairment in renal function in Hepatorenal syndrome The hallmark is oliguria and progressive decline in renal function The urine is typically free of protein or any other sediment Long-term haemodialysis is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome is the most common complication the most likely cause of bacterial meningitis in adult patients with neutropenia : Listeria monocytogenes the most frequent cause of a nosocomial wound infection: Insufficient hand disinfection **Tuberculous arthritis usually affects children aged 2–5 years The hip is one of the most frequently affected joints **Meningitis due to enterovirus and meningococcus (N meningitidis) are the most likely in this age group(28 yrs0 **Tuberculous meningitis is rare in the UK and the CSF typically shows a markedly raised protein (> g/l), a low glucose (< 50% serum) and a lymphocytosis 10.**Streptococcus meningitis is the commonest cause of meningitis in those over 40 years of age; very high neutrophil counts are often seen in the CSF, which has a high protein and low glucose level 11.**Factors predisposing to digitalis toxicity are advanced age, hypoxia, hypokalaemia, hypomagnesaemia, hypercalcaemia, hypothyroidism, amyloidosis and renal failure The most common precipitating factor is hypokalaemia 12.** In Hodgkin’s disease Lymphocyte depleted has the worst prognosis It is the least common variant and typically occurs in older people 13.**The commonest mutation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) is the Delta-F508 mutation 14.**in systemic lupus erythematosus Recurrent pleurisy and pleural effusions are the most common manifestations and are often bilateral 15.**Cryptosporidium infection in HIV-positive patients along with cytomegalovirus, is the commonest cause of HIVrelated diarrhoea and tends to present when the CD4 count is less than 100 16.**Diarrhoea and flushing, occurring separately or together, are the most frequent presenting features of carcinoid syndrome (approximately half of all patients) 17.**Focal necrotising glomerulonephritis is the characteristic renal lesion of generalised Wegener’s granulomatosis Typically, it presents with deteriorating renal function that progresses to renal failure within months, 18.**Glomerulonephritis is a common occurrence in chronic Schistosomamansoni infection in Brazil, especially in patients with hepatosplenic disease 19.**Tremor in the legs is a useful sign as it is almost always associated with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease The tremor is typically a rest tremor unlike benign essential tremor, where actions such as drinking a cup of tea make the tremor worse 20.**Pericardial effusions are more common in patients with rheumatoid arthritis than constrictive pericarditis and acute pericarditis 21.**The earliest lesions to be detected in diabetic retinopathy are usually dot haemorrhages (capillary microaneurysms) and venous dilatation 22.**Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is the single, most common cause of sudden death in young athletes 23.**the most common cause of paranoid psychosis with visual hallucination :Alcohol withdrawal 24.**Basal cell carcinomas are the most common malignant skin tumour and are related to excessive skin exposure They are common later in life and may present as a slowgrowing nodule or papule 25.**The most common type of thyroid cancer is papillary cancer, which accounts for approximately 70% of all thyroid cancers 26.***Open angle glaucoma is 100 times more common than angle closure glaucoma, and is asymptomatic until central visual loss appears at the end stage 27.**a high white cell count with smear cells and mature lymphocytes This is characteristic of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 28.**Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia · Constitutes 25% of all leukaemias It is chiefly a disease of the elderly · It is characterised by an accumulation of mature lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, bone marrow, spleen, liver and lymph nodes · Clinical findings include painless, symmetrical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, pruritus and symptoms due to bone marrow failure · Blood film will show large numbers of mature lymphocytes and smear or smudge cells Anaemia and thrombocytopenia are common · Hypogammaglobulinaemia is common and monoclonal paraproteins are occasionally seen · Staging is by the Binet or Rai systems and depends on number of areas involved and full blood count results · Median survival is 3–5 years and one-third die of causes other than the leukaemia · In early stages no treatment is required In later stages and in rapidly progressive disease treatment is with oral or intravenous chemotherapy such as chlorambucil or fludarabine Stem cell transplantation is an option in younger patients 29.**IgG is the most common paraprotein in myeloma 30.**Myeloma · Median age of diagnosis is 70 years · Diagnosis is made in the presence of two of monoclonal protein in blood or urine, 10% plasma cells in bone marrow and lytic bone lesions · Other clinical features are bone disease, hypercalcaemia, renal failure, bone marrow failure and immune paresis · year survival is only 25% · Treatment is supportive, chemotherapy (which can be oral or intravenous) and autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation · Thalidomide has recently been used in relapsed and refractory disease 31.***Adrenergic inhibitors used in hypertension: Peripheral neuronal inhibitors: Reserpine, Guanethedine Central adrenergic inhibitors: M-dopa, Clonidine, Guananbenz, Guanafacine Alpha-receptor blockers: o Alpha and receptor blockers: Phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine o Alpha blockers: Doxazosin, Terazosin Beta blockers Alpha and beta blockers: Labetalol 32.**Polycythaemiarubravera: · Splenomegaly · Aquagenic pruritus · Bleeding · Gout · Peptic ulcer · Conversion to myelofibrosis or leukaemia in 10% 33.**Causes of Chorea Neurodegenerative: Huntington’s disease Benign hereditary chorea Dentatorubropallidoluysian atrophy Inherited metabolic: Wilson’s disease Lesch-Nyhan disease Neuroacanthosis Hypoxic/ischaemic: Stroke Hypotension Vasculitis Sickle cell disease Polycythaemia Toxic: Copper Mercury Drug induced: Oral contraceptive pill L-Dopa Neuroleptics Anticholinergics Cocaine Amphetamines Infection: Sydenham’s chorea Meningitis Viral encephalitis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Legionella Toxoplasmosis Creutzfeld-Jacob disease Autoimmune: SLE Primary anti-phospholipid syndrome VasculitisBehcet’s Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (unrelated to hyperthyroidism) Endocrine: Thyrotoxicosis Chorea gravidarum Addison’s disease Metabolic: Hypocalcaemia Hypomagnesaemia Hyper/hypoglycaemia Hyper/hyponatraemia 34.**Causes of sudden cardiac death · Arrhythmia -Acute myocardial infarction -Long-QT syndromes -Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy -Commotiocardis -Coronary anomalies -Myocarditis · Obstruction -Atrial myxoma -Infective endocarditis -Dissection 35.**In Hypertrohpic Cardiomyopathy · Combination of palpable LVS4 and then double systolic apical impulse due to the mid systolic outflow obstruction · It increases in phase II of the valsalvamaneouver (the straining phase) and decreases in phase IV (post release phase) · Severe diastolic dysfunction · Children have a worse prognosis than affected adults because of greater incidence of SCD · As in severe AS (because of greater myocardial oxygen demand) 36.**5 histological stages have been described (WHO Classification) and treatment depends on this There is a lack of clear correlation between clinical manifestations and the severity of renal involvement Biopsy findings guide the selection of immunosuppressive therapy WHO Classification of Lupus Nephritis Stage I ،V Lupus nephritis without histological changes Stage II ،V Mesangial lupus nephritis Stage III ،V Focal proliferative lupus nephritis Stage IV ،V Diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis (commonest & most severe form) Stage V ،V Membranous lupus nephritis Conditions that recur in the transplanted kidney Focal glomerulosclerosis Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis Rapidly progressive (Crescentic) glomerulonephritis IgA nephropathy Alport،¦s syndrome Cystinosis Oxalosis Lupus nephritis Goodpastures syndrome Wegner،¦s granulomatosis **The most common renal disease in HIV is collapsing FSGS in which there is focal sclerosis associated with collapse down of the glomerulus leaving a space in Bowman’s capsule It has a poor prognosis and usually leads to ESRF 37.**The indications for a native nephrectomy prior to renal transplant are: Uncontrolled hypertension where a differential renin study shows that one or the other kidney is significantly contributing to hypertension Pyonephrosis Recurrent attacks of clinically significant UTI 38.**Budd Chiari classically results in a very high protein ascites but may cause a transudate 39.**Transudates (protein < 30gdl or 75% of the serum albumin) are due to: - Reduced intravascular oncotic pressure (hypoalbuminaemia) - Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure (cirrhosis, portal hypertension, CCF) 40.**Teaching Notes for Question 15 Theme: Pancreatic Secretion The roles of individual gut hormones are not completely defined, but cholecystokinin (duodenum & jejunum) increases gall bladder contraction, increases colonic motility Gastrin (gastric antrum& duodenum) increases gastric acid secretion,increases GI mucosal growth Secretin(duodenum & Jejunum) increases pancreatic bicarbonate production VIP(enteric nerves)increased intestinal secretion, splanchnic vasodilation Motilin(whole gut) increases small bowel motility Bombesin (gut & Pancreas)stimulates pancreatic exocrine activity Neuropeptide Y (enteric nerves)regulates intestinal blood flow Somatostatin (stomach & pancreas) inhibits secretion and action of gut hormones Glucagon(pancreas)reduces GI motility 41.**In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Joint involvement is the most common clinical feature (> 90%) 42.**Prolactinoma is the commonest pituitary tumour, making up 30% of all adenomas Microadenomas occur with increasing frequency in women, macroadenomas more commonly in men 43.**ASDs account for about 10-15% of all congenital cardiac anomalies and are the second commonest congenital heart disease seen in adults 44.**VSDs are the commonest adult congenital heart disease 45.**Frontal lobe dementia >a failure to generate list rapidly is the test of frontal lobe+difficulties with task sequencing and executive skills EXPRESSIVE aphasia, primitive reflexes, perseveration, anosmia and changes in personality Parietal lobe ->Dyscalculia(inability to perform mentalarithmetic) is a manifestation of the dominant parietal lobe Sensory inattention, apraxia, neglect, astereognosis(unable to recognise an object by feeling it) and visual field defects( typically homonymous inferior quadrantanopia) Temporal lobe -> typical homonymous superior quadrantanopia), Wernike's (RECEPTIVE) aphasia, auditory agnosia, and memory impairment Occipital lobe >cortical blindness(blindness due to damage to the visual cortex and may present as Anton syndrome where there is blindness but the patient is unaware or denies blindness), homonymous hemianopia, and visual agnosia( seeing but not percieving objects - it is diffirent to neglect since in agnosia the objects are seen and followed but cannot be named) Homonymous hemianopia > occipital lobe superior quanranopia >temporal lobe inferior quanrtanopia ->parietal lobe 46.**AUTOIMMUNE ASSOCIATIONS Thyroid disease, IDDM, Addison disease, pernicious anaemia, alopecia, vitiligo MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA Autosomal dominant The association of a number of endocrine tumours MEN I MEN IIa Parathyroid Adrenal (phaeochromocytoma, Cushing) Pituitary (prolactin or GH or ACTH) Thyroid (medullary carcinoma) Pancreas Parathyroid hyperplasia (Thyroid) (Adrenal) Fasting calcium level (??) Calcitonin level ? (medullary ca thyroid) Look for phaeochromocytoma MEN IIb is the same as MEN IIa, with Marfanoid features and multiple neuromas Prophylactic total thyroidectomy is performed if the child is known to carry the gene for MEN II 47.**Adrenergic inhibitors used in hypertension: Peripheral neuronal inhibitors: Reserpine, Guanethedine Central adrenergic inhibitors: M-dopa, Clonidine, Guananbenz, Guanafacine Alpha-receptor blockers: o Alpha and receptor blockers: Phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine o Alpha blockers: Doxazosin, Terazosin Beta blockers Alpha and beta blockers: Labetalol 48.**Mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) is an overlap connective tissue disease with features of SLE, polymyositis and progressive systemic sclerosis The characteristic auto-antibody pattern is of high titre antiRNP and speckled pattern ANA 49.**The antiphospholipid syndrome is one of the commoner causes of hypoadrenalism and may precipitate adrenal infarction and haemorrage through adrenal vein thrombosis 50.**Biphasic high amplitude sharp waves are characteristic of ceutzfeld-jacob disease 51.**Causes of dilated pupils: Holme'sadie(myotonic pupils) Third nerve palsy drug poisons(atropine, CO, Ethylene glycol) Causes of small pupils : horner;s syndrome old age pontinehaemorrhage Argyl Robertson pupil Drug poisons(opiate, organophosphate) 52.**Optic neuropathy ->central scotoma Optic tract lesion ->incongroushomontmous hemianopia Chiasmal lesion >bitemporal hemianopia optic radiation and occipital lobe >congrous hemianopia 53.**Listeria meningitis is typically associated with brain stem signs CSF shows neutrophilicpleocytosis, low glucose and high protein 54.**Nystagmus is defind as involuntary oscillations of the eyes THis may be 1-Pendular: when the oscillations are equal in rate and amplitude 2-Jerking: when there are quick and slow phases(the quick phase is used to define the direction) pendularnystagmus is usually duee to loss of macular vision, but maybe seen in diffuse brain stem lesions jerkingnustagmus which is of constant direction regardless of the direction of gaze, suggests a labyrinthine or cerebellar lesion 10 Nystagmus which changes with the direction of gaze suggests a widspread central involvement of vestibular nuclei Jerking nystagmus present only on lateral gaze, and who's fast component is in the direction of gaze, indicates a lesion of brain stem or cerebellum Nystagmus confined to one eye suggests a peripheral lesion of the nerve or mucsle, or a lesion of the mediallongitudinal bundle Nystagmus restricted to the abducting eye on lateral gaze(ataxic nystagmus) is due to a lesion of the medial longitudinal bundle between the ponds and midbrain as in MS Nystagmusoccuring on upward gaze with the fast component upwards( upbeat nystagmus) maybe due to a lesion in the mid-brain at the level of the superior colliculus Downbeat nystagmus(fast phase downward) suggests a lesion in the lower part of the medulla It's therefore, typical of the Arnold Chiari malformation **Causes of absent ankle reflexes and extensor plantars: subacute combined degeneration of the cord syphilitic taboparesis friedreich's ataxia motor neuron disease **Bicuspid aortic valve is perhaps the most common form of congenital heart disease in adults(1-2% of population) 55.**hyporeflexia is a common clinical sign in patients with hypercalceamia Biphosphanates inhibit bone resorption and are the first line pharmacological treatment of hypercalceamia of malignancy 56.**Premature epiphysial closure is a classical finding of CAH 11 57.**Flecainide is the drug most likely to restore sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation 58 **Lithium can produce Diabetes Insipidus and hypercalceamia 59.**Constrictive pericarditis produces an elevated JVP, with prominent x & y descent.Pulsusparadoxus occurs less frequently than in tamponade 60.**Streptococcus bovis is a normal commensal of the GI tract However, S.bovisbactereamia and endocarditis has a strong association with GI malignancy 61.**Neisseria meningitidis( Gram negative diplococci) Streptocuccus pneumonia(gram positive diplococci) Rx: gram stain unavailable: cefotaxime+- ampicillin g +vecocci: Cefotaxime +vancomycin( S.pneumonia) G +vebacilli:Ampicillin +gentamicin.(listeria) G -vecocci: Benzyl penicillin.(N.meningitidis) G -ve bacilli: Cefotaxime + gentamicin(heamophilus influenza) 62.**Anaplastic carcinoma carries the worst prognosis in thyroid cancer followed by thyroid medullary carcinoma in MEN 2B.\ 63.**ANCA abare of types: 1- C-ANCA which correlates with antiproteinase antibodies ->most specific for wegener'sgranulomatosis 2- P-ANCA which correlates with anti myeloperoxidase ab P-ANCA/MPO ab are highly sensitive and specific for rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and haemorrhagic alveolar capillaritis AMA ab > PBC Anticentromere ab. > CREST/scleroderma syndrome ANA and anticardiolipin ab. ->SLE **Clozapine is associated with agranulocytosis in app.1-2% of patients 12 64.**Acute pancreatitis with worse prognosis: Age>55 WCC>16,000 LDH>600 AST>120 Glu>10 65.**Pendred's syndrome Pendred's syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive condition characterised by incomplete oxidation of trapped iodide prior to organification It may be confirmed by a positive perchlorate discharge test 66.**Anti 21 hydroxylase ab found in about 80% of cases of addison's disease 67.**SSRIs are a recognised cause of SIADH 68.**Astimulatory mutation of thrGs protein alpha subunit has been noted in approx.30% of GH secreting pituitary tumours 69.**Carcinoid tumours of the foregut unlike tumours of the midgut are not associated with carcinoid syndrome but may secret CRF/ACTH resulting in ectopic cushing'ssyndrome.Other associated conditions include somatostatinoma, Zollinger -Ellison syndrome and Acromegaly 70.**The antiphospholipid syn is one of the commoner causes of hypoadrenalism and may precipitate adrenal infarction and haemorrhage through adrenal vein thrombosis 71.**Osteopenia is defined as a T score of between -1 and 2.5 standard deviation below the bone mineral density of a young female.Osteoporosis is defined as