Also by the Author Selling Money The Outlaw Bank EMPIRE SUMMER MOON Quanah Parker and the Rise and Fall of the Comanches, the Most Powerful Indian Tribe in American History S C Gwynne Scribner New York London Toronto Sydney SCRIBNER A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2010 by S C Gwynne All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever For information, address Scribner Subsidiary Rights Department, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020 First Scribner hardcover edition May 2010 and design are registered trademarks of The Gale Group, Inc., used under license by Simon & Schuster, Inc., the publisher of this work SCRIBNER For information about special discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-866-506-1949 or business@simonandschuster.com The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event For more information or to book an event, contact the Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau at 1-866248-3049 or visit our website at www.simonspeakers.com Book design by Kelvin P Oden/Oh Snap! Design Manufactured in the United States of America 10 Library of Congress Control Number: 2009049747 ISBN 978-1-4165-9105-4 ISBN 978-1-4165-9715-5 (ebook) Insert photograph credits: 1, 4, 12 courtesy of the Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, University of Texas, Joseph E Taulman Collection; 3, 6–8, 10 courtesy of the Panhandle Plains Historical Museum; 9, 13, 15, 17 courtesy of the Fort Sill Museum; 14, 16, 18 courtesy of the Oklahoma Historical Society; courtesy of the Library of Congress; courtesy of the Baylor University Library, Waco Texas To Katie and Maisie The desert wind would salt their ruins and there would be nothing, no ghost or scribe, to tell any pilgrim in his passing how it was that people had lived in this place and in this place had died —Cormac McCarthy CONTENTS One Two Three NEW KIND OF WAR A LETHAL PARADISE WORLDS IN COLLISION Four HIGH LONESOME Five THE WOLF’S HOWL Six Seven Eight Nine Ten BLOOD AND SMOKE DREAM VISIONS AND APOCALYPSE WHITE SQUAW CHASING THE WIND DEATH’S INNOCENT FACE Eleven WAR TO THE KNIFE Twelve WHITE QUEEN OF THE COMANCHES Thirteen Fourteen Fifteen THE RISE OF QUANAH UNCIVIL WARS PEACE, AND OTHER HORRORS Sixteen Seventeen THE ANTI-CUSTER MACKENZIE UNBOUND Eighteen THE HIDE MEN AND THE MESSIAH Nineteen THE RED RIVER WAR Twenty FORWARD, IN DEFEAT Twenty-one THIS WAS A MAN Twenty-two RESTING HERE UNTIL DAY BREAKS NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX EMPIRE OF THE SUMMER MOON Parker, Lucy, 17–18, 37, 110, 126, 182 Parker, Orlena, 182, 189, 191, 316 Parker, Quanah, see Quanah, Chief Parker, Sallie, 16, 17, 18 Parker, Silas, 15, 16–17, 18, 125, 153 Parker, Silas, Jr., 182, 189–93 Parker, White, 318 Parker, William, 187–89 Parker County, Tex., 153–54, 156, 157, 183 Parker Raid (1836), 12–22, 23, 41, 108, 109, 110, 119–20, 152, 157, 158, 178–80, 181, 182, 189, 322n Parker’s Fort, 8, 12–22, 23, 25, 26, 39, 50, 74, 108, 109, 110, 117–18, 157, 158, 179–80, 181, 182 Parkman, Francis, 261 Parrilla, Don Diego Ortiz de, 62–69 Pawnees, 21, 26, 28, 31–32, 59, 60, 210, 314 peace commission, U.S., 224–34 peace policy, 2, 220, 221–34, 238, 240–42 “Peanuts,” 117, 151, 178, 180, 194, 195, 295, 334n Pease River, Battle of, 175–81, 185, 194–96, 199, 200, 208, 295, 317 Pecos, N Mex., 57, 61 Penateka Comanches, 49, 50, 80–82, 88, 89–101, 107–16, 139, 142, 146–47, 163, 164, 171–72, 196–97, 203, 209, 210, 226–27, 229, 233, 251, 256, 258, 266, 267, 290, 301, 324n Penobscots, 4–5 Peorias, 210 Pequots, 4–5 Permansu, 298–99 Perry, Matthew, 235 Peta Nocona, 8, 37, 109–11, 116–17, 151–56, 157, 158, 169, 174, 176–77, 180, 181, 183, 195– 96, 197, 200, 203, 295, 317, 334n Pettis, George, 217, 218, 219 peyote rites, 313–14 Phil Kearney, Fort, 238 Piamempits (Big Cannibal Owl), 198 Piedras Negras, Mex., 159 Pierce, Franklin, 164 Pizarro, Francisco, 55 Placido, Chief, 167 Plains Indians, 3, 5–6, 17, 20, 30–31, 38, 47–48, 57, 59, 66, 78, 79, 97, 98, 103, 120–21, 130, 133, 169, 181, 199, 203, 212, 215–16, 226–28, 230, 232, 233, 263, 278, 283, 313 Plainview, Tex., 249 Plum Creek, Battle of, 94, 96–100, 111, 114, 136, 140, 266 Plummer, James Pratt, 17, 22, 38, 42, 119, 124, 125, 126–27 Plummer, L T M., 21–22, 42, 124, 126 Plummer, Rachel Parker, 16, 17, 21–22, 36–52, 74, 75, 104, 107, 119, 120–25, 126, 184 Plummer, Wilson P., 125 Pobishequasso, Chief (Iron Jacket), 168, 281 Pockmark, Jim, 167 Polk, James K., 163 Poncas, 210, 314 Pope, John, 224 Post Oak Jim, 45 Post Oak Mission, 316–17 Pottawotamies, 210 Powder Face, Chief, 267 Powder River Expedition, 305 prairie, 13–14, 38–40, 93, 155, 156, 175, 196 prairie dogs, 2–3, 9, 52, 269 Prairie Dog Town Fork, 252, 275, 276–77, 294 Prairie Flower (Toh-tsee-ah), 8, 151, 153, 182, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 190–91, 287, 290–91, 316 prairie storms, 8, 39–40, 79–80, 143, 175, 196, 247–49 presidios, 20, 55, 61, 62–67 Price, William, 275, 277 Prince, Captain, 170–71 Pueblo Indians, 29, 30–31, 35, 123 Pueblo revolt (1680), 30–31 “puha” (personal medicine), 45, 98, 264–72 Qua-ha-da, 249 Quahadi Comanches, 5–11, 49–50, 89, 114, 122, 158, 209, 223, 229, 242–49, 251, 252, 255, 256–57, 258, 259, 275, 284–85, 289, 290, 294, 324n Quakers, 2, 234, 240–41, 251 Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railroad, 311, 317 Quanah, Chief, 194–206, 283–319 adoptions by, 302–3 assimilation of, 301–4, 311–13, 318, 319 at Battle of Blanco Canyon, 6–11, 242–49, 250, 276, 334n birth of, 13, 196 cattle herds of, 222–23, 296–99, 300, 301–2, 310 childhood of, 151, 194–99 children of, 302–3, 318, 319 as Comanche leader, 194–206, 288–319, 339n correspondence of, 286–87, 291 death of, 318–19 escapes of, 178, 180, 194–96, 199, 200, 245–49, 272, 278, 283–87, 317, 334n film appearance of, 312 at Fort Sill, 285–304 Geronimo compared with, 314–15, 317–18 Goodnight’s treaty with, 295–96 gravesite of, 318, 319 grazing lands leased by, 297–99 horse herd of, 205–6, 286, 290 horses stolen by, 200, 202, 203, 206, 222–23 Quanah, Chief (cont.) house built by (Star House), 301–4, 311, 313, 318, 341n intelligence of, 200, 289–90 Isa-tai’s alliance with, 264–72, 285, 289, 290, 300, 314 Kwihnai (Eagle) as name of, 117 Mackenzie’s friendship with, 286–87, 290–91, 292, 293–94, 304, 307 Mackenzie’s search for, 6–11, 283–87, 289, 317 marriage of, 205–6 at Medicine Lodge, 229 mixed blood of, 7–8, 12, 13, 21, 205, 285, 286–87, 316–17, 319 Parker relations of, 7–8, 12, 13, 21, 285, 286–87, 290–91, 300, 316–17, 319 personality of, 199–200, 202–6, 289–90, 311, 314, 317–18, 319 peyote rites supported by, 313–14 photographs of, 199, 300 physical appearance of, 183, 199–200, 244, 289, 300, 313 political influence of, 290–91, 297–300, 308–10, 313, 317 as Principal Chief of the Comanches, 289, 299, 304, 318 raids led by, 200–204, 222–23, 267–73, 337n recollections of, 195–96, 317–18, 334n renegade Comanches returned by, 292–94 reputation of, 288–319 reservation life of, 285–319 Roosevelt’s relationship with, 303, 311–13, 317 speeches given by, 312–13, 317–18, 334n surrender of, 283–87, 289 vengeance sought by, 263, 265–66, 272–73, 290 vision quest of, 199 as war chief, 202–4, 206, 242–49, 264–72, 283–87, 289, 290, 291, 294–96, 299, 337n as warrior, 6–11, 197–204, 207, 229, 240, 263, 264–72, 289 wealth of, 205–6, 289–90, 296–304, 310–11, 318 wives of, 205–6, 256, 289, 290, 300–302, 314, 318 wounding of, 203–4, 270 Quanah, Tex., 153 Quapaws, 210, 211 railroads, 5, 224, 251, 260–61, 311, 317 Red Cloud Sioux Agency, 304–5 Redd, William D., 88 Red River, Battle of the, 254–57, 294–95 Red River War, 254–57, 274–87, 294–95, 303, 304 reservations, Indian, 162, 164–65, 167, 169, 171, 204, 209–10, 212, 214, 226–33, 240–41, 251, 252, 256, 257, 266–67, 273, 274–75, 284–319, 339n Richardson, Fort, 203 Richmond, Tex., 136 rifles, 5, 33, 78, 81, 86, 94, 97, 98, 132, 133, 137–38, 143, 160, 168, 172, 204, 208, 217, 223, 232–33, 242, 244–45, 260–62, 269, 270–71 Ringgold, Tex., 68 Rio Grande, 13, 30, 53, 55, 58, 128, 143, 227–28, 263 Rio Trampas, 58 Rivera y Villalón, Pedro de, 59–60 Roberson, G W., 297 robes, buffalo, 80, 92, 175, 198, 199, 219, 239, 248, 262, 281 Rocky Mountains, 28, 40, 70, 201 Rogers, H B., 181 Roosevelt, Theodore, 303, 311–13, 317 Rose, Victor, 117, 126, 142 Ross, Pease, 180 Ross, Sul, 170, 171, 174–77, 180–81, 208, 316 Runnels, Hardin, 166, 169 Sac and Fox Indians, 209–10 Salt Creek Massacre, 4, 19 Salt Fork, 111 San Angelo, Tex., 58, 204, 206, 240, 275 San Antonio, Tex., 38, 61, 62–63, 67, 78, 82–88, 93, 95, 136, 138, 139, 142, 143–44, 146, 157, 165, 201, 204, 263, 303, 305–6 San Antonio massacre (1840), 82–88 San Antonio de Bexar mission, 13 Sand Creek Massacre (1864), 219–21, 242 San Jacinto, Battle of, 13, 15, 25, 73–74, 75, 97, 131, 139 San Jose Mission, 87–88 San Saba Massacre (1758), 62–69, 82, 84, 85, 100, 112 Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 13, 82 Santa Anna, Chief, 88, 93, 115, 328n Santa Fe, N Mex., 2, 6, 14, 30, 55, 61, 75, 89, 113, 122, 123, 204, 213–14 Santa Fe Trail, 5, 25–26, 40, 123, 129, 196, 212, 213–14, 224 Santee rebellion (1862), 211–12 Santee Sioux, 211–12, 216 Santiesteban, Padre, 66 Satanta, Chief, 226, 283 Sayre, Warren, 309 Schilz, Jodye and Thomas, 99–100 Scott, Hugh, 314–15 scouts, Indian, 1, 7, 9–10, 79, 80, 97, 108, 148, 167, 168, 169, 171, 216, 242, 244, 246–47, 252–54, 279–80, 282 Searchers, The, 120 Second Cavalry, U.S., 166, 170–71, 174–76, 208, 218 Second Connecticut Volunteer Artillery, 236–38 Seminoles, 5, 77, 209, 210, 211, 228 Senecas, 210 Shaking Hand, Chief, 251, 255, 278, 279, 283, 290, 339n Sharpe, Florida, 306 Sharps rifles (“Big Fifties”), 5, 270–71 Shawnees, 5, 16, 75, 77, 122, 167, 169, 210, 314 Sheridan, Philip, 251, 257, 262, 275, 284, 286, 304, 305, 306 Sherman, Ezra, 156, 157 Sherman, Martha, 156, 157, 160, 173, 175 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 2, 3, 4, 215, 225, 228, 229, 242, 251, 273, 276, 305 Shiloh, Battle of, 83 Shoshone language, 24, 27, 117 Signal Station, 286 Sill, Fort, 249, 256–57, 273, 274, 275, 283, 284, 285–304, 305, 306–7 Sioux, 3, 14–15, 24, 27, 31, 44, 45, 50, 130, 159, 211–12, 238–39, 274, 299–300, 304–5, 312 Sitting Bull, Chief, 50 Sixth Cavalry, U.S., 275–76 Slater’s Creek, 192 slavery, 40–52, 55, 75, 104, 131, 157–58, 185, 189, 210–11, 261 Slidell, Alexander Mackenzie, 235 Slidell, John, 235 smallpox, 91, 92, 103, 112, 114, 126, 179 Smith, Clinton, 254, 256 Smith, John Jeremiah “Coho,” 187–89 Smithwick, Noah, 80, 85, 88 Snyder, Tex., 206, 283, 284 sod houses, 261, 269–70 Song of Solomon, 319 Sonora State, Mex., 63 Spanish empire, 2, 3–4, 10, 13–14, 19, 23–29, 38, 49, 53–72, 75–78, 82, 83, 89, 104, 115, 130, 131–32, 159, 160, 325n, 326n Spencer repeating rifles, 233, 244–45 spirits, 45, 87, 198, 199, 281 Spirit Talker (Muguara or Mukewarrah), 84–86, 88, 89, 92 Springfield Arsenal Musketoon, Model 1842, 160 Stagg Prairie, 156 staked plains, see Llano Estacado Stephens, James H., 312 Stockton, Fort, 115, 201–2 Sturm, Jacob J., 284–85, 286 Sun Dance, 27, 216, 259, 266 supply trains, 25–26, 69, 97, 99, 110–11, 132, 134, 213–14, 218, 242–43, 249, 252–56, 276, 280 surveyors, 83, 139, 140 syphilis, 112, 306 taibos (soldiers), 96–97, 100, 109, 114, 151, 208, 241, 265, 268, 281, 292, 294 Tamaulipas State, Mex., 115 Tannap, 205 Taos, N Mex., 30, 35, 55, 58, 61 Tarahumare, 54 Tarrant County, Tex., 183 Tatum, Lawrie, 241, 242, 257 Tawakonis, 16, 59, 77, 209 Taylor, Alfred A., 225 Taylor, Mrs., 124 Taylor, Zachary, 123, 148, 149 Tekwashana, 105, 106 Ten Bears, Chief (Paruasemena), 214, 218, 227–28, 229, 298–99 Tennawish, 109, 111, 116, 209 Tenth Cavalry, U.S., 263, 275, 292–93 Terreros, Don Pedro Romero de, 63 Terreros, Father Alonso Giraldo de, 63, 64–65, 66 Teton Sioux, 50 Texas: Anglo-Texan culture of, 6, 25–26, 60, 92, 93, 122–23 Comanche conflicts in, 6, 25–26, 57–68, 73–78, 82–88, 91–111, 113, 115, 130, 131–50, 202–4, 228, 241, 250–53, 267–72, 295 Texas (cont.) as Confederate state, 185, 188, 191, 207–8, 209 congress of, 75, 76 constitution of, 165 East, 75–77, 120, 188–90 frontier conditions in, 1–11, 12, 19, 23–25, 41, 42, 49, 50, 52, 56–66, 75–78, 113, 153, 180 independence of, 13, 25, 82 militias of, 136, 160, 208, 222 panhandle of, 7, 9, 153, 180, 214, 251, 261, 263, 274–75, 277, 294 political situation in, 13, 26, 74–75, 83, 90–91, 119, 120, 126–27, 145, 154, 157, 165, 170, 174, 185, 233–34, 240–41, 298–99 population of, 157–58 Reconstruction period of, 223 republic of, 13, 14, 73–77, 120, 130–31, 140, 145, 148 slavery in, 131, 157–58, 185 as Spanish territory, 19, 23–25, 49, 57–66, 75–78 U.S annexation of, 129 West, 2, 8, 10, 58, 75, 77–78, 196, 262 see also specific settlements and towns Texas Rangers, 6, 8, 15, 80, 81, 92–94, 98, 99, 100, 119, 130, 131–50, 154–55, 158, 159–60, 161, 165–70, 174, 180, 182, 185, 208 Texola, Tex., 266 Thomas, Robert B., 311, 312–13 Thompson, W A., 254 “Thou Idol of My Soul” (Lamar), 73 tintypes, 92, 183, 186, 190–91, 199, 300, 316, 318 Tlascaltecans, 64 tobacco, 226, 265–66, 267 Tohausan, Chief, 201–2, 218 tomahawks, 17, 132 To-nar-cy, 318 Tonkawas, 1, 7, 9–10, 19, 43–44, 59, 77, 79, 97–98, 100, 167, 169, 209, 211, 224, 242, 244, 246–47, 254, 255, 256, 267, 279–80 To-pay, 318 Tosawa, Chief (Silver Brooch), 226–27, 229 “trail of tears,” 77, 230 treaties, peace, 6, 24, 49, 59, 62–66, 69, 71–72, 74, 75–77, 82–88, 107, 114–15, 133, 159–65, 170–71, 209, 222–34, 240–41, 283, 295–96, 309 Tucumcari, Tex., 253 Tule Canyon, 278–79, 280, 282 Tumlinson, John J., 96–97, 98 Twiggs, David, 170 Tyler, Tex., 189, 192 Ulibarri, Juan De, 35 Utah, 128, 170 Utes, 21, 28, 35, 45, 59, 69, 71, 104, 215, 216–17, 218, 224 Uvalde Canyon, 144 Valentine, R G., 303 Van Dorn, Earl, 170–72, 174, 208, 238 Van Zandt County, Tex., 189 Vicksburg, Battle of, 207 Victoria, Tex., raid (1840), 94–96, 100, 101, 327n villages, Indian, 74–78, 92, 100–101, 111, 117, 142, 152–53, 159, 167–70, 174–76, 202, 215– 21, 242–49, 254–57, 276–77, 280–82 Virginia, 1, 13, 140, 163 Wacos, 16, 59, 75, 77, 85, 89 Waggoner, Daniel, 301, 303, 312 Walker, Samuel, 145–50, 161 Walker’s Creek, Battle of, 146–50, 172 Wallace, “Bigfoot,” 138, 160 Wallace, Ernest, 45, 49, 134, 162, 205, 254, 314, 328n, 337n Wampanoags, 4–5 War of 1812, 185 Washington, George “Dummie,” 311 Washita, Battle of the, 239–40, 242, 282 Washita Mountains, 195–96 Watts, H O., 95 Watts, Mrs H O., 95, 99 Wayne, John, 120 Weatherford, Tex., 153, 155, 156, 173, 183 Webb, Walter Prescott, 38, 159–60 Webster, Booker, 87, 88 Weckeah, 205–6, 289, 302 Wells, Lysander, 88 Western Sioux, 3, 24 Western Trail, 296–97 West Point Military Academy, 2, 236, 237, 238 Wheeler, Ben, 192 White Man, The, 155 White Oaks, N Mex., 270 White Wolf, Chief, 298 Whitney, Eli, 149 Wichita, Kans., 38, 224 Wichita Falls, Tex., 153, 164 Wichita Mountains, 13, 117, 195–96, 198, 214, 229, 293, 302, 313 Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, 313 Wichita Reservation, 210 Wichitas, 14, 28, 59, 66, 68, 77, 89, 92, 108, 164, 170–71, 209, 210, 231, 294, 314 Wichita Village, Battle of the, 170–71, 208 Wilbarger, J W., 143 Wild Horse, Chief, 243, 279, 283, 290 Williams, Leonard H., 107–9, 111, 116, 126, 127 Williams, Robert H., 334n Winchester, Battle of, 237, 238 wolves, 80, 104, 264, 312, 313 Wood, Natalie, 120 Worth, Fort, 1, 68, 153, 154, 183, 190, 203, 241, 251, 311 Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), 299 Wrinkled Hand Chase, 277 Wyandottes, 210 Wyoming, 27, 28, 31, 59, 238–39, 242, 266 Yamparika Comanches, 49, 89, 90, 93, 109, 122, 158, 203, 209, 214, 218, 227–28, 229, 241, 251, 256, 267, 290 Yellow Bear, Chief, 311 Yellow Horse, Chief, 267 ABOUT THE AUTHOR S C Gwynne is an award-winning journalist whose work has appeared extensively in Time, for which he worked as bureau chief, national correspondent, and senior editor from 1988 to 2000, and in Texas Monthly , where he was an executive editor His work has also appeared in The New York Times, Harper’s , the Los Angeles Times, the Boston Globe, the Los Angeles HeraldExaminer, and California magazine He attended Princeton and Johns Hopkins and lives in Austin, Texas, with his wife, Katie, and daughter, Maisie This is his third book Parker’s Fort: The site of the famous 1836 Indian massacre that resulted in the kidnapping of Cynthia Ann Parker and other family members This fort was a replica of the original, built in the 1930s It was rebuilt again and exists today in the town of Grosbeck, Texas Jack Hays: He was the greatest Texas Ranger, the one the Comanches and Mexicans feared most, the source of countless legends of the Old West It was said that before Hays, Americans came into the West on foot carrying long rifles, and that after Hays, everybody was mounted and carrying a sixshooter Cynthia Ann Parker and her daughter, Prairie Flower : Taken at A F Corning’s studio in Fort Worth, probably in 1862, the photo became famous on the frontier and beyond Note her large, muscular hands and wrists Comanche warriors: Famed photographer William Soule took this photograph in the early 1870s at Fort Sill in southwestern Oklahoma, where the Comanches were brought after their surrender The young Sul Ross: This is the way he looked when he killed Comanche war chief Peta Nocona at the Battle of Pease River and recaptured Nocona’s wife, who turned out to be Cynthia Ann Parker Ross later became governor of Texas Ranald S Mackenzie during the Civil War, 1863 or 1864 : The man who would destroy the Comanches and become America’s greatest Indian fighter graduated first in his class at West Point in 1862 at the age of twenty-one and by August he was serving in the army in the Second Battle of Manassas By the end of the war—at the advanced age of twenty-four—he had been promoted to brevet brigadier general Quanah in 1877: The earliest known photo of him, two years after his surrender Though he is fully clad in traditional leather and fringe, one can still see how massive his forearms and upper body were He was considered the most formidable fighter of his generation of Comanches The onslaught of the hide men: In the 1870s the pursuit of the buffalo became less like hunting and more like extermination In 1873 a hunter named Tom Nixon killed 3,200 in 35 days In the winter of 1872 a single hide fetched $3.50 This “rick” of hides awaits shipment from Dodge City Kotsoteka Comanche chief Shaking Hand (Mow-way): On September 29, 1872, Mackenzie destroyed his village in the Texas Panhandle at the Battle of the North Fork of the Red River (or McClellan Creek) Ironically, Shaking Hand at the time was en route to Washington to talk peace with the Great Father Isa-tai in middle age: Part medicine man, part man, and part showman, Isa-tai appeared in 1874 as the Comanches’ great savior and messiah His magic went disastrously wrong at the Battle of Adobe Walls He later became Quanah’s rival in the reservation years Scalped buffalo hunter, 1868: The Indians hated buffalo hunters and understood that they, more than the bluecoated federal soldiers, were destroying their way of life on the plains This hunter, photographed by William Soule near Fort Dodge, met the same fate as hundreds of others like him Quanah and one of his wives: He had eight of them, seven during the reservation period—an unusually high number Most were quite attractive and not always happy to share their husband The formal Quanah: Though he refused to give up his long hair, his multiple wives, or his peyote, he happily wore white man’s clothes when he traveled or went to town Star House: Quanah built his magnificent ten-room house in 1890 It boasted a formal dining room and ten-foot ceilings, and was located on a splendid piece of high ground in the shadow of the Wichita Mountains north of Cache, Oklahoma Quanah and family, ca 1908: The aging chief and twenty members of his family on the porch at Star House He had seven wives and twenty-three children during the reservation period, all of whom lived at the house One of his wives said later that his greatest achievement was managing his own household Quanah in his bedroom, ca 1897: A clash of old and new Note the framed portrait of his mother, Cynthia Ann, and his sister, Prairie Flower, on his left It was his most cherished possession Quanah entertaining dinner guests, ca 1900: In Star House’s formal dining room, Quanah entertained guests from Geronimo to General Nelson Miles to Teddy Roosevelt This room, and the house, still exist in Cache, Oklahoma Quanah at fifty-eight: While his wealth waned in his later years, his stature in the tribe, and in American society, grew This shows him at the height of his power, influence, and popularity in 1906 ... discounts for bulk purchases, please contact Simon & Schuster Special Sales at 1-866-506-1949 or business@simonandschuster.com The Simon & Schuster Speakers Bureau can bring authors to your live event... permanent structures of any kind save for the grass huts of the Wichitas or the makeshift shacks of Comancheros and other Indian traders (Between Parker s Fort and Mexican California stood Santa... Spanish and their successors, the Mexicans, had endured in south Texas, New Mexico, and northern Mexico since the late 160 0s, and what the Apaches, Osages, Tonkawas, and other tribes had been subjected