SPSS for dummies apr 2007

w w w T he G et A ll co m www.sharexxx.net - free books & magazines SPSS ® FOR G et Al l.c om DUMmIES w w w T he by Arthur Griffith ‰ w w he T w Al et G l.c om SPSS ® FOR G et Al l.c om DUMmIES w w w T he by Arthur Griffith ‰ SPSS® For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www wiley.com/go/permissions l.c om Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission SPSS is a registered trademark of Norman H Nie and C Hadlai Hull All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book .T he G et Al LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ w For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002 w For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport w Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939501 ISBN: 978-0-470-11344-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 About the Author Arthur Griffith is a computer programmer and a writer He is the author of eleven books and the coauthor of three His education was many years ago in a land far away, and he has a degree in Computer Science and Mathematics During his years as a computer programmer, he developed systems as varied as nuclear power plant construction accounting, missile guidance, remote control of cable-TV set-top boxes, and satellite communications control All the work he did with computer programming required the use of mathematics and the ability to explain complex concepts in simple language om He moved to Alaska in an attempt to retire, but failed He is now developing software for Kachemak Research Development and writing books, like this one w w w T he G et Al l.c He and his wife, Mary, now live high up on a ridge in remote Alaska, with moose and bear in the yard and eagles hunting from the roof w w he T w Al et G l.c om Dedication To Colleen Riley of Kachemak Research Development for helping me reach the pinnacle of becoming the Dummy of my dreams Author’s Acknowledgments om Susan Pink is as much an author of this book as I am She has the ability of taking a clunky, obscure, and badly worded thought and turning it into something that is easy to read Whenever you come across something in this book that is clear and understandable, you can bet she had a hand in making it that way l.c I would like to thank Melody Lane at Wiley Publishing for having faith that I could write this book I would also like to thank Margot Maley Hutchinson at Waterside for helping convince Melody Lane that I could write the book et Al Allen Wyatt contributed to the book by checking it for accuracy I owe him a great thanks, but it’s hard to be nice to some who uncovered so many of your mistakes he G Throughout the entire process, Jill Reitma at SPSS was very efficient and went to a great deal of trouble to make sure I had all the information and software I needed Several people at SPSS made themselves available to me and answered even my silliest questions The SPSS support group never left me in need of information w w w T I received valuable moral support from Jeanette Shafer, Brandon Wilson, and Garth Bradshaw, my co-workers at KRD, throughout the writing process It was moral support — or they were simply laughing at me Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/ Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services Project Coordinator: Heather Kolter Project Editor: Susan Pink Layout and Graphics: Carl Byers, Barbara Moore, Laura Pence, Ronald Terry Acquisitions Editor: Melody Layne Technical Editor: Allen Wyatt, Discovery Computing, Inc Proofreaders: Laura Albert, Aptara Editorial Manager: Jodi Jensen Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico Media Development Specialists: Angela Denny, Kate Jenkins, Steven Kudirka, Kit Malone Special Help: Laura Bowman om Indexer: Aptara Media Development Coordinator: Laura Atkinson Media Development Manager: Laura VanWinkle G Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) et Sr Editorial Assistant: Cherie Case Al Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth l.c Media Project Supervisor: Laura Moss he Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher T Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director w Mary C Corder, Editorial Director Publishing for Consumer Dummies w Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher w Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction Part I: The Fundamental Mechanics of SPSS Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS .9 Chapter 2: Installing and Running the Software 17 Chapter 3: A Simple Statistical Analysis Example 41 Part II: Getting Data into and out of SPSS 59 l.c om Chapter 4: Entering Data from the Keyboard .61 Chapter 5: Reading and Writing Files 75 Chapter 6: Data and Data Types .91 Chapter 7: Messing with the Data After It’s in There 103 Chapter 8: Getting Data out of SPSS 123 Al Part III: Graphing Data 137 he G et Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Graphing 139 Chapter 10: Some Types of Graphs 157 Chapter 11: More Types of Graphs 175 Chapter 12: Maps 195 Part IV: Analysis 211 T Chapter 13: Executing an Analysis .213 Chapter 14: Some Analysis Examples 229 w Part V: Programming SPSS with Command Syntax .245 w w Chapter 15: The Command Syntax Language .247 Chapter 16: Command Syntax Language Examples 259 Part VI: Programming SPSS with Python and Scripts 271 Chapter 17: The Python Programming Language .273 Chapter 18: Python inside SPSS 289 Chapter 19: Scripts .299 w w T he G et Al l.c om SPSS For Dummies w 330 Index automatic recoding of variables, 115–117 autoscript, 11, 305–306, 323 AutoScripts option (Scripts tab), 39 average, 323 Axis Label option (Element Properties dialog box), 148 • Symbols • bar chart map, 207–209 bar graphs clustered bar chart, 168–169 creating, 140–142 error bars, 172–174 overview, 56–58, 167 simple bar graph, 167–168 stacked bar chart, 169–170 three-dimensional bar chart, 171 Bar style option (Element Properties dialog box), 149 base, 323 BASIC See also scripts overview, 299–300 programs written in, 11 BEGIN DATA command, 250 Bent, Dale H (co-creator of SPSS), 10 Bin Sizes option (Element Properties dialog box), 150 binning, 117–122, 323 bivariate, 323 bivariate correlation, 237–238 blocks, 283–284 boxplots clustered boxplot, 185–186 one-dimensional boxplot, 186–187 overview, 184 simple boxplot, 184–185 BREAK command, 256 break statement (Python), 287 break variable, 213, 323 om Al •A• w w T he G et Advanced Multivariate Models module, 311 alignment of data, 69 Amos module, 310 analysis of covariance, 323 analysis of variance, 323 Anchor Bin option (Element Properties dialog box), 150 ANCOVA, 323 and (&) symbol, 253 Angle option (Element Properties dialog box), 150 ANOVA, 323 area graphs overview, 180 simple area graph, 181 stacked area chart, 182–183 arithmetic in Python programming language, 274–276 Arrow option (Element Properties dialog box), 148 ascending, 323 author, Web site for, 315 Automatic option (Element Properties dialog box), 148 w •B• l.c & (and) symbol, 253 = (equal) symbol, 253 / forward slash, 296 >= (greater than or equal to) symbol, 253 > (greater than) symbol, 253 =) symbol, 253 greater than (>) symbol, 253 Grid Lines option (Chart tab), 34 Groups/Point ID tab (Chart Builder), 145 GUI (graphical user interface), 11, 325 Al •H• w w T he G et help in Case Studies, 15 in Command Syntax Reference, 15 menu, finding commands in the help, 263 overview, 15 in Python, 15 in Statistics Coach, 15 in Topics, 15 in Tutorial, 15 high-low graphs differenced area graph, 190–191 high-low close graph, 188 overview, 188 simple range bar graph, 188–190 histograms defined, 325 frequency polygon, 178–179 overview, 175 population pyramid, 179–180 simple histogram, 176–177 stacked histogram, 177–178 history of SPSS, 10 home page for the SPSS company, 316 HTML Web page file, creating, 126–127 Hull, C Hadlai (creator of SPSS), 10 humor about SPSS, 316 w 336 Index linear, 326 linear model, 234–236 linear regression, 239–240 lists in Python programming language, 280–281 loading files, 48–49 loading programs, 261 log linear, 242–243 logical operators, 248, 253 LOOP command, 255–256 looping in Python programming language, 285–287 Lotus files, 87 ISpssDataDoc class, 302 ISpssDimension class, 302 ISpssDocuments class, 302 ISpssFootnotes class, 302 ISpssInfo class, 302 ISpssItem class, 302 ISpssItems class, 302 ISpssLabels class, 302 ISpssLayerLabels class, 302 ISpssOptions class, 302 ISpssOutputDoc class, 302 ISpssPivotMgr class, 302 ISpssPrintOptions class, 302 ISpssRtf class, 302 ISpssSyntaxDoc class, 302 iteration, 285–287 om •M• l.c •J• $JDATE variable, 249 Al •K• G et keywords in Command Syntax, 248 known program type, reading from a, 87 kurtosis, 51, 326 he •L• w w T labels defined for value of variable, 68 overview, 44–45, 66–67 language in Python programming language, 276–280 Language option (General tab), 29 Legacy method used to build graphs, 153–154 $LENGTH variable, 249 less than or equal to (