www.sharexxx.net - free books & magazines SPSS ® FOR DUMmIES by Arthur Griffith ‰ SPSS ® FOR DUMmIES by Arthur Griffith ‰ SPSS® For Dummies® Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774 www.wiley.com Copyright © 2007 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600 Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc., 10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4355, or online at http://www wiley.com/go/permissions Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Reference for the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies Daily, The Fun and Easy Way, Dummies.com, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission SPSS is a registered trademark of Norman H Nie and C Hadlai Hull All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONAL PERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLE FOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE IS REFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHER INFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THE INFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS IT MAY MAKE FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED IN THIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at 800-762-2974, outside the U.S at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002 For technical support, please visit www.wiley.com/techsupport Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books Library of Congress Control Number: 2006939501 ISBN: 978-0-470-11344-8 Manufactured in the United States of America 10 About the Author Arthur Griffith is a computer programmer and a writer He is the author of eleven books and the coauthor of three His education was many years ago in a land far away, and he has a degree in Computer Science and Mathematics During his years as a computer programmer, he developed systems as varied as nuclear power plant construction accounting, missile guidance, remote control of cable-TV set-top boxes, and satellite communications control All the work he did with computer programming required the use of mathematics and the ability to explain complex concepts in simple language He moved to Alaska in an attempt to retire, but failed He is now developing software for Kachemak Research Development and writing books, like this one He and his wife, Mary, now live high up on a ridge in remote Alaska, with moose and bear in the yard and eagles hunting from the roof Dedication To Colleen Riley of Kachemak Research Development for helping me reach the pinnacle of becoming the Dummy of my dreams Author’s Acknowledgments Susan Pink is as much an author of this book as I am She has the ability of taking a clunky, obscure, and badly worded thought and turning it into something that is easy to read Whenever you come across something in this book that is clear and understandable, you can bet she had a hand in making it that way I would like to thank Melody Lane at Wiley Publishing for having faith that I could write this book I would also like to thank Margot Maley Hutchinson at Waterside for helping convince Melody Lane that I could write the book Allen Wyatt contributed to the book by checking it for accuracy I owe him a great thanks, but it’s hard to be nice to some who uncovered so many of your mistakes Throughout the entire process, Jill Reitma at SPSS was very efficient and went to a great deal of trouble to make sure I had all the information and software I needed Several people at SPSS made themselves available to me and answered even my silliest questions The SPSS support group never left me in need of information I received valuable moral support from Jeanette Shafer, Brandon Wilson, and Garth Bradshaw, my co-workers at KRD, throughout the writing process It was moral support — or they were simply laughing at me Publisher’s Acknowledgments We’re proud of this book; please send us your comments through our online registration form located at www.dummies.com/register/ Some of the people who helped bring this book to market include the following: Acquisitions, Editorial, and Media Development Composition Services Project Editor: Susan Pink Acquisitions Editor: Melody Layne Project Coordinator: Heather Kolter Layout and Graphics: Carl Byers, Barbara Moore, Laura Pence, Ronald Terry Technical Editor: Allen Wyatt, Discovery Computing, Inc Proofreaders: Laura Albert, Aptara Editorial Manager: Jodi Jensen Anniversary Logo Design: Richard Pacifico Media Development Specialists: Angela Denny, Kate Jenkins, Steven Kudirka, Kit Malone Special Help: Laura Bowman Indexer: Aptara Media Development Coordinator: Laura Atkinson Media Project Supervisor: Laura Moss Media Development Manager: Laura VanWinkle Editorial Assistant: Amanda Foxworth Sr Editorial Assistant: Cherie Case Cartoons: Rich Tennant (www.the5thwave.com) Publishing and Editorial for Technology Dummies Richard Swadley, Vice President and Executive Group Publisher Andy Cummings, Vice President and Publisher Mary Bednarek, Executive Acquisitions Director Mary C Corder, Editorial Director Publishing for Consumer Dummies Diane Graves Steele, Vice President and Publisher Joyce Pepple, Acquisitions Director Composition Services Gerry Fahey, Vice President of Production Services Debbie Stailey, Director of Composition Services Contents at a Glance Introduction Part I: The Fundamental Mechanics of SPSS Chapter 1: Introducing SPSS .9 Chapter 2: Installing and Running the Software 17 Chapter 3: A Simple Statistical Analysis Example 41 Part II: Getting Data into and out of SPSS 59 Chapter 4: Entering Data from the Keyboard .61 Chapter 5: Reading and Writing Files 75 Chapter 6: Data and Data Types .91 Chapter 7: Messing with the Data After It’s in There 103 Chapter 8: Getting Data out of SPSS 123 Part III: Graphing Data 137 Chapter 9: Fundamentals of Graphing 139 Chapter 10: Some Types of Graphs 157 Chapter 11: More Types of Graphs 175 Chapter 12: Maps 195 Part IV: Analysis 211 Chapter 13: Executing an Analysis .213 Chapter 14: Some Analysis Examples 229 Part V: Programming SPSS with Command Syntax .245 Chapter 15: The Command Syntax Language .247 Chapter 16: Command Syntax Language Examples 259 Part VI: Programming SPSS with Python and Scripts 271 Chapter 17: The Python Programming Language .273 Chapter 18: Python inside SPSS 289 Chapter 19: Scripts .299 330 SPSS For Dummies Index • Symbols • & (and) symbol, 253 = (equal) symbol, 253 / forward slash, 296 >= (greater than or equal to) symbol, 253 > (greater than) symbol, 253 =) symbol, 253 greater than (>) symbol, 253 Grid Lines option (Chart tab), 34 Groups/Point ID tab (Chart Builder), 145 GUI (graphical user interface), 11, 325 •H• help in Case Studies, 15 in Command Syntax Reference, 15 menu, finding commands in the help, 263 overview, 15 in Python, 15 in Statistics Coach, 15 in Topics, 15 in Tutorial, 15 high-low graphs differenced area graph, 190–191 high-low close graph, 188 overview, 188 simple range bar graph, 188–190 histograms defined, 325 frequency polygon, 178–179 overview, 175 population pyramid, 179–180 simple histogram, 176–177 stacked histogram, 177–178 history of SPSS, 10 home page for the SPSS company, 316 HTML Web page file, creating, 126–127 Hull, C Hadlai (creator of SPSS), 10 humor about SPSS, 316 •I• IDE (Integrated Development Environment), 298 identifiers for cases, 106–107 values, added to, 54–56 IF command, 252–253 if statement (Python), 283–285 images, saving, 88–90 IMPORT statement, 257 import statement (Python), 298 importance of data, 16 independent variable, 326 independent-samples T test, 232–233 individual values map, 205–206 installation customer information, 22 directory for, 22 license agreement, 20 License Authorization Wizard, 24–25 modules, 296 overview, 17–18 progress indicator, 23 for Python integrated with SPSS, 289–293 ReadMe file, 21 registration, 25–26 requirements for, 18 starting, 18–19 steps for, 19–25 Integrated Development Environment (IDE), 298 interactive charts, 34–35 Interactive tab ChartLook option, 35 Data Saved with Chart option, 35 default settings, 34–35 described, 34 Measurement Units option, 35 Print Resolution option, 35 Reading Pre-8.0 Data Files option, 35 interfaces for SPSS, 11 interpolation, 240 Interpolation option (Element Properties dialog box), 150 interpreter, 274 ISpssApp class, 301, 302 ISpssChart class, 302 ISpssDataCells class, 302 Index ISpssDataDoc class, 302 ISpssDimension class, 302 ISpssDocuments class, 302 ISpssFootnotes class, 302 ISpssInfo class, 302 ISpssItem class, 302 ISpssItems class, 302 ISpssLabels class, 302 ISpssLayerLabels class, 302 ISpssOptions class, 302 ISpssOutputDoc class, 302 ISpssPivotMgr class, 302 ISpssPrintOptions class, 302 ISpssRtf class, 302 ISpssSyntaxDoc class, 302 iteration, 285–287 •J• $JDATE variable, 249 •K• keywords in Command Syntax, 248 known program type, reading from a, 87 kurtosis, 51, 326 •L• labels defined for value of variable, 68 overview, 44–45, 66–67 language in Python programming language, 276–280 Language option (General tab), 29 Legacy method used to build graphs, 153–154 $LENGTH variable, 249 less than or equal to (