10477_9789813221109_TP.indd Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles Multilateral Approach in CHINA’S Foreign Policy 15/11/17 5:00 PM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads b2530_FM.indd This page intentionally left blank 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles Multilateral Approach in CHINA’S Foreign Policy Joseph Yu-shek Cheng World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 10477_9789813221109_TP.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO 15/11/17 5:00 PM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zheng, Yushuo, 1949– author Title: Multilateral approach in China’s foreign policy / by Joseph Yu-Shek Cheng Description: Hackensack, N.J : World Scientific, 2017 Identifiers: LCCN 2017023329 | ISBN 9789813221109 (hc : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: China Foreign relations 1976- | International agencies Government policy China Classification: LCC JZ1734 Z44 2017 | DDC 327.51 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017023329 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher Desk Editors: Chandrima Maitra/Lixi Dong Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Chandrima - 10477 - Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy.indd 22-09-17 11:28:25 AM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 9”x6” b2912_FM.indd b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy This book is dedicated to my wife, Grace 11/15/2017 8:39:25 PM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads b2530_FM.indd This page intentionally left blank 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 9”x6” b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Preface As I am now in retirement from academic life, I decide to consolidate what I had written on multilateralism in Chinese foreign policy so as to present a comprehensive analysis on the topic It involved substantial re-thinking, updating and re-writing — and this book is the result The book hopefully offers a useful, informative and stimulating background for a better understanding of multilateralism in China’s foreign policy in the era of reforms and opening to the outside world China traditionally followed an orthodox bilateral approach in its conduct of foreign policy It began to accept the multilateral approach with some hesitation through taking part in the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994 Soon it took the initiative to organize the “Shanghai Five” group which formally became the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in 2001 The Shanghai Cooperation Organization was the first regional organization promoted by China, and its institutional-building represented the learning, experimentation and substantial efforts on the part of the Chinese leadership The China–Africa Cooperation Forum approach then emerged in 2000 It represented an economical way of approaching the over-fifty countries in the African continent The innovation worked and the model then spread to, among others, Latin America, the Gulf region, Central and Eastern Europe At times, these mechanisms have not been very effective, but the experiments have proved their value vii b2912_FM.indd 11/15/2017 8:39:25 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles viii Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy In the Shanghai Cooperation and the BRICS group, while exploring China’s superior financial strength, its leaders have been prudent to respect the interests of the other major powers involved This prudence has been a significant factor for the survival and development of these two groups In sum, the study of China’s multilateral approach enables a student of foreign policy to go through its leadership’s learning processes in the era of reforms and opening to the external world China’s efforts to establish and enhance international influence may be carefully examined; its limitations and frustrations are amply present As a researcher of Chinese foreign policy for 40 years and more, I value opportunities of ideas exchange with people sharing my academic interest I believe writing and publishing is the principal way of participating in this enjoyable exchange; and this very thought gives me the motivation to produce this volume I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have assisted me in my academic career, and especially my wife Grace who has been helping me in so many ways, so that I can have more time to research and write She has given me the much-needed support when I came under pressure, including that from my then line manager and the City University of Hong Kong, for my political activities in the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong b2912_FM.indd Joseph Yu-Shek Cheng July 2017 11/15/2017 8:39:25 PM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 9”x6” b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy About the Author Joseph Yu-Shek Cheng is a retired Professor of Political Science and was the Coordinator of the Contemporary China Research Project, City University of Hong Kong He is the founding editor of the Hong Kong Journal of Social Sciences and the Journal of Comparative Asian Development He has published widely on the political development in China and Hong Kong, Chinese foreign policy and local government in southern China His recent publications include China’s Japan Policy — Adjusting to New Challenges (2015), The Use of Mao and the Chongqing Model (2015) and China’s Foreign Policy — Challenges and Prospects (2016) He serves as the Convener of the Alliance for True Democracy in Hong Kong from 2013 till now, and is a trustee of the Justice Defence Fund in Hong Kong ix b2912_FM.indd 11/15/2017 8:39:25 PM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads b2530_FM.indd This page intentionally left blank 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 676 Index China–Mexico relations, 528, 581 China–Middle East relations, 443, 455, 464, 469 China–Mongolia relations, 36, 69–71, 95–96, 103, 179, 307, 360, 389, 403, 405, 627 China–Myanmar relations, 36, 231, 245–246, 319–320, 344 China National Offshore Oil Corporation, 92, 94, 256, 304, 314, 450, 567, 623 China National Petroleum Corporation, 80, 391–392, 415, 564, 625 China–Nigeria relations, 588, 595, 604, 621–623, 627, 644 China–North Korea relations, 102–108 China–Pakistan relations, 78, 429, 434 China–Peru relations, 528, 562, 581 China–Philippines relations, 92, 191–192, 195, 208, 251, 253, 255, 257, 304–305, 315, 319 China–Qatar relations, 440, 449, 452 China–Russia relations, 35–36, 51, 54–55, 58, 99, 172, 404, 434, 462, 485–486, 488 China–Sudan relations, 79, 589, 597, 603, 607, 621, 625 China’s aid programs, 37–38, 119, 373, 439, 591 China’s aid programs in Africa, 26, 165, 493, 592–593, 596, 598–601, 608, 617–618, 623, 635, 639, 641–642 b2912_Index.indd 676 China’s aid programs in Angola, 35, 638 China’s aid programs in ASEAN, 30, 165, 242, 352 China’s aid programs in Central Asia, 359, 364, 369, 421 China’s aid programs in Chad, 613, 616 China’s aid programs in North Korea, 102, 105 China’s aid programs in Southeast Asia, 248–249, 251, 347 China–Saudi Arabia relations, 13, 21, 440, 442–443, 454, 456–457, 459, 462, 466, 475 China–Senegal relations, 595, 614, 621, 635, 642 China’s investment, 35, 38, 115, 137–138, 215, 506, 535, 541, 627 China’s investment in Afghanistan, 20, 422 China’s investment in Africa, 25, 27, 606, 619–623, 625–632, 634–635, 639 China’s investment in Argentina, 566–568 China’s investment in ASEAN, 196, 238, 312 China’s investment in Asia, 71–72, 627 China’s investment in Brazil, 491, 565–567 China’s investment in Cayman Islands, 564–566, 568 China’s investment in Central Asia, 97–98, 363, 384, 390, 409 China’s investment in Chile, 565–567 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Index China’s investment in East Asia, 156–157, 161, 165, 167 China’s investment in GCC states, 446, 460, 472 China’s investment in Greater Mekong subregion, 320, 330 China’s investment in India, 80, 82 China’s investment in Latin America, 24–25, 564–570, 572, 581, 627 China’s investment in Myanmar, 213, 246 China’s investment in Panama, 565, 568, 573 China’s investment in Russia, 415, 485 China’s investment in Saudi Arabia, 451, 453, 457 China’s investment in Southeast Asia, 84, 231, 251, 347 China’s investment in Thailand, 223, 246 China’s investment in UAE, 453–454 China’s investment in Virgin Islands, 565–566, 568, 570, 573 China–South Africa relations, 488, 546, 588, 602, 627, 636, 644 China–Southeast Asia relations, 84, 236, 241, 351 China–South Korea relations, 8, 13, 100–101, 216, 257 China–South Sudan relations, 589, 603, 607–608, 627 China–Sudan relations, 621, 623, 625, 631 b2912_Index.indd 677 677 China–Syria relations, 462, 474–475 China-Tajikistan relations, 96, 98, 357–436 China–Tanzania relations, 587, 590, 617, 621, 627, 631–632 China–Thailand relations, 239, 245, 249, 257 China threat perception, 14, 31, 37, 44, 84–85, 111, 118–119, 124, 151, 167–168, 171, 179–180, 191, 205, 207, 210–212, 233, 236, 241, 261, 301–302, 352, 393, 469, 532, 542 China trade, 32–33, 35, 38, 54, 110, 115, 129, 137–138, 141, 145, 173, 215, 257, 359, 505–506, 532–533, 535, 541, 587–588, 607 China trade with Afghanistan, 20, 422–424, 426 China trade with Africa, 25–27, 493, 588, 592, 597, 599–602, 604, 606, 619–635 China trade with Algeria, 631–632 China trade with Angola, 625, 631–632 China trade with Argentina, 523, 560 China trade with ASEAN, 15, 90, 143, 146, 161–162, 167, 174, 196, 212–214, 225, 238, 240, 261, 267–268, 272, 300, 303, 312, 331, 335, 339, 414 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 678 Index China trade with Bahrain, 448, 450 China trade with Brazil, 489, 491–492, 523, 560, 563 China trade with Central Asia, 98, 363–364, 368, 370, 384, 389–390, 392, 399, 408–409, 413 China trade with Chile, 522–523, 560, 563 China trade with East Asia, 156–157, 161, 165, 167 China trade with Ecuador, 560, 567 China trade with Egypt, 631–632 China trade with European Union, 414, 492 China trade with GCC states, 21, 445, 447–448, 453, 460–461, 463, 472, 474 China trade with Greater Mekong subregion, 320, 330 China trade with Gulf Cooperation Council states, 442, 445 China trade with India, 79–80, 145, 487–490 China trade with Indonesia, 173, 272–273, 275, 281, 286, 292 China trade with Japan, 15, 68, 77, 145, 414 China trade with Latin America, 24–25, 521–524, 526, 528, 553, 560, 574, 581–582 China trade with Mexico, 523, 560, 573 China trade with Nigeria, 629, 631–632, 642 China trade with Oman, 441, 449 b2912_Index.indd 678 China trade with Panama, 523, 526, 573 China trade with Peru, 523, 563, 567 China trade with Russia, 414, 485–486, 489–490 China trade with Saudi Arabia, 449, 454 China trade with South Africa, 489, 491, 493, 604, 626, 631–632 China trade with Southeast Asia, 84, 226, 231, 241, 249, 347 China trade with South Korea, 101, 153 China trade with Thailand, 90, 246, 320 China trade with UAE, 441, 449 China trade with U.S., 15, 414, 492, 607 China trade with Venezuela, 560, 583 China trade with Vietnam, 90, 313, 320, 324, 329, 331 China–UAE relations, 440, 450, 452, 456, 462 China-Uzbekistan relations, 66–71, 360–361, 363, 365, 392, 404, 413–415 China–U.S relations, 7, 10–11, 13, 16, 18, 29, 31, 34, 39, 44, 49–51, 56–60, 62–64, 87, 97, 105, 108, 111–112, 114–115, 119–120, 125–126, 131–132, 136, 150–151, 154, 172, 174, 178–180, 186, 188, 201, 216–217, 220–221, 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Index 227–229, 257, 259, 263, 304, 310–311, 339–340, 342, 346, 351, 368, 458, 475, 510, 582, 595, 607, 609, 643 China–Venezuela relations, 117, 534–535, 566–567, 581, 583–584 China–Vietnam relations, 94, 176, 194–195, 208, 216, 229, 242, 255, 313–315, 326, 330, 342, 347, 349, 591 civil society, 3, 63, 121, 155, 351, 471, 556 climate change, 5, 24, 346, 478, 484, 495, 498–499, 556, 582 Clinton, Bill, 58, 64, 117, 188–190, 222, 378 Clinton, Hillary, 230, 341, 346 CLMV (Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam) Group, 149, 316–317, 322, 324, 330–332, 344, 352 Cold War, 11, 50, 55, 96, 177, 214, 244, 442 collective security, 11, 128, 150, 372, 605 Collective Security Treaty Organization, 20, 34, 99, 373, 400–401, 406, 434 color revolutions, 53, 369, 380–381, 383, 406, 417, 437 Columbia, 524–525, 539, 553, 567, 569 Commonwealth of Independent States, 20, 400–401, 406, 434 b2912_Index.indd 679 679 Communist Party of China, 44, 74, 119, 130, 133, 148, 182, 208, 246, 301, 532, 554–555, 590, 593 Communist Party of Vietnam, 194, 306 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC), 24–25, 535–537, 546, 555– 557, 563, 572 Confucius Institutes, 98, 119, 155, 252, 439, 468, 584 corruption, 116, 118–119, 204, 343, 430, 470, 550, 639, 642, 644 Costa Rica, 25, 159, 526, 535, 540, 546, 573–574, 579 counterterrorism, 7, 20, 53, 59–60, 96–97, 137–138, 219, 236, 309, 359–360, 362, 366–367, 369, 373, 379, 390, 397–399, 406–407, 416, 431–432, 481, 618 counterterrorism, Central Asia, 407–408, 417, 419, 421, 429, 433–435, 459 Cuba, 522, 557, 581 D Darfur crisis, Sudan, 597, 608 democracy, Central Asia, 118, 376, 378, 381–382 democracy, China, 23, 62–63, 65, 119, 343 democracy (in international affairs), 3, 22–23, 50, 53, 73, 83, 96, 112, 182, 186, 209, 228, 245, 346, 352, 373, 376, 381–382, 428, 433, 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 680 459, 493–494, 500, 508, 595, 608 democracy, Russia, 53, 119, 375 Deng Xiaoping, 45–46, 48, 124, 176, 181, 301, 496, 554 Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands, 75–76, 125, 135, 153, 168 E East Asia Free Trade Area, 295, 299 East Asia Summit, 7–8, 34, 80, 90, 124, 143–144, 229, 241, 258, 295, 297 East China Sea disputes, 9, 67, 73–74, 153 Economic cooperation, China and ASEAN, 301–354 economic cooperation, China and Central Asia, 363, 384, 399 economic development, Africa, 26, 619–620 economic development, ASEAN, 146, 183, 270 economic development, Brazil, 23, 562 economic development, Central Asia, 379, 384 economic development, China, 146, 173, 216, 270, 446, 549 economic development, India, 23, 479 economic development, South Africa, 28, 477, 493, 496, 506, 508, 516, 518, 600, 604, 620, 627, 628, 632 Ecuador, 25, 524–525, 535, 547, 555–556, 569, 571 energy, 96, 346 b2912_Index.indd 680 Index energy cooperation, Central Asia, 20, 387–388, 399 energy cooperation, China and ASEAN, 250, 255 energy cooperation, China and Brazil, 506, 567 energy cooperation, China and Central Asia, 360, 364, 368, 390, 409 energy cooperation, China and Middle East, 443, 451, 469 energy cooperation, China and Russia, 391, 414–415 energy security, 379, 395, 416 energy security, China, 132, 532 energy security, China and Middle East, 440, 442, 474 energy security, Southeast Asia, 258 energy strategy, China, 358, 390, 485, 506, 567, 545, 588, 607, 625, 641 energy strategy, U.S., 445, 640–642 energy supply and demand, 54, 67, 92, 100, 106, 228, 437, 450, 563 energy supply and demand, Afghanistan, 430, 434 energy supply and demand, Caspian, 379–380 energy supply and demand, Central Asia, 385, 387, 419, 433 energy supply and demand, China, 114, 206, 562, 567, 621, 634 energy supply and demand, China and Africa, 625, 634 energy supply and demand, China and Central Asia, 408, 413, 416, 421 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles energy supply and demand, China and India, 79–80 energy supply and demand, China and Russia, 485–486 energy supply and demand, Kazakhstan, 392, 412 energy supply and demand, U.S., 382, 445 environmental protection issue, 29, 31, 35, 74, 110, 118, 219, 248, 312, 314, 322, 345, 350, 387, 461, 469, 493, 497–499, 528, 541, 569, 572, 596, 603, 635, 640 European Union, 6, 15, 29, 38, 49, 68, 86, 98, 114, 124, 142–143, 149–150, 156–159, 165, 168, 185, 188, 225, 227, 229, 270, 275, 295, 299, 313, 372, 382–384, 389–390, 420, 433, 448, 465, 482, 492, 495, 499, 537, 545, 548, 553, 634, 637–638, 645 extremism, 19, 96–97, 99, 362, 364, 367, 383, 397, 399, 407, 416, 418, 421, 433, 459, 464, 470 F financial crisis, 14, 49, 54, 68, 89, 124, 140–141, 152–153, 157, 189, 199, 201–202, 221–224, 226, 237, 246, 349, 384, 390, 393, 402, 447, 478–479, 481–482, 487, 494, 497, 500–502, 523, 532, 535, 538, 601, 618 b2912_Index.indd 681 Index 681 Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, 174–175, 180, 359, 461, 529, 531 Forum on China–Africa Cooperation, 25–28, 460, 475, 588, 596–604, 617, 631, 644 free trade area, 158, 237, 310, 312, 487, 557 Free Trade Area of the Americas, 125, 528, 548, 553, 560–561 Free Trade Area of the Asia-Pacific, 138, 296 G Gas supply and demand, 73–74, 79, 392, 445, 447, 450– 451, 486 gas supply and demand, China and Central Asia, 390, 408–409 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 13, 173, 596 Georgia crisis, 53, 369, 380 globalization, 89, 497, 532, 551–552 globalization of China’s economy, 14, 110, 113–114, 127, 154–155, 181, 481–501, 532–533, 541, 544–546, 619 Greater Mekong Subregion, 30–31, 123, 137, 168, 248, 303, 307, 309–310, 312, 315, 318–325, 328, 330, 337, 340, 345, 349–351, 353–354 Group of Eight (G-8), 478, 485, 618 Group of Seven (G-7), 480, 485, 540 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 682 Group of Twenty (G-20), 62, 271, 456, 478–480, 482, 494–495, 499–503, 505 Guangxi, 31, 167, 253, 307–308, 311–312, 317, 326–327, 331, 335, 347–349 Guangxi Beibu Gulf Economic Development Zone, 30, 304, 327 Gulf Cooperation Council, 21, 158–159, 437–476 H harmonious world perspective, China, 23, 308, 353, 496, 509 hegemony and anti-hegemony, 47, 59, 217, 222, 232, 302, 309, 339, 342, 359, 375–376, 439, 465, 474 Hu Jintao, 26, 53, 73, 79, 105, 108–109, 111, 129, 152, 154, 219, 229, 341, 368, 388, 392, 455–456, 485, 528, 540, 543, 567, 598, 602, 617, 623 human rights issue, 2, 23, 53, 62, 65, 74, 118–119, 186, 188, 228, 245, 343–344, 346, 352, 365, 382–383, 459, 466, 493, 595, 597, 608–612, 640, 643 I India, 6, 8, 11–12, 23, 34, 45, 52, 60, 63, 78–82, 90, 92, 96, 114, 116, 133–134, 145, 150, 158–159, 169, 180, 183, 185, 188, 208, 236, b2912_Index.indd 682 Index 257, 259, 271, 295, 297, 306, 344, 403–404, 420, 425, 431, 435, 477, 488, 493, 506–508, 510, 537, 548 India–Africa relations, 618–619, 636, 642 India–ASEAN relations, 80, 144, 227, 339 India in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 98, 357, 360, 403–405 India trade, 268, 448, 638 Indian Ocean, 174, 249 Indonesia, 6, 13–14, 60, 85, 89, 144, 164–165, 173, 187–189, 191, 200–201, 203, 212, 220, 222–223, 226, 237, 244, 249, 252, 257, 260, 271, 275, 281, 283, 285–286, 292, 294–295, 303, 306, 327–328, 348, 550, 619 Indonesia trade, 239–240, 272, 285, 287, 289–290, 299 Inter-American Development Bank, 538, 554, 561, 578 International Atomic Energy Agency, 102, 106 international environment, China, 11, 19, 37, 44, 46–48, 58, 63, 68, 84–85, 99, 120, 124, 126–127, 131, 135–136, 154, 167, 177, 181, 186, 190, 204, 206, 209, 217, 228, 245, 256, 302, 324– 325, 342, 358, 395, 474, 481, 494, 501, 529–530, 533, 544, 606, 643 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles Index International Monetary Fund, 14, 38, 56, 61, 124, 140–142, 190, 202, 298, 491, 494, 502–503, 620 Iran, 21, 56, 79, 96, 364, 366, 377, 379, 381, 407, 424–426, 435, 441–442, 458, 463, 473 Iran in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 98, 357, 360, 375, 403, 405 Iraq, 52, 56–57, 59, 67, 83, 182, 218–221, 431–432, 441, 445, 481, 547 Islamic States of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 397, 430–431, 464, 473 J Japan, 6, 60, 92, 115, 150, 257, 295, 540 Japan–Africa relations, 619, 636 Japan–ASEAN relations, 13, 221, 227 Japan–Asia relations, 8, 11, 72, 204, 236 Japan trade with ASEAN, 268, 308, 317–318 Jiang Zemin, 26, 47–48, 52, 56–57, 59, 102, 128, 176, 178, 180, 182, 201, 223, 230, 361, 363, 367, 528, 530, 597, 617 K Kunming–Bangkok economic corridor, 321–322, 324 Kuwait, 437–438, 441, 448, 451, 460 b2912_Index.indd 683 683 L Laos, 8, 94, 164, 187, 238, 241, 244, 252–253, 260, 269, 295, 316, 319–321, 324, 328–329, 338, 345–346, 349 Latin America, 79, 538, 557, 627 Latin America’s investment in China, 569–570 Li Keqiang, 119, 146, 306, 315, 350, 571, 588, 603 Li Peng, 95, 175–177, 180, 360–361, 528, 617, 620, 623 M Malaysia, 164, 187–188, 191, 194, 203, 244, 252, 260, 271, 294–296, 303, 327–329, 348, 550 Mexico, 159, 412, 526, 537, 539, 544, 549–550, 553, 556–558, 564–565, 568, 581, 584 Mexico in APEC, 548, 553 military capability, China, 54, 82, 114, 127, 174, 177, 206, 210–211, 216–217, 236–237, 257, 264–265, 457, 465, 530, 543, 591 military capability, Japan, 65–67, 187 military capability, Russia, 53, 177 military capability, U.S., 49–50, 177 military cooperation, Asia, 88, 209 military cooperation, Central Asia, 96, 363, 365, 367, 369, 372–373, 375, 384, 401 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 684 Index military cooperation, China, 74, 79, 136, 191, 236, 246–247, 407, 458, 463 military cooperation, U.S and Asia, 8, 51, 78, 81, 87, 109, 189–190, 208, 214, 230, 245, 378–380 missile defense, 51–52, 56, 65, 305, 458 missile weapons, North Korea, 103–104, 106–107 missile weapons, Saudi Arabia, 440, 463 modernization diplomacy, 11, 37, 44, 47, 58, 68, 100, 113, 127, 136, 172, 177, 308, 325, 440, 442, 464, 474, 481, 484, 501, 529, 544, 593, 643–644 Mongolia, 95–96, 103, 179, 360, 389, 403, 627 Mongolia in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 357, 360, 405 multilateral diplomacy, 150, 153–154, 181–182, 232, 243, 353, 360, 508, 532, 534, 553–555, 584 multilateral forum(s), 235, 399, 434, 439, 487, 505, 608–609 multilateralism, 1, 149, 229, 233, 243, 274, 483, 528, 604 multilateral organizations, 123, 127, 129, 131, 133, 140–141, 149, 258, 262–264, 321, 351–352, 354, 359, 372, 390, 411, 455, 472, 532, 556, 582, 618 b2912_Index.indd 684 Myanmar, 8, 83, 116, 148–149, 165, 182, 187–188, 204, 213, 238, 241, 244–246, 250, 252, 258–259, 269, 316, 319–321, 329, 331, 335, 337–338, 344–345, 349, 354 N nationalism, 169, 179, 394 nationalism, Asia, 11, 96, 169, 205, 264–265, 314 nationalism, China, 135, 152, 169, 205, 264–265, 314, 613 nationalism, China and Japan, 8, 67, 77, 120 nationalism, India, 81, 169, 488 nationalism, Japan, 67, 152, 169 New Zealand, 90, 144, 191, 268, 295, 562 North American Free Trade Agreement, 142, 156–157, 168, 295, 560–561 North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 51, 53, 78, 99, 245, 365, 372–373, 375, 378, 401, 405, 418, 429 nuclear energy, 443, 457, 460, 510, 584 nuclear non-proliferation, 174, 234, 377, 401 nuclear weapons, 7, 52, 59, 68, 102–103, 174, 235, 365, 405, 499, 591 nuclear weapons, Iran, 21, 381, 459, 474 nuclear weapons, North Korea, 16, 65, 83, 100, 102–108, 133, 135, 137, 139, 381 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Index O Obama, Barack, 7, 10, 60–62, 76, 107, 125, 137, 145, 154, 168, 214, 230, 257, 264, 339, 343, 346, 402, 418–420, 429, 431–432, 537, 558, 562 oil diplomacy, China and Africa, 621–623, 625, 631, 638 oil diplomacy, China and Asia, 80, 93, 195, 622, 636 oil diplomacy, China and Middle East, 438, 441, 443 oil diplomacy, China and Russia, 53, 364 oil diplomacy, China and U.S., 376–378 oil exploration, Africa, 613, 621, 623 oil exploration, Central Asia, 97, 368, 379, 392–393, 408–409, 415, 419–420 oil exploration, South China Sea, 83, 91, 94, 192, 256, 314, 341 oil supply and demand, China, 364, 369, 376, 440, 443, 451, 621, 623–624, 637 oil supply and demand, China and Africa, 439, 622, 625, 628, 631, 636, 639 oil supply and demand, China and Central Asia, 376–377, 390 oil supply and demand, China and Middle East, 431, 441, 443–445, 447, 451, 458, 622 oil supply and demand, East China Sea, 73–74 b2912_Index.indd 685 685 oil supply and demand, India, 79, 443 oil supply and demand, Russia, 54, 390–391, 414 oil supply and demand, U.S., 638, 640 oil supply and demand, Venezuela, 564, 569, 571 Oman, 437–438, 440–441, 448–449 One Belt, One Road, 38, 115–116, 120, 135, 138, 147, 208, 306–307, 319, 337–338, 422, 461, 473 P Pakistan, 422, 424–426, 434–435, 472 Pakistan in Shanghai Cooperation Organization, 98, 357, 360, 403, 405 Panama, 25, 159, 445, 523, 526, 528, 535, 540, 553, 570, 576–577, 579 Pan-Beibu Gulf Area, 30–31, 168, 304, 309–312, 315, 318, 325 Peru, 159, 524–525, 539, 548, 553, 556 Philippines, 8, 85, 89, 92–93, 102, 115, 125, 164–165, 183, 187–189, 192, 194–196, 200, 203, 212, 235, 237, 244–245, 250–253, 255–256, 260, 265, 269, 271, 275, 295, 303–305, 313, 327–328, 348, 550 post-Cold War era, 50, 55, 101, 177, 184, 481, 497–498, 532, 553, 590, 595, 633, 643 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” 686 Index Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles Putin, Vladimir, 52–54, 96, 98, 100, 373, 391, 403–404, 407, 410–411, 478, 485–486 Q Qatar, 437–438, 448–449, 451–452, 456 R Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, 7, 37, 61–62, 115, 120, 138–139, 145, 158–159, 210, 295 regional cooperation, 5, 83–84, 128, 139, 149, 184, 229, 321, 367, 382 regional cooperation, ASEAN, 139, 143, 241, 251, 308, 322, 339 regional cooperation, Asia-Pacific, 8, 34, 128, 139, 147, 150–151 regional cooperation, Latin America, 24, 535, 557 resource diplomacy, China, 26, 35, 443, 485, 622 rule of law, 204, 228, 343, 346, 379 Russia, 63, 90, 103, 149–150, 180, 257, 344, 472, 479, 484–485, 508, 510 Russia–ASEAN relations, 227 Russia–Central Asia relations, 52, 78, 99, 357, 370, 373, 377, 414, 421, 516, 622 Russia–East Asia relations, 144 Russia in BRICS group, 404, 434, 477, 496, 504, 507 b2912_Index.indd 686 Russia–Latin America relations, 537, 553, 556 Russia–Middle East relations, 458, 465 Russia–North Korea relations, 102 S Saudi Arabia, 437–438, 449 Saudi Arabia’s investment in China, 451, 453 security, 9, 37, 51, 56, 84, 93, 97, 132–133, 233, 235–236, 344–346, 351–352, 360, 362, 365, 369, 376, 430, 433, 464, 484, 488, 498, 542–543 security, Africa, 588–589, 602–603, 605 security, ASEAN, 263–264, 320, 324 security, Asia, 60, 104, 150, 179, 214, 235 security, Central Asia, 19–20, 361, 364, 367–368, 375–376, 384, 397–414, 416–419, 421–422, 424–428, 430, 432–435, 459 security, China, 19, 57, 245, 439, 471, 543, 603 security cooperation, 31, 248, 359, 531 security cooperation, BRICS, 22, 503 security cooperation, China and ASEAN, 9, 11–12, 85–87, 242, 310–311 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Index security cooperation, India and Vietnam, 305 security cooperation, Southeast Asia, 60 security cooperation, U.S and Asia Pacific, 60–61, 85–88, 92, 94, 139, 148–151, 227, 245, 257, 265, 305, 342 security cooperation, U.S and Central Asia, 367, 379–381 security cooperation, U.S and Japan, 64, 68, 77, 101, 152, 187, 339 security, regional, 13, 86, 133, 366 security, Southeast Asia, 86, 227, 233, 247, 256 separatism, 19, 96–97, 362, 364, 367, 369, 397, 399, 407, 416, 418, 421, 433, 459, 532 shale revolution, 20, 54, 434, 445–446, 640 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 1, 6, 18–20, 34–35, 38, 51–53, 55, 83, 95–96, 97–99, 118, 123, 259, 315, 352, 357, 360, 397–414, 416–419, 421– 422, 424–425, 427–428, 430, 432–435, 471, 485, 505, 543 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Development Bank, 20, 98, 115, 393, 434 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation free trade area, 387–388, 407, 409, 411 b2912_Index.indd 687 687 Shanghai Five, 51, 357, 363, 366–367, 394 Silk Road Economic Belt, 21, 28, 94, 99, 115, 209, 217, 258, 265, 306–307, 390, 405, 407–408, 416, 430, 434, 443, 461, 475, 546, 605 Singapore, 89, 144, 187, 191, 226, 244, 246, 252, 271, 275, 294–296, 303, 327–329, 562 Sinopec, 457–458, 623, 639 South Africa, 23, 28, 114, 149, 344, 506–508, 548, 597, 604, 619, 626 South Africa in BRICS group, 477, 493, 507, 600, 627 South China Sea disputes, 13, 83, 85, 91–93, 115, 135, 138, 146, 168, 179, 191–193, 195, 208, 210, 216, 230, 233, 235, 242, 255–256, 259–260, 264, 302, 304, 337, 341–342, 346, 351, 353 South Korea, 188, 295, 537, 561, 636 Spratly Islands disputes, 85, 92, 125, 190–191, 194, 196, 233, 304 subregional economic cooperation project, 29–32, 310–312, 556, 618 subregional economic cooperation, China and ASEAN, 135, 168, 303–304, 307–310, 316– 318, 328, 338, 347, 352–353 Syria, 432, 459, 464, 474 Syrian crisis, 431, 438, 458, 466 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 688 Index T Taiwan-Africa relations, 613–614, 616 Taiwan-Asia relations, 202, 204, 326 Taiwan-Caribbean Countries relations, 573–574, 577–581 Taiwan in UN, 615–616 Taiwan issue, 16, 51, 55, 59, 64, 66, 87–88, 101, 104, 119, 152, 187, 196, 203, 340, 361, 364, 528–529, 532–533, 551, 568, 573, 579–580, 595, 597, 608, 610, 613, 615, 617, 643 Taiwan–Latin America relations, 555, 573–574, 578, 580, 582 Taliban regime, 52, 364, 375, 418, 426–429 terrorism, 19–20, 37, 56–57, 99, 218, 221, 364, 367, 373, 378–380, 382–383, 397, 399, 404–405, 416–418, 425, 433, 497–499, 627, 639 Thailand, 14, 85–86, 89, 159, 163–164, 183, 185, 187, 191, 200–201, 203, 212, 222, 238–239, 241, 244–247, 252–253, 271, 275, 292, 294–295, 321, 324, 327–329, 335, 338, 346, 351, 550 Third World, 24, 26, 46, 48, 54–55, 113, 172–174, 181, 345, 440, 464, 493–494, 497, 529, 534, 545, 551, b2912_Index.indd 688 582, 587–588, 590–597, 619, 633, 641, 643–644 Tiananmen incident, 13, 45–47, 55, 124, 175–176, 208, 440, 555, 593–594, 609, 643 Trans-Atlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, 38, 61, 115, 495 Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 7, 37, 61–62, 114–115, 120, 145, 159–160, 210, 258, 294, 296, 300, 495, 562 Trump, Donald, 37, 145 Twenty-first Century Maritime Silk Road, 21, 28, 33, 94, 115, 209, 217, 258, 265, 306–307, 337, 389, 420, 443, 461, 475, 546, 605 U UAE, 422, 425, 437–438, 448–449, 452, 454, 456 UAE’s investment in China, 453 Ukrainian situation, 23, 470, 485–486, 518 unilateralism, 12, 60, 149 unilateralism, U.S., 56–57, 89, 105, 112, 154, 218, 481, 544, 582, 607 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 425, 437–438, 448–449, 452, 454, 456, 468 United Nations, 11, 24, 26, 56, 112, 174, 204, 219, 231, 247, 365, 440, 474, 478, 486, 494, 496, 498, 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Index 508, 522, 528–529, 544, 577, 581–582, 589, 592, 597–598, 608, 610–612, 613–618, 635, 639 United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 188, 609–610 United Nations International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, 92, 192, 304 United Nations Security Council, 38, 57, 102, 104, 106, 149, 231, 344, 418, 431, 438, 461–462, 466, 508, 589, 634 United States, 3, 6, 60, 90, 107, 150, 214, 220, 227, 296, 417 U.S.–Afghanistan relations, 57, 99, 428 U.S.–Africa relations, 29, 510, 588, 638–640, 645 U.S.–ASEAN relations, 8, 16, 60, 161, 165, 187, 189, 210, 219–221, 227–228, 231–232, 245, 247, 309, 335 U.S.–Asia relations, 6–7, 44, 51, 61, 78, 85, 87, 106, 125, 149, 204, 218, 257 U.S.–Australia relations, 9–10 U.S.–Brazil relations, 491–492, 510, 537, 558 U.S.–Central Asia relations, 53, 96, 118, 367, 372–379, 383, 389, 394 U.S.–Cuba relations, 85, 182, 537 U.S.–East Asia relations, 137, 144 b2912_Index.indd 689 689 U.S.–India relations, 12, 60, 78, 80–81, 134, 487, 510 U.S.–Iraq relations, 52, 56–57, 59, 67, 83, 182, 218–221 U.S.–Israel relations, 462, 465 U.S.–Japan relations, 8, 14, 51, 59, 62, 64–65, 67–68, 74–77, 187, 297 U.S.–Kazakhstan relations, 365, 419 U.S.–Latin America relations, 83, 540, 558 U.S.–Mexico relations, 222, 558, 561 U.S.–Middle East relations, 21, 45, 105, 219, 448, 458, 468 U.S military presence in Afghanistan, 399, 405, 418, 420, 422 U.S military presence in Central Asia, 52–53, 96, 118, 378–380, 401, 419 U.S military presence in GCC states, 459, 474 U.S military presence in Iraq, 52, 218–219 U.S.–North Korea relations, 16, 104–105, 107 U.S.–Philippines relations, 189, 193, 247, 251 U.S.–Russia relations, 48, 50–53, 55, 375, 459, 510 U.S.–South Korea relations, 11, 107 U.S.–Taiwan relations, 51, 64, 152 U.S.–Thailand relations, 246–247 U.S.–Uzbekistan relations, 373–374, 378, 380, 420 11/15/2017 8:39:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com by 45.56.141.2 on 10/06/18 Re-use and distribution is strictly not permitted, except for Open Access articles 690 U.S.–Vietnam relations, 179, 341 Uzbekistan in Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, 53, 95–97, 357, 384–385, 393, 395, 400, 405, 410–414, 419 V Venezuela, 25, 117, 524–525, 528, 535, 539, 556–557, 564, 569 Vietnam, 8, 60, 91–94, 125, 131, 146, 149, 172, 174, 179, 187, 194–195, 206, 234–235, 238, 242, 244, 253, 255–256, 258, 260, 265, 269, 271, 295–296, 304–306, 314, 316, 319, 321–322, 324–329, 331, 335, 338, 341, 344, 346, 348–349, 353, 591, 618 W Wang Yi, 25, 134, 209, 253, 263, 535, 589, 603 weapons of mass destruction, 59, 218, 378, 382, 384 Wen Jiabao, 17, 72, 79, 91, 109, 128, 154, 226, 229, 234, 241–242, 249, 253, 324, 391, 457, 463, 540 b2912_Index.indd 690 Index World Bank, 14, 38, 56, 61, 124, 141, 173, 201, 285, 386, 389, 491, 494, 502, 506–507, 538, 596, 639–640 World Health Organization, 38, 321, 577, 614–615, 618 World Trade Organization, 13–14, 24, 56, 89, 113–114, 157–158, 163, 238, 303, 385, 412, 495, 532, 534, 544, 546–548, 582, 596–597 X Xi Jinping, 21, 25, 54, 61–62, 77, 82, 94, 97–98, 115, 120–121, 133, 135, 147, 208–209, 262, 296, 306, 315, 338, 402, 406–407, 416, 432, 439, 443, 454, 457, 461, 464, 475, 486, 488, 505, 535, 546, 568, 584, 588, 602 Y Yunnan, 31, 167, 245, 248, 308, 312, 317, 319–322, 327, 329, 331, 335, 337–338, 348 11/15/2017 8:39:42 PM ... b2912_Ch-01.indd 13 11/15/2017 8:34:41 PM b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy 9”x6” 14 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy. .. enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Chandrima - 10477 - Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy. indd 22-09-17 11:28:25 AM Multilateral Approach in China's Foreign Policy Downloaded from... articles b2912 Multilateral Approach in China’s Foreign Policy Multilateralism — Theoretical Issues and China’s Approach in Foreign Policy 17 of President Ma Ying-jeou in Taiwan in 2008, relations