Slide bài giảng môn Viết 2 Academic Writing 2: unit 1

Unit 1: Paragraph to Short Essay Review of Paragraph structure What is a paragraph? Reasons for Going to University - It is a group of sentenc es about a topic After graduating from high school, many students go on to university, but their reasons for entering higher education vary First, many students attend to study a particular subject in depth Unlike high schools, which require students to take a wide range of classes, university curriculums allow students to choose a major In each major, a number of specialized courses are offered, and they are taught by experts in the fields Moreover, universities have various research facilities that help students learn Another common reason for going to university is that a college education often leads to a better career in the future In many countries, people with university degree tend to find better-paying jobs than those without them In addition, some universities provide students with opportunities to acquire practical skills that can be useful in the real world, such as accounting, using computer, and speaking foreign languages To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job How many parts are there in a paragraph? Reasons for Going to University -Three parts: -Topic sentence -Supporting sentences -Concluding sentence After graduating from high school, many students go on to university, but their reasons for entering higher education vary First, many students attend to study a particular subject in depth Unlike high schools, which require students to take a wide range of classes, university curriculums allow students to choose a major In each major, a number of specialized courses are offered, and they are taught by experts in the fields Moreover, universities have various research facilities that help students learn Another common reason for going to university is that a college education often leads to a better career in the future In many countries, people with university degree tend to find better-paying jobs than those without them In addition, some universities provide students with opportunities to acquire practical skills that can be useful in the real world, such as accounting, using computer, and speaking foreign languages To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job What is a topic sentence? Reasons for Going to University -It presents the topic and the controlling idea of the paragraph -It is usually the first sentence of a paragraph After graduating from high school, many students go on to university, but their reasons for entering higher education vary First, many students attend to study a particular subject in depth Unlike high schools, which require students to take a wide range of classes, university curriculums allow students to choose a major In each major, a number of specialized courses are offered, and they are taught by experts in the fields Moreover, universities have various research facilities that help students learn Another common reason for going to university is that a college education often leads to a better career in the future In many countries, people with university degree tend to find better-paying jobs than those without them In addition, some universities provide students with opportunities to acquire practical skills that can be useful in the real world, such as accounting, using computer, and speaking foreign languages To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job What are the supporting sentences? Reasons for Going to University - provide several supporting points that explain the controlling idea - provide supporting details that explain each supporting point After graduating from high school, many students go on to university, but their reasons for entering higher education vary First, many students attend to study a particular subject in depth Unlike high schools, which require students to take a wide range of classes, university curriculums allow students to choose a major In each major, a number of specialized courses are offered, and they are taught by experts in the fields Moreover, universities have various research facilities that help students learn Another common reason for going to university is that a college education often leads to a better career in the future In many countries, people with university degree tend to find better-paying jobs than those without them In addition, some universities provide students with opportunities to acquire practical skills that can be useful in the real world, such as accounting, using computer, and speaking foreign languages To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job What is the concluding sentence? Reasons for Going to University - It restates the controlling idea and summarizes the supporting points After graduating from high school, many students go on to university, but their reasons for entering higher education vary First, many students attend to study a particular subject in depth Unlike high schools, which require students to take a wide range of classes, university curriculums allow students to choose a major In each major, a number of specialized courses are offered, and they are taught by experts in the fields Moreover, universities have various research facilities that help students learn Another common reason for going to university is that a college education often leads to a better career in the future In many countries, people with university degree tend to find better-paying jobs than those without them In addition, some universities provide students with opportunities to acquire practical skills that can be useful in the real world, such as accounting, using computer, and speaking foreign languages To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job How to write the topic sentence? Two parts: -the topic -the controlling idea - The topic names the subject or the context of the paragraph - The controlling idea makes a specific comment about the topic It also limits or controls the topic to a specific aspect of the topic to be discussed Example: Convenience foods are Topic easy to prepare Controlling idea Notes to write the topic sentence You shouldn’t include too many ideas in your topic sentence -> paragraph will not have unity A topic sentence should not be + too general -> readers cannot know exactly what the paragraph is going to discuss about + too specific -> writer may have nothing to say further Example: Dalat city is romantic and pleasant to live in Example: Watson and the Shark is a good painting (Too general) In this painting there are some men in a boat (Too specific) Watson and the Shark, by John Singleton Copley, shows a dramatic rescue (Good) • (Segal, M.K., & Pavlik, C., 1997, p.19) How to write supporting sentences? • Ask questions: - What are the categories I have to spend on? - How much money …? - Why is it so high? … University Costs The international student needs much money to study at the university in the U.S The cost can be divided into three categories First is the price of house rent; that expense differs according to the kind of house For example, a single basement room with a small kitchen at one end and a bed at the other costs at least $200 a month, but an apartment with a separate bedroom and kitchen costs at least $350 a month The second expense is the cost of food; this cost is also various for each person I spend at least $300 per month, so my daily cost for food is about $10 The final expense is the cost of tuition This cost is especially high I need $2000 per semester for tuition at this university because I am an “out – of – state” student And that doesn’t even count the expenses for books, clothing, and other expenses Therefore, I need at least $4000 for each semester (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 2010) - You can get more information by using these methods and sources: + discussing and listening ideas + interviewing and taking notes + reading reference books, magazines, newspapers and doing research + using the information in the Internet How to write the concluding sentence? - To restate the controlling idea or summarize the main points of the paragraph Ex: To sum up, students go to university for a variety of reasons: to study a particular field and to find a good job - Gives a suggestion, an opinion, a warning or a prediction Ex: - If you follow these steps, you never lose your keys again (prediction) - In my mind, it is the most beautiful city in the world (opinion) - Students who are not careful with credit card can go into debt quickly (warning) Coherence • Coherence - all the ideas in a paragraph flow smoothly from one sentence to the next sentence -> help the readers understand the writer’s thought easily • There are two ways to make the paragraph coherent: Organize the supporting sentences in a logical order Use the transitional expressions to show the relationship between sentences • The common orders are: – Time order: used in narration and describing process Details are listed as they occur in time – Space order: used in description When you describe, you should choose one direction and maintain it – Emphatic order: used when ideas are not equal in weight - 02 ways to present your ideas: the most importance -> the least importance or vice verse - Notes: the most important idea is often left to the end -> make a greater impact to the readers Example School Uniform Should Receive an A+ School uniform should be mandatory for all students for a number of reasons First, they make everyone equal In this way, the "rich" kids are on the same level as the poor ones In addition, getting ready for school can be much faster and easier Many kids waste time choosing what to wear to school, and they are often unhappy with their final choices The most important reason is that some studies shows that school uniforms make students perform better Many people might say that uniforms take away from personal freedom, but I believe the benefits are stronger than the drawbacks (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 2010) Transitions Transitions are signals that help readers follow the direction of the writer’s thought • Additional signals: in addition, moreover, furthermore… • Time signals: first, then, next, after, before, soon, finally • Space signals: On the opposite side, next to, to the left… • Change-of-direction signals: in contrast, on the contrary… • Illustration signals: for example, for instance… • Conclusion signals: In conclusion, in a nut shell, last of all Example University Costs The international student needs much money to study at the university in the U.S the cost can be divided into three categories First is the price of house rent; that expense differs according to the kind of house For example, a single basement room with a small kitchen at one end and a bed at the other costs at least $200 a month, but an apartment with a separate bedroom and kitchen costs at least $350 a month The second expense is the cost of food; this cost is also various for each person I spend at least $300 per month, so my daily cost for food is about $10 The final expense is the cost of tuition This cost is especially high I need $2000 per semester for tuition at this university because I am an “out – of – state” student Moreover, that doesn’t even count the expenses for books, clothing, and other expenses Therefore, I need at least $4000 for each semester (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 2010) Unity - Paragraph unity  about ONLY ONE main topic - One irrelevant sentence -> Paragraph does not have a unity Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive habit Smoking is hazardous to your health Considering that the average price per pack of cigarettes is 75 cents, people smoke two packs of cigarettes a day spend $1.50 per day on their habit At the end of one year, these smokers have spent at least $547.50 Several years ago, a medical study clearly showed the link of nicotine found in cigarettes with the development of cancer However, the price of cigarettes is not the only expense cigarette smokers incur Since cigarette smoke has an offensive odor clothing, stuffed furniture, and carpet, smokers often find that these items must be cleaned more frequently than nonsmokers Although it is difficult to estimate the cost of this additional expense, one can see that this hidden expense does contribute to making smoking an expensive habit (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 2010) ... semester (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 20 10 ) Unity - Paragraph unity  about ONLY ONE main topic - One irrelevant sentence -> Paragraph does not have a unity Smoking cigarettes can be an expensive... least $300 per month, so my daily cost for food is about $10 The final expense is the cost of tuition This cost is especially high I need $20 00 per semester for tuition at this university because... expenses Therefore, I need at least $4000 for each semester (Adapted from Keith S Folse et al., 20 10 ) - You can get more information by using these methods and sources: + discussing and listening