Manning marable malcolm x a life of reinvention (v5 0)

Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Page Dedication CHAPTER - “Up, You Mighty Race!” CHAPTER - The Legend of Detroit Red CHAPTER - Becoming “X” CHAPTER - “They Don’t Come Like the Minister” CHAPTER - “Brother, a Minister Has to Be Married” CHAPTER - “The Hate That Hate Produced” CHAPTER - “As Sure As God Made Green Apples” CHAPTER - From Prayer to Protest CHAPTER - “He Was Developing Too Fast” CHAPTER 10 - “The Chickens Coming Home to Roost” CHAPTER 11 - An Epiphany in the Hajj CHAPTER 12 - “Do Something About Malcolm X” CHAPTER 13 - “In the Struggle for Dignity” CHAPTER 14 - “Such a Man Is Worthy of Death” CHAPTER 15 - Death Comes on Time CHAPTER 16 - Life After Death EPILOGUE Acknowledgements NOTES A GLOSSARY OF TERMS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHOR ALSO BY MANNING MARABLE Barack Obama and African-American Empowerment (edited with Kristen Clarke) Let Nobody Turn Us Around: An African-American Anthology (edited with Leith Mullings) Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line (edited with Vanessa Agard-Jones) Living Black History: How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America’s Racial Future Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945– 2006 W E B Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis (edited with Kristen Clarke) The Great Wells of Democracy: The Meaning of Race in American Life Freedom: A Photographic History of the African-American Freedom Struggle (coauthored with Leith Mullings) Black Leadership Black Liberation in Conservative America Speaking Truth to Power: Essays on Race, Radicalism, and Resistance Racializing Justice, Disenfranchising Lives (edited with Keesha Middlemass and Ian Steinberg) Herbert Aptheker on Race and Democracy (edited with Eric Foner) The New Black Renaissance: The Souls Anthology (editor) Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics The Crisis of Color and Democracy African and Caribbean Politics Black American Politics How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society The Autobiography of Medgar Evers (edited with Myrlie Evers-Williams) Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary Experience of the African-American Experience (editor) Dispatches From the Ebony Tower: Intellectuals Confront the African-American Experience (editor) Blackwater: Historical Studies in Race, Class Consciousness, and Revolution VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA • Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) • Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England • Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) • Penguin Group Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) • Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi- 110 017, India • Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) • Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R oRL, England First published in 2011 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc Copyright © Manning Marable, 2011 All rights reserved Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint excerpts from The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Malcolm X and Alex Haley Copyright © 1964 by Alex Haley and Malcolm X Copyright © 1965 by Alex Haley and Betty Shabazz Used by permission of Random House, Inc PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS Insert p (top): Eve Arnold / Magnum Photos • p (bottom): Frank Scherschel / Getty Images pp (bottom), 15: â Bob Adelman / Corbis p 6: â Hulton-Deutsch Collection / Corbis • p 8: Keystone / Getty Images • p 10: Orlando Fernandez, New York WorldTelegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Library of Congress • p 12: New York World-Telegram and the Sun Newspaper Photograph Collection, Library of Congress All other photographs: â Bettman / Corbis LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Marable, Manning, 1950– Malcolm X : a life of reinvention / Manning Marable p cm Includes bibliographical references and index eISBN : 978-1-101-44527-3 X, Malcolm, 1925–1965 Black Muslims—Biography African Americans—Biography I Title BP223.Z8L57636 2011 297.8’7092—dc22 2010025768 [B] Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law Please purchase only authorized electronic editions, and not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrightable materials Your support of the authorʹs rights is appreciated http://us.penguingroup.com No one has made more sacrifices to realize the completion of this work than Leith Mullings For more than a decade, she has been my constant companion and intellectual compass as I have attempted to reconstruct the past This work is hers death of Ella Collins and extramarital affairs and illegitimate children of Fard and Farrakhan and FBI and gender relations as viewed by global Islamic community and Haley and Harlem speech of Kennedy and KKK and Little family’s first connection to Malcolm’s assassination and Malcolm’s correspondence with Malcolm’s early visits to Malcolm’s marriage and Malcolm’s open letter of conciliation to Malcolm’s preparation for ministry and Malcolm’s speeches and Malcolm’s split with Malcolm’s suspension and March on Washington and Message to the Blackman in America police incidents and Rockwell and second home of threats against “What the Muslims Believe” statement of “What the Muslims Want” statement of white journalists and Williams and Muhammad, Elijah, Jr Muhammad, Harriet Muhammad, Herbert Muhammad, Kallat Muhammad, Prophet Muhammad, Wallace (son of Elijah) name changed by as Nation of Islam leader Muhammad, Wallace D Fard Muhammad Speaks Mulligan, Bernard Murphy, Michael Murray, Albert Murray, Pauli music bebop jazz musicians Muslim Brotherhood Muslim Girls Training (MGT) Muslim Mosque, Inc (MMI) Muslims in prisons see also Islam Muslim World League Nairobi Nasser, Gamal Abdel Nation National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) National Urban League Nation of Islam (NOI) American Nazi Party and apolitical philosophy of “Black Muslims” phrase used for civil rights and Clay and contradictions in theology of decision-making officers in discipline in Elijah Muhammad’s leadership of, see Muhammad, Elijah eviction suit against Malcolm by Faisal and FBI surveillance of growth of The Hate That Hate Produced series about Hinton incident and Kennedy assassination and KKK and Little family’s conversion to Malcolm’s assassination attributed to Malcolm’s concerns about Malcolm’s conversion to Malcolm’s critics in Malcolm’s feud with Malcolm’s house firebombed by Malcolm’s rejection of theology of Malcolm’s split from Malcolm’s suspension from musicians and Muslim Mosque and orthodox Islam and Reginald Little expelled from Saviour’s Day Conventions of separatist philosophy of in South tithing in threats and physical intimidation against Malcolm from thugs in Wallace Muhammad’s leadership of “What the Muslims Believe” manifesto of “What the Muslims Want” manifesto of whites demonized in women in Yacub’s History and Nazis Nebraska Neal, Larry Negroes with Guns (Williams) Negro March on Washington Movement Nehru, Jawaharlal Nelson, Truman Newark, N J New Jersey Herald Newsweek Newton, Huey P New York, N.Y demonstrations in Harlem, see Harlem segregation in Stuyvesant Town New York Herald Tribune New York Police Department (NYPD) Bureau of Special Services and Investigation in confrontation at Malcolm’s home in Hinton incident Malcolm’s assassination and New York State New York Times Nicholson, Joseph Nielson, Thomas A Nigeria Nixon, Richard Nketsia, Nana Nkrumah, Kwame Norfolk Prison Colony Malcolm in Norton, Eleanor Holmes Nyerere, Julius K Obama, Barack Obote, Milton O’Connell, James Odinga, Oginga Omaha, Nebr Organization of African Unity (OAU) Organization of Afro-American Cadets Organization of Afro-American Unity (OAAU) Audubon rallies of Statement of Basic Aims and Objectives tensions between Muslim Mosque and women in Osman, Ahmed Osman, Omar Oweida, Muhammad Taufik Owen, Chandler Oxley, Lloyd Pacheco, Ferdie Padmore, George Pakistan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Pan-Africanism Paris airplane crash in Malcolm in Parker, William H Parks, Gordon Parks, Rosa Parrish, Richard Patterson, Floyd Patterson, William Pearson, Drew People’s Metropolitan African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church Peterson, Caleb Philadelphia, Pa Pittsburgh Courier Poe, Reese V Poiter, Juanita Poitier, Sidney police in Los Angeles in New York City, see New York Police Department in Rochester Poole, Clara, see Muhammad, Clara Poole, Elijah, see Muhammad, Elijah Poole, Sharon 6X Postal Service, U.S Potts, Frankie Lee Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr Powell, Adam Clayton, Sr Powell, James Prescott, Larry 4X Prince, Richard prisons Malcolm in Muslims in Public Enemy Purlie Victorious (Davis) Qadianis Quayle, Dan Qur’an Qutb, Sayyid “Racism: The Cancer That Is Destroying America” (Malcolm X) railroads Malcolm’s jobs on Rainey, Joe Ramadan, Said Randolph, A Philip Rangel, Charles Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) Reynolds, Ga Reynolds, Paul Richardson, Gloria Riesel, Victor riots in Harlem Roberts, Gene X Roberts, Joan Robeson, Paul Robinson, Cleveland Robinson, Jackie Rochester, N.Y Rockefeller, John D., Jr Rockefeller, Nelson Rockwell, George Lincoln Rogers, J A Rogers, William X Romaine, Anne Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt, Franklin D Root, Gladys Towles Rosary, Lucille X Roseland Ballroom Rothwax, Harold J Rushin, James Rusk, Dean Rustin, Bayard Ryan, Jessie 8X Sabbatino, Peter L F Sadat, Anwar elSadiq, Mufti Muhammad Saghaf, Seyyid Omar elSt Louis, Mo Sanders, Betty, see Shabazz, Betty Sandlin, Shelman Sanford, John Elroy Saturday Evening Post Saudi Arabia Savoy Ballroom Schlesinger, Arthur, Jr Schuyler, George Schuyler, Michael W Seale, Bobby segregation in Birmingham desegregation Selma, Ala Semrad, Elvin Shabazz: as surname tribe of Shabazz, Attallah Shabazz, Betty (Betty Sanders) (wife) assertiveness of death of debts of firebombing of home of interviews with Kenyatta and Malcolm’s assassination and Malcolm’s marriage to and relationship with and Malcolm’s split from Nation of Islam Muslim Mosque members and in NYPD incident Shabazz, Gamilah Lumumba Shabazz, Ilyasah Shabazz, James 3X (James McGregor) Shabazz, John Shabazz, Omar Shabazz, Qubilah Sharrieff, Ethel Sharrieff, Hassan Sharrieff, Raymond Sharrieff, Willie Shawarbi, Mahmoud Shawarbi, Muhammad Shelton, Robert M Shepp, Archie Sheppard, Barry Shifflett, Lynne Carol Shukairy, Ahmed alSimmons, Minnie Small’s Paradise Smith, Robert 35X Smith, Welton Sobukwe, Robert socialism Socialist Workers Party (SWP) Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois) Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Soviet Union Spellman, A B Springfield Union Stanford, Max Stern, Herbert Stevenson, Adlai Stokes, Ronald X Stoner, J B Strother, Gloria Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) Stuyvesant Town Suarez, Henry Sudan Suez crisis Sukarno, Achmed Summerford, Ruth Sunday Express Supreme Council on Islamic Affairs (SCIA) Supreme Court, U.S surnames of Malcolm Shabazz X Surur al-Sabban, Sheikh Muhammad Sutton, Percy Sweet, Gladys Sweet, Ossian Tall, Lypsie Tanzania Tatum, William Taylor, Cedric Thaxton, Osborne Thomas, Benjamin X Thomas, Cary 2X Thomas, John Till, Emmett Timberlake, Ronald Time Tobias, Channing Touré, Sékou Traynham, William Trotsky, Leon Trotskyist Militant Labor Forum Trotter, William Monroe Truman, Harry Tshombe, Moise Tubman, William Tunisia Turner, Nat Tuskegee, Ala United Auto Workers (UAW) United Nations demonstrators and Guevara’s address at “Universal Ethiopian Anthem,” Universal Negro Alliance Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA) Malcolm and Upshur, Walter A Ussery, Wilfred Vietnam voting Voting Rights Act (1965) Waddell, Phil Wagner, Robert Wahl, Maurice Walcott, Louis X, see Farrakhan, Louis Walker, Herb Wallace, George Wallace, Mike Wallace, Tom Warden, Donald Warden, James 67X Warren, Robert Penn Washington, Booker T Washington, D.C March on (1963) march planned for (1941) Mosque No in Washington, Harold Washington Post Waterman, George W Weese, Donald L “What the Muslims Believe,” “What the Muslims Want,” When the Word Is Given (Lomax) White, George R White, Walter white supremacists Whitney, George Wilkins, Roger Wilkins, Roy Williams, Betty Sue Williams, Evelyn Lorene pregnancy of Williams, Jerry Williams, Joseph Williams, Robert F Williams, Robert X Williams Institutional Christian Methodist Episcopal Church Windom, Alice Woodson, Carter G Woodward, Yvonne Little (sister) World Islamic League World War II Worthy, William Wright, Herbert Wright, Richard X X, as surname X, Edward X, Edwina X, Henry X, James X, Jeremiah X, John D X, Lloyd X, Lonnie X, Louis, see Farrakhan, Louis X, Maceo X, Malcolm, see Malcolm X X, Marilyn E Yacub’s History Yergan, Max Yorty, Sam Young, Dorothy Young, Whitney Young Socialist Young Socialist Alliance Zawahiri, Ayman al“Zionist Logic” (Malcolm X) zoot suits Zuber, Paul ABOUT THE AUTHOR Manning Marable is the M Moran Weston and Black Alumni Professor of African-American Studies, Professor of Public Affairs, Political Science, and History, and Director of the Center for Contemporary Black History (CCBH) at Columbia University in New York City For ten years, he was the founding director of the Institute for Research in African-American Studies at Columbia, from 1993 to 2003 Under his leadership, the Institute became one of the nation’s most respected AfricanAmerican Studies programs in the country Born in 1950, Marable received his Ph.D in American history at the University of MarylandCollege Park in 1976 For thirty-five years Marable has been a major architect of outstanding African-American Studies and interdisciplinary studies university programs In the early 1980s, he reestablished Fisk University’s historic Race Relations Institute From 1983 to 1986, Marable was founding director of Colgate University’s Africana and Latin American Studies program From 1987 to 1989 Marable headed Ohio State University’s Black Studies department At Columbia University in 2002, Marable established the Center for Contemporary Black History (CCBH), an innovative research, publications, and new media resources center CCBH produces Web-based educational resources designed to enhance the teaching and learning of the AfricanAmerican past, for both secondary schools and colleges CCBH produces the leading AfricanAmerican Studies academic journal in the country—Souls : A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture and Society Marable has been the recipient of numerous awards and prizes for his scholarly work He has received two honorary doctorates, from the State University of New York-New Paltz (2000) and the City University of New York-John Jay College (2006) His book The Autobiography of Medgar Evers, coedited with Myrlie Evers-Williams, was nominated for an NAACP Image Award In 2005, he received the Ida B Wells–Cheikh Anta Diop Award for Outstanding Scholarship from the National Council of Black Studies His books Beyond Black and White, in 1996, and W E B Du Bois, in 1987, received the Book of the Year Award from the Gustavus Myers Center for the Study of Human Rights, University of Arkansas A prolific writer, since 1980 Marable has produced fifteen books, thirteen edited volumes, and more than four hundred articles in academic journals, edited volumes, encyclopedias, and related publications Marable’s major works include How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society (1983); Black American Politics (1985); Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics (1995); Black Leadership (1998); The Great Wells of Democracy: The Meaning of Race in American Life (2002); The Autobiography of Medgar Evers (coedited with Myrlie Evers-Williams, 2005); Living Black History: How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America’s Racial Future (2006); and Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945-2006 (2007) ALSO BY MANNING MARABLE Barack Obama and African-American Empowerment (edited with Kristen Clarke) Let Nobody Turn Us Around: An African-American Anthology (edited with Leith Mullings) Transnational Blackness: Navigating the Global Color Line (edited with Vanessa Agard-Jones) Living Black History: How Reimagining the African-American Past Can Remake America’s Racial Future Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second Reconstruction and Beyond in Black America, 1945– 2006 W E B Du Bois: Black Radical Democrat Seeking Higher Ground: The Hurricane Katrina Crisis (edited with Kristen Clarke) The Great Wells of Democracy: The Meaning of Race in American Life Freedom: A Photographic History of the African-American Freedom Struggle (coauthored with Leith Mullings) Black Leadership Black Liberation in Conservative America Speaking Truth to Power: Essays on Race, Radicalism, and Resistance Racializing Justice, Disenfranchising Lives (edited with Keesha Middlemass and Ian Steinberg) Herbert Aptheker on Race and Democracy (edited with Eric Foner) The New Black Renaissance: The Souls Anthology (editor) Beyond Black and White: Transforming African-American Politics The Crisis of Color and Democracy African and Caribbean Politics Black American Politics How Capitalism Underdeveloped Black America: Problems in Race, Political Economy, and Society The Autobiography of Medgar Evers (edited with Myrlie Evers-Williams) Freedom on My Mind: The Columbia Documentary Experience of the African-American Experience (editor) Dispatches From the Ebony Tower: Intellectuals Confront the African-American Experience (editor) Blackwater: Historical Studies in Race, Class Consciousness, and Revolution ... reviewers appreciated that it was actually a joint endeavor—and particularly that Alex Haley, a retired twenty-year veteran of the U.S Coast Guard, had an agenda of his own A liberal Republican, Haley... Library of Congress • All other photographs: © Bettman / Corbis LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Marable, Manning, 1950– Malcolm X : a life of reinvention / Manning Marable. .. context, Malcolm exuded charm and a healthy sense of humor, placing ideological opponents off guard and allowing him to advance provocative and even outrageous arguments Malcolm always assumed an