TEST BANK principles of anatomy and physiology, 12th edition, by bryan derrickson, gerald tortora

The organ level consists of organs, constructed of different types of tissue, that can provide several different specific functions.. Difficulty: medium Feedback: 2.1 Essay 9.. Break a c

Testbank Chapter 1 An Introduction to the Human Body

4 Percussion techniques can be used to determine

6 List the basic processes of life

Ans: The basic processes of life include metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation and reproduction

8 The systems that provide homeostasis are:

a Cardiovascular and Integumentary

b Nervous system and Endocrine

c Cardiovascular and respiratory systems

d Respiratory and muscular systems

e Urinary and integumentary systems

10 Name the differences between a positive and a negative feedback system

Ans: A positive feedback system will strengthen or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions while a negative feedback system will reverse a change in a controlled condition

Essay

15 Describe the anatomical position

Ans: In the anatomical position the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward The feet are flat on the floor and directed forward and the arms are at the sides with the palms turned forward Difficulty: medium

21 The function of the secretions of the serous membrane is to:

a Separate the thoracic and abdominal cavities

b Protect the central nervous system

c Prevent infection

d Reduce friction between organs

e Carry nervous impulses

Ans: D

24 A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into

a Anterior and posterior

b Left and right

c Superior and inferior

Where on the diagram is the sacral area?

Where on the diagram is the cervical area?

Where on the diagram is the brachial area?

Where on the diagram is the popliteal area?

The liver is to the sternum

The stomach is to the bladder

The humerus is _ to the scapula

Which plane is parasagittal?

Which plane is frontal?

Which plane is transverse?

Which plane is oblique?

Ans: The four cavities are the pericardial, pleural, abdominal and pelvic The pericardial membrane is lined by the pericardium The pleura lines the pleural cavity The abdominal and pelvic cavities are lined by the peritoneum

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 1.5

45 List the eleven systems of the human body

Ans: The eleven system of the human body include the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, digestive, urinary, respiratory, immune and lymphatic,

cardiovascular, endocrine, and reproductive systems

Difficulty: medium

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46 Name the structural levels of the body and describe each level

Ans: The chemical level consists of atoms and molecules which are formed from the atoms The cell level consists of cells which are the smallests form of life The tissue level consists of groups of cells that work to provide a single function The organ level consists of organs, constructed of different types of tissue, that can provide several different specific functions The systems consist of one to many organs that are interlinked in general functions The organism is made up of all of the systems which work to provide homeostasis

Difficulty: Hard

Feedback: 1.2

47 List and briefly describe the six basic life processes

Ans: The six basic life processes include metabolism, which is the sum of all chemical processes in the body Responsiveness is the body’s ability to detect and respond to internal and external stimuli Movement includes motion of an individual cell to the entire body Growth means an increase in body size or an increase in the number of cells Differentiation is the process from taking a cell from unspecialized to specialized Reproduction refers to formation of new cells for growth and repair or production of a new individual

Difficulty: hard

Feedback: 1.3

48 Describe a feedback system and list the components

Ans: A feedback loop is a cycle of events in which the status of the body

condition is monitored, evaluated and changed to maintain homeostasis A feedback system will include a receptor that detects the stimuli, a control central that receives the input from the receptor and generates an output and an effector that that produces a response

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 1.4

Testbank Chapter 2 The Chemical Level of Organization

Multiple Choice

1 What are the major elements found in the body?

a Nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, sodium

b Hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium

c Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

d Oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium

e Potassium, phosphorus, sodium, hydrogen

Ans: C

Difficulty: easy

Feedback: 2.1

2 The subatomic particles that make up atoms include:

a Neutrons, quarks, muons

b Protons, neutrons, electrons

c Muons, positons, neutrons

d Electrons, quarks, protons

e Positons, protons, neutrons

4 What region of an atom contains the protons and neutrons?

Ans: C

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 2.1

8 Describe a beneficial use of radiation?

Ans: Radiation can be used for imaging purposes, create tracers and treatment of cancers by destroying cancer cells

Difficulty: medium

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Essay

9 Briefly describe the octet rule

Ans: One atom is more likely to interact with another atom if doing so will leave both atoms with eight electrons in their valence shells

11 This is a negatively charged atom

Ans: B

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 2.2

Essay

15 Describe a hydrogen bond

Ans: Hydrogen bonds form between the slightly positively charged hydrogen atom and a slightly negatively charged atom, mostly oxygen or nitrogen

19 Describe the law of conservation of energy

Ans: Energy cannot be created or destroyed but it may be converted from one form to another form

21 An enzyme acts to

a Raise the activation energy needed

b Lower the activation energy needed

c Convert the activation energy into potential

d Convert the activation energy into kinetic

e Break a chemical reaction

Ans: b

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 2.3

Essay

22 Describe three factors that increase the rate of chemical reactions

Ans: Three factors that promote reaction rates are the presence of enzymes (catalysts), increased concentration of reactants and increased temperature Difficulty: Hard

24 This type of reaction will break larger reactants to produce smaller products

Ans: D

Difficulty: easy

Feedback: 2.4

Essay

28 Describe the functions of water in the body

Ans: Water is a solvent that allows transportation of solutes Water acts in hydrolysis reactions to split reactants Water can transport heat and, through sweating, releasing heat from the body Water is used as a lubricant, particularly in serous fluids

34 Which of the following is a monosaccaride that is important in producing energy

39 Which of the following is NOT true about phospholipids?

a They contain an glycerol backbone

b The head group is polar

c The molecule is an important part of cell membranes

d The tail groups are nonpolar

e They are a major energy storage lipid

Essay

41 Describe what structures comprise an amino acid

Ans: Amino acids contain a central carbon atom, an amino group, an acidic carboxyl group and a side chain

Difficulty: medium

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42 List the six major functions of proteins

Ans: Proteins can be used for structure, regulation, contraction, immunology, transport and as a catalyst

Ans: Enzymes are highly specific, efficient and subject to a variety of cellular controls

Difficulty: medium

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45 Describe what happens to a protein’s structure and function when it is denatured

Ans: The protein will become unraveled and lose its unique shape Loss of that shape will destroy the proteins’s function

47 Which is the function of RNA?

a Produce electrical impulses

b storage of energy

c transfer information for protein synthesis

d store information for protein synthesis

e transport of fluids

Ans: c

Difficulty: medium

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48 Which is the function of DNA?

a Produce chemical signals

b storage of energy

c transfer information for protein synthesis

d store information for protein synthesis

e transport of electrolytes

Ans: d

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 2.5

49 Which is the function of ATP?

a Produce electrical impulses

b Transfers energy for cell functions

c transfer information for protein synthesis

d store information for protein synthesis

In the diagram which particles are negatively charged?

a A

b B

c C

d All of the above

e None of the above

Ans: C

Difficulty: easy

Feedback: 2.1

52

In the diagram, which particles are positively charged?

a A

b B

c C

d All of the above

e None of the above

Ans: A

Difficulty: easy

Feedback: 2

53

In the diagram, which particles have no charge?

a A

b B

c C

d All of the above

e None of the above

Ans: B

Difficulty: easy

Feedback: 2.1

54

Give a brief description of what this diagram represents?

Ans: This diagram represents the octet rule in chemical bonding The octet rule states that two atoms will tend to bond if doing so means that they will both be left with eight electrons in their valence shells

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 2.2

55

What is this molecule, where can it be found in a eukaryotic cell and what are the special properties of this molecule?

Ans: This is a phospholipid found in the plasma membranes of eukaryotic cells It has a polar hydrophillic head group and a nonpolar hydrophobic tail group

making it amphipathic

Difficulty: medium

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56

Describe what is happening at places 1,2 and 3 in the following figure

Ans: This figure represents how an enzyme works At number one, the enzyme and substrate come together at the active site of the enzyme forming the enzyme-substrate complex At number two, the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and transforms the substrate into products At number three, the reaction is complete and the enzyme remains unchanged and free to catalyze the same reaction again

on a new substrate

Difficulty: hard

Feedback: 2.5

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, which one is a purine?

d None of the above

e The entire structure is considered a deoxyribose molecule

Ans: Atomic number is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom Atomic mass is the total mass of all an atoms naturally occurring isotopes Mass number is the total of a naturally occurring atoms protons and neutrons

In the diagram, what would happen to the concentration of C if the concentration of A increases?

Testbank Chapter 3 The Cellular Level of Organization

Multiple Choice

1 What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?

a Plasma membrane, organelles, cytoplasm

b Plasma membrane, organelles, nucleus

c Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles

d Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

e Plasma membrane, cytosol, organelles

Ans: D

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 3.1

Essay

2 Briefly describe the fluid mosaic model

Ans: The fluid mosaic model represents the molecular arrangement of the plasma membrane as an ever moving sea of fluid lipids that contain a mosaic of many different proteins

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 3.2

Multiple Choice

3 Plasma membranes consist of what three components?

a Phospholipids, glycoproteins, water

b Proteins, cholesterol, fatty acids

c Cholesterol, fatty acids, glycolipids

d Proteins, phospholipids, cholesterol

e Water, proteins, fatty acids

c Both are nonpolar

d Neither are nonpolar

7 Describe five different functions of embedded membrane proteins

Ans: Some proteins, like ion channels and carries, transport substances across the membrane Proteins act as receptors for signaling chemicals to allow communication between cells Other proteins are enzymes There are also linker proteins that

anchored cells to other cells Lastly, some proteins act to help recognize cell

10 This type of membrane protein helps to anchor proteins in the plasma membrane

of neighboring cells to one another

12 Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion?

a Steepness of the concentration gradient

b Mass of the diffusing substance

c Charge of the diffusing substance

d Amount of ATP available

Ans: Water can pass through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion or via osmosis when an integral membrane protein specific for water, called an aquaporin, acts as a water channel

15 In this type of transport process a solute, like Glucose, binds to a specific

transporter protein on one side of the membrane and is released on the other side after the transporter protein undergoes a change in shape

a Osmosis

b Active transport

a Primary active transport

b Secondary active transport

a into the cell

b out of the cell

a Primary active transport

b Secondary active transport

c Facilitated diffusion

d Passive diffusion

e Osmosis

21 Briefly list the steps involved in receptor mediated endocytosis of ligands

Ans: In receptor mediated endocytosis of ligands the first step is binding, then vesicle formation, uncoating, fusion with endosome, recycling of receptors to the plasma

membrane then degradation in the lysosome

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 3.3

d Digestion of decomposing proteins

e Protection of nuclear material

25 This organelle is comprised of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and

28 This organelle contains ribosomes, which synthesis proteins

a rough endoplasmic reticulum

b cytosol

c nucleus

30 Briefly state the functions of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Ans: The rough endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes glycoproteins and phospholipids that are transferred into cellular organelles, inserted into the plasma membrane or secreted during exocytosis The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes fatty acids and

steroids, detoxifies harmful substances, removes phosphate groups from phosphate and stores and releases calcium ions that trigger contractions in muscle fibers Difficulty: hard

32 Briefly describe how proteins go through the Golgi body

Ans: Proteins are surrounded by a transport vesicle at the endoplasmic reticulum

membrane The vesicle goes into the cis face of the Golgi body, the proteins move

through the cisternae, from cis face through to trans face Some of the proteins will leave the last trans face in secretory vessels, membrane vessels or transport vessels and go onto other organelles in the cell

38 What is the major function of a histone protein?

a For helix shape

b Adds a charge to DNA

c Help organize coiling of DNA

41 Briefly explain the difference between transcription and translation

Ans: Transcription is making RNA from DNA and it occurs in the nucleus while translation is making a protein from the information in RNA and happens in the cytosol

of the cell

Difficulty: medium

Feedback: 3.6

Multiple Choice

42 This binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is

incorporated into a protein during translation

Ans: Alternative splicing of mRNA is a process in which the pre-mRNA transcribed from

a gene is spliced in different ways to produce several different mRNAs The different mRNAs are used to make different proteins