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Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs Chapter 05 The Production Process and Costs Multiple Choice Questions 1. Suppose the marginal product of labor is 8 and the marginal product of capital is 2. If the wage rate is $4 and the price of capital is $2, then in order to minimize costs the firm should use a. More capital and less labor B. More labor and less capital c. Three times more capital than labor d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 2. Suppose the production function is Q = min {K, 2L}. How much output is produced when 4 units of labor and 9 units of capital are employed? a. 2 b. 4 C. 8 d. 9 Difficulty: Medium 3. Suppose the production function is given by Q = 3K + 4L. What is the average product of capital when 10 units of capital and 10 units of labor are employed? a. 3 b. 4 C. 7 d. 45 Difficulty: Easy 5-1 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 4. Suppose the production function is given by Q = 3K + 4L. What is the marginal product of capital when 10 units of capital and 10 units of labor are employed? A. 3 b. 4 c. 11 d. 45 Difficulty: Easy 5. Suppose the production function is given by Q = min{K, L}. How much output is produced when 10 units of labor and 9 units of capital are employed? a. 0 b. 4 C. 9 d. 13 Difficulty: Medium 6. Suppose the production function is given by Q = min {K, L}. How much output is produced when 4 units of labor and 9 units of capital are employed? a. 0 B. 4 c. 9 d. 13 Difficulty: Easy 7. Suppose the production function is given by Q = 3K + 4L. What is the marginal product of capital when 5 units of capital and 10 units of labor are employed? A. 3 b. 4 c. 11 d. 45 Difficulty: Easy 5-2 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 8. Suppose the production function is given by Q = 3K + 4L. What is the average product of capital when 5 units of capital and 10 units of labor are employed? a. 3 b. 4 C. 11 d. 45 Difficulty: Hard 9. For the cost function C(Q) = 100 + 2Q + 3Q2, the marginal cost of producing 2 units of output is a. 2 b. 3 c. 12 D. 14 Difficulty: Medium 10. For the cost function C(Q) = 100 + 2Q + 3Q2, the average fixed cost of producing 2 units of output is a. 100 B. 50 c. 3 d. 2 Difficulty: Medium 11. For the cost function C(Q) = 100 + 2Q + 3Q2, the total variable cost of producing 2 units of output is A. 16 b. 12 c. 4 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 5-3 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 12. If a firm's production function is Leontief and the wage rate goes up the a. Firm must use more labor in order to minimize the cost of producing a given level of output b. Firm must use more capital in order to minimize the cost of producing a given level of output c. Firm must use less labor in order to minimize the cost of producing a given level of output D. Cost minimizing combination of capital and labor does not change Difficulty: Hard 13. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Fixed costs do not vary with output b. Sunk costs are those costs that are forever lost after they have been paid C. Fixed costs are always greater than sunk costs d. Fixed costs could be positive when sunk costs are zero Difficulty: Hard 14. You are an efficiency expert hired by a manufacturing firm that uses K and L as inputs. The firm produces and sells a given output. If w = $40, r = $100, MPL = 20, and MPK = 40 the firm: a. Is cost minimizing b. Should use less L and more K to cost minimize C. Should use more L and less K to cost minimize d. Is profit maximizing but not cost minimizing Difficulty: Medium 15. The production function Q = L.5K.5 is called A. Cobb Douglas b. Leontief c. Linear d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Easy 5-4 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 16. The production function for a competitive firm is Q = K.5L.5. The firm sells its output at a price of $10, and can hire labor at a wage of $5. Capital is fixed at 25 units. The profit maximizing quantity of labor is a. 1 b. 2 c. 10 D. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Hard 17. You are an efficiency expert hired by a manufacturing firm that uses K and L as inputs. The firm produces and sells a given output. If w = $40, r = $100, MPL = 4, and MPK = 40 the firm: a. Is cost minimizing b. Should use less L and more K to cost minimize C. Should use more K and less L to cost minimize d. Is profit maximizing but not cost minimizing Difficulty: Hard 18. If the production function is Q = K.5L.5 and capital is fixed at 1 unit, then the average product of labor when L = 25 is a. 2/5 B. 1/5 c. 10 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 5-5 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 19. For a cost function C = 100 + 10Q + Q2, the marginal cost of producing 10 units of output is a. 10 b. 200 c. 210 D. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 5-6 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 20. For a cost function C = 100 + 10Q + Q2, the average variable cost of producing 20 units of output is a. 10 b. 20 C. 30 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 21. For a cost function C = 100 + 10Q + Q2, the average fixed cost of producing 10 units of output is A. 10 b. 5 c. 1 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Medium 22. Which of the following conditions is true when a producer minimizes the cost of producing a given level of output? a. The MRTS is equal to the ratio of input prices b. The marginal product per dollar spent on all inputs are equal c. The marginal products of all inputs are equal D. The MRTS is equal to the ratio of input prices and the marginal product per dollar spent on all inputs is equal Difficulty: Easy 5-7 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 23. If the production function is Q = KL and capital is fixed at 1 unit, then the marginal product of labor when L = 25 is a. ¼ b. 1/10 c. 15 D. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Hard 5-8 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 24. The production function for a competitive firm is Q = K.5L.5. The firm sells its output at a price of $10, and can hire labor at a wage of $5. Capital is fixed at one unit. The profit maximizing quantity of labor is a. 2/5 B. 1 c. 10 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Hard 25. The production function for a competitive firm is Q = K.5L.5. The firm sells its output at a price of $10, and can hire labor at a wage of $5. Capital is fixed at one unit. The maximum profits are A. 5 b. 10 c. 15 d. None of the statements associated with this question are correct Difficulty: Hard 26. The feasible means of converting raw inputs such as steel, labor, and machinery into an output are summarized by: a. Land b. Production c. Capital D. Technology Difficulty: Medium 5-9 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 27. The recipe that defines the maximum amount of output that can be produced with K units of capital and L units of labor is the: A. Production function b. Technological constraint c. Research and development schedule d. Total product Difficulty: Easy 5-10 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 137. The marginal product of capital of producing 2,991 units of output (find point A) in the above table is A. 26.7 b. 19.5 c. 5.7 d. 2.4 Difficulty: Easy 138. The production function for good X in the above table exhibits increasing marginal returns to capital over what output range? A. Between 0 and 1,524 b. Between 0 and 2,991 c. Between 2,391 and 3,048 d. Between 3,016 and 2,945 Difficulty: Easy 139. The production function in the above table exhibits negative marginal returns to capital over what output range? a. Between 0 and 1,524 b. Between 0 and 2,991 c. Between 2,391 and 3,048 D. Between 3,016 and 2,945 Difficulty: Easy 140. The production function in the above table exhibits decreasing marginal returns to capital over what output range? a. Between 0 and 1,524 b. Between 0 and 2,991 C. Between 2,391 and 3,048 d. Between 3,016 and 2,945 Difficulty: Easy 5-41 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 141. The average product of capital of producing 2,991 units of output (find point B) in the above table is a. 11.1 B. 21.9 c. 37 d. 73 Difficulty: Easy 142. Suppose that production for good X is characterized by the following production function, Q = K0.5L0.5, where K is the fixed input in the short run. If the perunit rental rate of capital, r, is $25 and the perunit wage, w, is $15, then the fixed cost of using 81 units of capital and 9 units of labor is a. $2,160 B. $2,025 c. $135 d. There is insufficient information to determine the fixed costs Difficulty: Medium 143. Suppose that production for good X is characterized by the following production function, Q = K0.5L0.5, where K is the fixed input in the short run. If the perunit rental rate of capital, r, is $25 and the perunit wage, w, is $15, then the variable cost of using 81 units of capital and 9 units of labor is a. $2,160 b. $2,025 C. $135 d. There is insufficient information to determine the variable costs Difficulty: Medium Essay Questions 5-42 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 144. Congress is considering legislation that will provide additional investment tax credits to businesses. Effectively, an investment tax credit reduces the cost to firms of using capital in production. Would you expect labor unions to lobby for or against such a bill? (Hint: What impact would such a plan have on the capitaltolabor ratio at the typical firm?) An investment tax credit would reduce the price of capital relative to labor. Other things equal, this would increase w/r, thereby making the isocost line more steep. This means that the costminimizing input mix will now involve more capital and less labor, as firms substitute towards capital. If labor unions are concerned that this higher capital/labor ratio will translate into lost jobs, they will likely oppose the investment tax credit. On the other hand, the marginal product of labor will likely rise as a result of the greater use of capital, so those workers employed might receive higher wages. If the union values higher wages, they might favor the legislation 145. You have been hired to replace the manager of a firm that used only two inputs, capital and labor, to produce output. The firm can hire as much labor as it wants at a wage of $5 per hour and can rent as much capital as it wants at a price of $50 per hour. After you look at the company books, you learn that the company has been using capital and labor in amounts that imply a marginal product of labor of 50 and a marginal product of capital of 100. Do you know why the firm hired you? Explain Before the manager is hired, the marginal rate of technical substitution is 1/2. However, the relative input price is 1/10. This means that either more workers or less physical capital should be used. Hence, you are hired to change this input ratio in order to minimize costs 5-43 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 146. The manager of a meatpacking plant can use either butchers (labor) or meat saws (capital) to prepare packages of sirloin steak. Based on estimates provided by an efficiency expert, the firm's production function for sirloin steak is given by a. Graph the isoquant corresponding to 5 units of output b. What is the marginal product of capital and labor? Does the answer depend on how much labor and capital are used? c. If the price of labor is $2 per hour and the rental price of capital is $3 per hour, how much capital and labor should be used to minimize the cost of production? a. See Figure 53 Figure 53 b. MPK = 1; MPL = 1. These marginal products do not depend on how much labor and capital are used c. Five hours of labor and zero hours of capital should be used to minimize the cost of producing five units of output 5-44 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 147. The manager of a national retailing outlet recently hired an economist to estimate the firm's production function. Based on the economist's report, the manager now knows that the firm's production function is given by and that capital is fixed at 1 unit. a. Calculate the average product of labor when 9 units of labor are utilized b. Calculate the marginal product of labor when 9 units of labor are utilized c. Suppose the firm can hire labor at a wage of $10 per hour and output can be sold at a price of $100 per unit. Determine the profitmaximizing levels of labor and output d. What is the maximum price of capital at which the firm will still make nonnegative profits? a. Q = (1)1/2(9)1/2 = 3. The average product of labor is thus Q/L = 3/9 b. MPL =.5K1/2L1/2 =.5(1)1/2 (9)1/2 = 1/6 c. The profitmaximizing level of labor and output is achieved where VMPL = w, where VMPL =.5($100)(L1/2) and w = $10. Solving for L yields L = 25. The corresponding level of output is Q = (25)1/2 = 5 d. The firm's variable costs are (25)($10) = $250, while its total revenues are 5 $100 = $500 The maximum price of capital, hence, cannot be greater than $250 per unit 148. An accountant for a car rental company was recently asked to report the firm's costs of producing various levels of output. The accountant knows that the most recent estimate available of the firm's cost function is , where costs are measured in thousands of dollars and output is measured in thousands of hours rented. a. What is the average fixed cost of producing 2 units of output? b. What is the average variable cost of producing 2 units of output? c. What is the average total cost of producing 2 units of output? d. What is the marginal cost of producing 2 units of output? e. What is the relation between the answers to (a), (b), and (c) above? Is this a general property of average cost curves? a. AFC(2) = 100/2 = $50 b. AVC(2) = [(10)(2) + (2)2]/2 = $12 c. ATC(2) = AFC(2) + AVC(2) = $62 d. MC(2) = 10 + 2(2) = $14 e. AVC + AFC = ATC. This holds for all output levels, not just Q = 2 5-45 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 149. There are over 5,000 banks in the United Statesmore than 10 times the number per person than in other industrialized countries. A recent study suggests that the longrun average cost curve for an individual bank is relatively flat. If Congress took steps to consolidate banks, thereby reducing the total number to 2,500, what would you expect to happen to costs within the banking industry? Explain With a flat longrun average cost curve, there are neither economies nor diseconomies of scale in banking services. Consolidation would mean that 2,500 banks would each have to double their output in order to service the consumers initially served by 5,000 banks. But the corresponding average cost per firm, as well as total costs for the industry, would be unchanged 150. A production function exhibits constant returns to scale if a twofold (threefold, etc.) increase in all inputs leads to a twofold (threefold, etc.) increase in output. For example, by doubling the use of capital and labor, the firm would exactly double its output. a. What would the average and marginal cost curves look like under constant returns to scale? Explain b. Give an example of a production function that exhibits constant returns to scale a. Average and marginal cost curves coincide and are flat (constant) b. Q = K + L 151. A production function exhibits decreasing returns to scale if a twofold (threefold, etc.) increase in all inputs increases output by less than twofold (less than threefold, etc.). For example, by doubling the use of capital and labor, the firm would less than double its output. a. What would the average and marginal cost curves look like under decreasing returns to scale? Explain b. Give an example of a production function that exhibits decreasing returns to scale a. Average and marginal cost curves are increasing, since doubling the inputs means doubling the total cost but less than doubling the output. Hence, average cost is increasing in output. A similar argument holds for marginal cost b. Q = L1/2 5-46 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 152. The total costs for Morris Industries are summarized in the following table. Based on this information, fill in the missing entries in the table for fixed cost, variable cost, average fixed cost, average variable cost, average total cost, and marginal cost 5-47 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 153. The following table summarizes the shortrun production function for your firm. Your product sells for $5 per unit, labor costs $5 per unit, and the rental price of capital is $20 per unit. Complete the following table, and then answer the accompanying questions a. Which inputs are fixed inputs? Which are the variable inputs? b. How much are your fixed costs? c. What is the variable cost of producing 20 units of output? d. How many units of the variable input should be used to maximize profits? e. What are your maximum profits? f. Over what range of variable input usage do increasing marginal returns exist? g. Over what range of variable input usage do decreasing marginal returns exist? h. Over what range of variable input usage do negative marginal returns exist? 5-48 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs a. Labor is the fixed input while capital is the variable input b. Fixed costs are (5)($5) = $25 c. Assume that capital is indivisible, (that is, it must be rented in an integer number of units). Then the required variable cost is (2)($20), which equals $40 d. Using the VMPK = r rule, six units of capital should be used to maximize profits e. The maximum profits are ($5)(95) ($20)(6) ($5)(5) = $330 f. There are increasing marginal returns when K is less than or equal to 3 g. There are decreasing marginal returns when K is greater than 3 h. There are negative marginal returns when K is greater than 7 154. Your firm produces two products, Q1 and Q2. An economic consulting firm has estimated your cost function to be a. Are there economies of scope? b. Are there cost complementarities? c. Your market for Q1 if not very good, and an overseas firm has offered to buy the division of your company that produces Q1. What will happen to your marginal cost of producing Q2 if you sell the division? a. For a quadratic multiproduct cost function, economies of scope exist if Here, f = 100 and a = 1, so economies of scope exist whenever b. Since a = 1 > 0, there are no cost complementarities c. Since a = 1 > 0, the marginal cost of producing product 2 will fall if the division producing product 1 is sold 5-49 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 155. In the text, we showed that the multiproduct cost function exhibits cost complementarity whenever and economies of scope whenever a. Can cost complementarity exist without economies of scope? b. Can there be economies of scope when cost complementarities exist? a. Cost complementarities cannot exist without economies of scope. This is because when a is negative, f aQ1Q2 is necessarily positive (remember, f is fixed cost, which is nonnegative) b. Suppose f is positive and a is negative. Then f aQ1Q2 must be positive. Hence, there are both economies of scope and cost complementarities 5-50 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 156. Standard Enterprises produces an output that it sells in a highly competitive market at a price of $100 per unit. Its inputs include two machines (which cost the firm $50 each) and workers, who can be hired on an asneeded basis in a labor market at a cost of $2,800 per worker. Based on the following production data, how many workers should the firm employ to maximize its profits? The relevant production data is as follows: To maximize profits, the firm should continue adding workers so long as the value marginal product exceeds the wage. The value marginal product is defined as the marginal product times the price of output. Here, output sells for $100 per unit, so the value marginal product of the third worker is $100(29) = $2,900. The table above summarizes the VMPL for each possibility. Since the wage is $2,800, the profit maximizing number of workers is 3 5-51 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 157. You are the manager of Telecall Inc., a small telemarketing company. Your company pays $10,000 per month for office space. A real estate agent has noticed that you are only using 75 percent of your available space and tells you that Telecall could add $800 per month to its bottom line by renting out the space it does not use. Telecall has been asked to do a new telemarketing campaign for a large credit card company, but this would require it to use the remaining office space. What is the opportunity cost of using the extra office space to handle the credit card company's promotion? The $800 per month that could be earned by renting out the excess office space 158. Suppose the production function of automobiles is given by a. Show that the marginal product of any given quantity of labor increases as capital is increased b. Suppose Japanese and U.S. automakers produce on identical isoquants with this Cobb Douglas production function and that labor costs are higher in Japan than in the United States Do autoworkers in Japan have a higher marginal product than American autoworkers? Explain carefully c. Now suppose Japanese automakers produce on a different isoquant from U.S. firms, but the prices of Japanese and American cars are identical. Do Japanese or American autoworkers have a higher marginal product? Why? a. Notice that MPL can be written as.75(K/L)1/4, which increases as K increases b. Since the higher labor costs in Japan induces a higher K/L ratio, the result in part (a) implies that the marginal product of Japanese workers is higher than that of American workers c. Since the price of American and Japanese cars are assumed to be identical, the ratio of the value marginal product of American workers to Japanese workers is simply the ratio of the marginal products. Since this ratio equals the ratio of the wageswhich is higher in Japanour conclusion in part (b) is obtained again. Japanese workers have higher marginal products than do American workers 159. Show that the CobbDouglas production function diminishing marginal rate of technical substitution. MPL/MPK = 3(K/L). This clearly decreases as L increases 5-52 exhibits the law of Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 160. You are the manager of a firm that sells output at a price of $40 per unit. You are interested in hiring a new worker who will increase your firm'soutput by 2,000 units per year. Several other firms also are interested in hiring this worker. a. What is the most you should be willing to pay this worker to come to your firm? b. What will determine whether or not you actually have to offer this much to the worker to induce him to join your firm? a. The extra revenue you will earn by hiring the worker is 2,000 $40 = $80,000 per year. The most you should pay the worker is an annual salary of $80,000 b. It depends on how much the worker can get from other firms. For instance, if his opportunity cost is $60,000, you will only have to pay $60,000.01 to get him 161. To open a new business, a manager must obtain a license from the city for $20,000. The license is transferable, but only $3,000 is refundable in the event the firm does not use the license. a. What are the firm's fixed costs? Sunk costs? b. Suppose the manager obtains a license but then decides against opening the business. If another firm offers the manager $2,000 for the license, should the manager accept the offer? a. Fixed costs are $20,000. Sunk costs are $17,000 b. No. The manager can get a refund of $3,000 from the city, and this exceeds the $2,000 that it would have earned by selling the license to another firm 5-53 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 162. The maker of Turbotax produces software that prepares federal income tax returns. In addition, it produces software that prepares various state income tax returns. Why doesn't it pay for the firm to specialize in federal software? There are cost complementarities and economies of scope in producing software for Federal returns (QF) and State returns (QS). When the multiproduct cost function, C(QF,QS), for producing federal and state tax preparation software exhibits economies of scope, it will be cheaper to produce both types of software jointly than to produce them separately. When there are cost complementarities in production, the marginal cost of producing state software (QS) will be lower when Federal software is produced (QF). The economies of scope and cost complementarities are due to similarities in the programs and user interfaces that comprise Federal and State income tax preparation software. Once a basic program and interface is written to compute Federal taxes, the marginal cost of producing software for State purposes is much lower (effectively, it is the cost of entering details about each particular state's tax code). If the maker of Turbotax specialized, then another firm that produced both types of software could do so at lower cost, and undermine Turbotax's position in the market 5-54 Chapter 05 - The Production Process and Costs 163. The management of Morris Industries is considering a plan to terminate a new employee The action stemmed from documented evidence supplied by the firm's accounting department that this new employee did not add as much to the firm's overall output as did a worker hired two weeks earlier. Based on this evidence, do you agree that the latest worker hired should be fired? Explain. No. In order to maximize profits, firms should hire workers up to the point where the value marginal product equals the wage rate in the range of diminishing marginal returns. The data suggests that the last worker added less to total output that the previous worker, which means that the firm is indeed operating in the range of diminishing marginal returns, as it should. The worker should be fired if his or her value marginal product is less than the wage. Unfortunately, management is not considering this information 164. In 1995 the U.S. Justice Department sued to block a merger between Microsoft and Intuit, the producer of the nation's bestselling business software. The Justice Department argued that the merger would lessen competition and raise prices of business software. Is there an economic argument that the merger might actually result in lower prices? Explain. If there are economies of scope or cost complementarities in producing operating systems like DOS and Windows in conjunction with business software, then the merger might lower costs and therefore prices to consumers 5-55 ... a. Represents the combinations of w and K that cost the firm the same amount of moey B. Represents the combinations of K and L that cost the firm the same amount of money c. Represents the combinations of r and w that cost the firm the same amount of money... 05 - The Production Process and Costs 105. Cost complementary exits in a multiproduct cost function when a. The average cost of producing one output is reduced when the output of another product is ... - The Production Process and Costs 23. If the production function is Q = KL and capital is fixed at 1 unit, then the marginal product of labor when L = 25 is a. ¼ b. 1/10 c. 15 D. None of the statements associated with this question are correct