Masters and Commanders How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941–1945 Andrew Roberts For my wife, Susan Contents List of Illustrations List of Maps Acknowledgements Preface Introduction Part I Enchantment First Encounters: 1880–June 1940 Collecting Allies: June 1940–December 1941 Egos in Arcadia: December 1941–February 1942 Brooke and Marshall Establish Dominance: February–March 1942 Gymnast Falls, Bolero Retuned: February–April 1942 Part II Engagement Marshall’s Mission to London: April 1942 The Commanders at Argonaut: April–June 1942 Photographic Insert The Masters at Argonaut: June 1942 Torch Reignited: July 1942 10 The Most Perilous Moment of the War: July–November 1942 11 The Mediterranean Garden Path: November 1942–January 1943 12 The Casablanca Conference: January 1943 13 The Hard Underbelly of Europe: January–June 1943 14 The Overlordship of Overlord: June–August 1943 Part III Estrangement 15 From the St Lawrence to the Pyramids: August–November 1943 16 Eureka! at Teheran: November–December 1943 17 Anzio, Anvil and Culverin: December 1943–May 1944 18 D-Day and Dragoon: May–August 1944 19 Octagon and Tolstoy: August–December 1944 20 Autumn Mist: December 1944–February 1945 21 Yalta Requiem: February–May 1945 Conclusion: The Riddles of the War Appendix A: The Major Wartime Conferences Appendix B: Glossary of Codenames Appendix C: The Selection of Codenames Notes Bibliography Searchable Terms About the Author Other Books by Andrew Roberts Credits Copyright About the Publisher Sketch of Churchill by General Brooke on No 10 writing paper, made during a War Cabinet meeting in March 1942 List of Illustrations Frontispiece: A sketch of Churchill by Alan Brooke (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London–Ref: Alanbrooke 6/4/1–5 Reproduced by kind permission of The Viscount Alanbrooke) Preface: A page from Lawrence Burgis’ account of the War Cabinet meeting of 10 December 1941 (Churchill Archives Centre, Papers of Laurence Burgis, BRGS 2/10, 10 December 1941) The Masters and Commanders at the Casablanca Conference, January 1943 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) Pershing and Marshall, 1919 (courtesy of the George C Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia) Alan Brooke in the uniform of the Royal Horse Artillery, 1910 (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London–Ref: Alanbrooke 13/1) Churchill arriving at Downing Street, 15 May 1940 (Getty Images) Roosevelt addressing Congress, December 1941 (Getty Images) Churchill and Roosevelt on board USS Augusta, August 1941 (Topfoto) Churchill and Roosevelt on board HMS Prince of Wales, 14 August 1941 (AP/PA Photos) Marshall, Churchill and Henry L Stimson, 24 June 1942 (Getty Images) Alan Brooke’s lunch for Marshall at the Savoy Hotel, July 1942 (David E Scherman/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images) 10 Harry Hopkins, Mark Clark, Roosevelt and Eisenhower in North Africa, 31 January 1943 (Bettmann/Corbis) 11 Eisenhower and Marshall in Algiers, June 1943 (Corbis) 12 Churchill recuperating in Carthage, Christmas Day 1943 (Bettmann/Corbis) 13 Patton, Bradley and Montgomery in France (Corbis) 14 The Combined Chiefs of Staff at Casablanca, January 1943 (US Army Military History Institute) 15 Churchill, Eden and others at Allied HQ in North Africa, June 1943 (Getty Images) 16 Combined Chiefs of Staff meeting at the First Quebec Conference, August 1943 (US Army Military History Institute) 17 Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 18 Churchill and Roosevelt at the Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 19 John Dill, Andrew Cunningham, Alan Brooke, Charles Portal and Hastings Ismay at Quebec, 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 20 British Joint Planning Staff, Second Quebec Conference, September 1944 (reproduced by kind permission of Mrs Joan Bright Astley) 21 Allen Tupper Brown (courtesy of George Marshall Research Library, Lexington, Virginia) 22 Alan Brooke and Barney Charlesworth, October 1941 (Trustees of the Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King’s College, London–Ref: Alanbrooke 13/3) 23 Churchill and Jan Smuts in Cairo, August 1942 (Bettmann/Corbis) 24 Hastings Ismay, 1942 (George Karger/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images) 25 Albert C Wedemeyer with Marshall (George Lacks/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images) 26 Archibald Wavell and Joseph W Stilwell, New Delhi (William Vandivert/Time & Life Pictures/Getty Images 27 The British Chiefs of Staff, April 1945 (Jack Esten/Getty Images) 28 The US Joint Chiefs of Staff (Getty Images) 29 Lawrence Burgis and Leslie Hollis in the Cabinet War Rooms (from War at the Top by James Leasor) 30 John Kennedy (photograph by Walter Stoneman National Portrait Gallery, London) 31 Thomas Handy (Getty Images) List of Maps The North African Littoral The Eastern Front France and Germany The Mediterranean Theatre The Far East: Approaches to Japan The Far East: The Pacific Route The Far East: The Bay of Bengal Strategy Nazi–Soviet (Molotov–Ribbentrop) non-aggression pact (1939) 119, 215, 278, 304, 451 and Operation Jupiter 284, 285–6 ‘percentages deal’ with Churchill 526, 527, 528 ‘promise of Second Front in 1943’ 284–5, 304, 309, 349–50 purges 126–7 and Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 391 ‘refuses to leave Russia’ 307 requests for aircraft support 288, 301 Second Moscow Conference (Tolstoy; October 1944) 526, 527 Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 420, 443–5, 448, 450–51, 455, 491, 577 views on Churchill and Roosevelt 486 Western strategists’ admiration for 444 Yalta Conference (February 1945) 536, 546–7, 550, 551, 552, 554, 555–6 Stalingrad 263, 275–6, 282, 305, 306, 346, 349, 367, 406, 410, 435 Stanwell Place, Surrey 492 Stapleton-Cotton, Admiral Richard 287 Stark, Admiral Harold R ‘Betty’ Arcadia (First Washington) Conference (December 1941–January 1942) 72 codename 94 Great War service 162 Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 540 and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 243, 257 ‘Plan Dog’ 45, 69 replaced by King 88 Riviera Conference (August 1941) 52 and Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 365 Stavka (Soviet High Command) 576 steel 513 Stendal 564 Stern Gang 558 Stettinius, Edward 554 Stewart, Brigadier Guy 317, 348 Stilwell, General Joseph ‘Vinegar Joe’ Anglophobia 83 British demands for recall from Burma 30 Brooke despises 494 character 83 diary xxxviii First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 423, 437–8 in Marshall’s clique 95 and Operation Gymnast 82–3, 203 problems over 502 on Roosevelt 203 suspicious of Britain 358 Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 362 Stimson, Henry L and Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 373 on Anglo-American co-operation 582 appointed secretary of war 33–4 and appointment of supreme commander of Operation Overlord 397, 414, 452–3 Argonaut (Second Washington) Conference (June 1942) 195, 203–4, 205, 206, 211 bitterness at postponement of Marshall’s plans 206 and creation of Combined Chiefs of Staff system 71, 75, 78 defence of Operation Sledgehammer 187 diary xxxviii eclipsed by Marshall 393 and Germany First policy 69 inspection of troops at Fort Jackson (June 1942) 207, 209 lunches with Marshall (1943) 61 and Marshall Memorandum 149, 157 and Marshall’s Japan First alternative 233, 239–40 and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; July 1942) 251 and Morgenthau Plan 513 and Operation Overlord 580–81 opposes Operation Gymnast 186–7, 190, 231, 239, 240 outlines advantages of Operation Bolero 189–90 and plans for an early invasion of Europe 123, 128–9, 189 protests against Operation Torch 257, 259, 269–70, 291–2 and Quadrant (First Quebec) Conference (August 1943) 393–4 and Roosevelt’s memorandum on future strategy (May 1942) 171 trip to London and Algiers (July 1943) 386–8, 390, 409 and ‘unity of command’ strategy 67 Victory in Europe Day 571 Stoler, Mark 284 Stranraer 186, 215 Stranraer Academy xxxix Strasbourg 530 Suckley, Margaret ‘Daisy’ 52, 53, 54, 339, 344, 347 Sudan 16 Suez Canal 3, 4, 126, 127, 263, 266, 443 Suez Crisis (1956) 527 Sumatra Churchill’s schemes blocked 109, 112, 404, 466, 503, 506, 574, 577 and fall of Singapore 118 Japanese invasion 120 Operation Culverin 391, 466, 469, 474, 476, 501, 504, 514, 574 Sun Tzu 139, 492 Sunday Telegraph xxxix Sunday Times 37 Super Fortress (bomber) 523 Super-Gymnast, Operation 211, 229, 505, 587 Supercharge, Operation 587 Suvorov, Soviet Order of 30 Sweden 588 Syracuse 383, 385 Syria 126, 171, 263, 266, 443 Taft, William Howard 34 Talleyrand, Charles-Maurice de 137 Taman peninsula 305 Tangier 85 Taranto 106, 408, 413, 420 Tarkhanhut Cape 545 Tarzan, Operation 438, 587 Task Force 57 523 Taxable, Operation 588 Taylor, (Dame) Elizabeth 547 Taylor, Moses 347 Tébourba 303 Tedder, Marshal of the Air Force Sir Arthur Algiers strategy talks (May–June 1943) 376 Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317, 323 on Churchill and Smuts 313 deputy to Eisenhower 455–6, 532, 537, 538, 560, 564, 566 First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 441 First Moscow Conference (Bracelet; August 1942) 270 and replacement of Auchinleck 265 on Rommel 441 Teheran 205, 270 Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 420, 429, 436, 443–51, 455, 459, 479, 577 Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron 553 Tenth Army (Allied) 459 Test, River 563 Teutoburgerwald 491 Third Army (US) 163, 508, 510, 511, 535, 562, 569 Thoma, General Wilhelm Ritter von 421 Thompson, Commander C R ‘Tommy’ 44, 85, 186, 199, 243, 419, 561 Thompson, Inspector Walter 347, 408 Thorney Island, West Sussex 506 Thucydides 575 Tientsin 23 Times, The 21, 102, 104, 536 Timor 119 Timoshenko, Marshal Semën 450 Tinian 523 Tinker, John 55 Tito, Marshal Josip Broz 483, 486, 551 Tobruk Commons debate on fall 224–5 defence of 89, 185, 186 enquiry into fall 225 fall of 2–3, 4, 84, 127, 200–201, 202, 204, 208, 218, 241, 272, 360 relief of 62–3 sieges 3–4, 62, 184–5 Tolstoy see Moscow Conferences Torch, Operation 587 Americans’ acceptance of 254–7, 269–70 basis of Anglo-American disagreements over 223 command of 493 compromises 296 initiation of 561 instituted in CCS 94 memorandum 254–7 needs to precede US mid-term elections 211–12, 262, 281, 290 planning and preparation for 260–70, 274–5, 277–88, 295–6 success of 291–4, 295–6, 298, 314 viewed as part of ‘western front’ 253 Torgau 569 Toulon 465, 492, 498, 508, 578 Tovey, Admiral Sir John (later Baron Tovey) 21, 179 Trevor-Roper, Hugh (later Lord Dacre of Glanton) 509 Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 357–73, 375, 376, 379–80, 389, 393, 576, 579 Trieste 491, 494, 498, 499, 510, 511, 515, 517, 578 Trinidad 314 Tripoli 90, 277, 344 Triumph in the West (Bryant) xl, 515 Trondheim 41, 47, 179 Truk 331, 332, 333, 335 Truman, Harry S 567, 569 Truscott, General Lucian 510 Tuchman, Barbara 362, 438 Tucson, Arizona 452 Tully, Grace 98, 199, 314, 562 Tunis 228, 263, 279, 282, 296, 298, 300, 312, 323, 408, 412 Tunisia 130 discussions at Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 328 Eisenhower’s campaign 299, 303, 311, 323, 354–5 French forces in 299 German defence of 93, 296, 298, 299, 303, 322, 323, 336, 576 lessons learnt from 336 Operation Breastplate 109, 586 Operation Torch 260, 261 surrender of Axis forces 358, 367, 389 Turkey Allies hope to bring into war 307, 312, 351, 359, 375, 413, 417–18, 428 Churchill and Brooke visit (January 1943) 348, 351 declares war on Germany 292 fears will embrace Axis powers 4, 489 neutrality 30, 223 ports 300 possible invasions through 360 potential isolation of 155 supplies 303 Turn of the Tide, The (Bryant) xl, 161–2, 163, 397 TWA (airline) 243 Tyrrhenian Sea 411 U-boats anti-U-boat campaign 426, 566 Enigma enciphering machines 92, 93 inflict losses on Allied shipping 182, 563 and Operation Gymnast 82 threat of 4, 375, 489, 540 Ulster see Northern Ireland Ultra (intelligence material) 92, 93, 221, 459, 495 unconditional-surrender policy 343, 344, 476, 550 Uniontown, Pennsylvania 10 United Nations 171, 451, 548, 551, 555, 556 United Service Club, London 63, 131 United States of America aid to Britain 33, 45–6, 53, 551, 577 Civil War 11, 15, 16, 70, 141 Congress 9, 26, 32, 54, 59, 85, 290, 352, 379, 538 declares war on Japan 63 defence budget 32, 85–6, 297, 437, 506 elections (1932) 19, (1940) 45, 50, (1942) 199, 203, 211–12, 262, 281, 290, (1944) 314, 361, 370, 431, 452, 499, 526, 527, 528, (1952) 414, 544 Germany declares war on 63, 65, 131 isolationism 32, 54, 199 Lend–Lease 30, 45–6, 51, 63, 79, 83, 86, 209, 326, 468, 561 military supplies to Soviet Union 288 plans for entry into war 50 Prohibition 9–10 rearmament 17, 19, 26, 32–3 Revolutionary War 364 Spanish–American War 11, 18, 93 State Department 73, 126, 310 style of government 2, 72, 77 total mobilization 85, 99, 432, 468, 506 US–Soviet relations 485–6 ‘unity of command’ strategy 66–8, 79–81, 87, 88, 576 see also ABDA; Combined Chiefs of Staff Committee US Army Air Force (USAAF) and Operation Torch 262–3 as part of Army 96, 114 projected size of 122, 342 see also aircraft production, American US Navy and ABDA unified command scheme 81 Atlantic and Caribbean bases 520 Atlantic patrols 50–51, 53, 63 and British support in Pacific 520, 523 and CCS 94 memorandum 255–6, 261 defence of Australia and south-west Pacific 155 naval construction programme 92, 155, 437 Roosevelt’s career with 17–18 V-1 flying bombs 490, 493–4, 501, 504, 512 V-2 rockets 490, 513, 537, 563, 582 Valiant, HMS 169, 411 Valletta 200, 544 Vancouver 64 Vancouver Barracks, Washington 25 Venning, Quartermaster-General Sir Walter 253 Veritable, Operation 587 Versailles 535 Vichy France and Allied North African campaign after Torch 297–8, 299–300, 310, 311 Churchill fears will embrace Axis powers French North African Army 344, 352 Laval restored to power 165 and Operation Torch 278, 279, 282, 291, 296, 493 overseas territories 70, 85, 124, 297–8, 299–300 sinking of fleet (1940) 282 Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy 390, 430 Victor, Operation 46, 587 Victoria, Queen xxxiii, 13, 514 Victory in Europe Day (8 May 1945) 570–71 ‘Victory Program’ 130–31 Vienna 5, 388, 392, 460, 490, 491, 505, 509, 510, 515, 517, 577, 578 Vimy Ridge, battle of (1917) 274 Virginia Military Institute (VMI) 10–11, 71, 363 Vistula, River 557 Vogelkop 404 Volga, River 241, 249, 275 Vorontsov Villa, Alupka 545–6, 554 Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment 98, 272, 444, 446–7 Wallace, Henry xxxviii, 296, 311 Walsh, Senator Arthur 98 Waltham Palace, Hampshire 545 War of 1812 189 War Cabinet (British) Burgis’ verbatim transcriptions xxxiii, xxxiv–xxxv, xxxvii, 89, 113, 559 Chiefs of Staff attend 43, 47, 108, 224 composition 81 dominated by Churchill and Brooke 268–9 meetings 108, 110, 224, 504 rules for minute-taking xxxiv, xxxv, xxxvii secretariat 66, 93, 111, 316 War Cabinet Defence Committee (British) Churchill’s chairmanship 105, 109 clashes xxxvii, 110 composition 46, 109 and Marshall’s mission to London (Modicum; April 1942) 151, 152, 153–60 meetings 109–10 minutes xxxvii, 91 secretariat 109 War Cabinet Office (British) 72, 132, 498 war criminals 306, 384, 550 War Department (United States) Marshall dominates 34, 115 Marshall’s reform of 114–15 orders dog tags 50 ‘unity of command’ strategy 67 War Plans Division 25, 71, 82, 114, 131 see also Operations Division (of US War Department) War Office (British) Churchill’s disdain for 16–17, 65 Planners 37–8, 47, 65, 133, 167, 169, 275, 285, 300, 312, 358, 391–2, 496 respect for Brooke 62 secretariat 228 War Shipping Administration (United States) 217, 436 Warlimont, Major-General Walter 410, 459 Warm Springs, Georgia 26, 566 Warsaw 526 Warspite, HMS 411 Washington, George 29, 364 Washington, DC Anacostia naval airstation 187, 210 British Embassy 9, 99, 186, 188 Bureau of Engraving and Printing 314 Constitution Avenue 1, 91 Federal Reserve building 72, 73, 86 Munitions Building 98, 178 Public Health Building 91, 96 Statler Hotel 369 see also White House Washington conferences see Arcadia; Argonaut; Trident Washington Post 30 Washington Times-Herald 131 Waterloo, battle of 13, 203 Watson, Major-General Edwin ‘Pa’ 344, 350 Wavell, Field Marshal Archibald, 1st Earl Brooke’s letters to 41, 225, 409 commander-in-chief of ABDA 67, 79, 88, 120 and Cunningham 419 and defence of Tobruk 185 diary xxxviii in Dill’s clique 95 First Moscow Conference (Bracelet; August 1942) 270 relations with Churchill 91, 112 row over Indian debt 60 self-effacement 10 succeeded by Brooke as commander-in-chief of Southern Command 41 Trident (Third Washington) Conference (May 1943) 358, 362, 364, 366 visits Cairo with Churchill and Brooke (August 1942) 264 Wedemeyer, General Albert C Anglophobia 58, 148, 195, 223, 338, 582 appearance and character 130, 338, 343, 344 bitterness over postponement of Marshall’s plans 206, 217 Casablanca Conference (January 1943) 317, 323–4, 328, 333, 334, 337, 338, 343–4 on Churchill 198, 213 denunciation of Mediterranean campaign 580 education and career 130–31, 166 First Cairo Conference (Sextant; November 1943) 438 and Marshall’s Japan First alternative 234 mission to London with Marshall (Modicum; April 1942) 130, 137, 143, 147–8, 149, 151, 166 and Operation Overlord 489 and Operation Torch 324 opposition to Operation Gymnast 241–2 and plans for an early invasion of France 121, 129, 166, 180–81 secret taping of British Planning Staff 223–4 suspicious of Britain 84, 181, 195, 358, 407 Teheran Conference (Eureka; November 1943) 447 ‘Victory Program’ 131 views on Brooke 148 Wedemeyer Reports! 147 Wedgwood, Colonel Josiah (later Baron Wedgwood) 55 Weeks, Lieutenant-General Sir Ronald (later Baron Weeks) 22, 56–7, 58, 62, 107, 253 Wehrmacht advances through Belgium and France 37, 214 Churchill’s respect for 581 invasion of Poland 32 invasion of Soviet Union 54 planned invasion of Britain 49 superior combat effectiveness 354–5, 380 see also Army Groups (German); panzer divisions Welles, Sumner 52 Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of 13, 203, 276, 396, 442 Wells, H G., The Outline of History 140 West Germany 525 West Point 177, 205, 535 Weygand, General Maxime 38, 39 Wheeler-Bennett, (Sir) John 363 White House bathrooms 216 Cabinet Room 71 Churchill stays at during Arcadia Conference 70, 84, 87 Marshall’s visits 61 Oval Office 1–2 White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia 502 Wiesbaden (cruiser) 44, 106 Wilhelm II, Kaiser 34, 225 Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands 358 Wilhelmshaven 118 Williamsburg, Virginia 362, 363, 364–5, 366 Willingdon, Freeman Thomas, 1st Marquess of 110 Willkie, Wendell 45, 568 Willow Run factory, Detroit 19 Wilmot, Chester 33, 106, 146, 149, 158, 176, 211, 492 Wilson, Sir Charles see Moran, Charles Wilson, 1st Baron Wilson, General Sir Henry ‘Jumbo’ (later 1st Baron Wilson) and Anzio landings 457 and Eisenhower’s plans for advance into Germany 564 Malta Conference (Cricket; January–February 1945) 540 and Operation Anvil 465, 494, 495, 505, 506 replaces Dill in Washington 530 takes over Mediterranean command 449, 455 Wilson, Woodrow 17, 18, 19, 199 Winant, John Gilbert ‘Gil’ 100, 231, 243, 257–8, 292, 564 Winchester College 103 Windsor, Edward, Duke of 61, 374 Wingate, Major-General Orde 348, 391, 409 Winter Storm, Operation 305, 587 Wolfe, General James 42, 395, 396 Wolfsschanze (Hitler’s Wolf’s Lair) 456 Women’s Royal Naval Service 435 Woolwich xxxix, 14, 94 World at War, The (television series) 202, 339 Wrangel, General Pyotr xxxix Wright (Lance-Corporal) 443 WW1 (strategy document) 68–70, 71, 255–6, 345 see also CCS 94 Yalta Conference (February 1945) xl, 536–7, 545–57, 577 Yamamoto, Admiral Isoroku 348 Yorktown, Virginia 363–4 Younger Mr Pitt, The (film) 258 Ypres 37 Yugoslavia 308, 349, 371, 410, 426, 459, 483, 486, 490, 579, 588 Yunnan 437, 438 Yusopov Villa, Koreis 550 Zeebrugge 125 Zhukov, Marshal Georgi 276, 383 About the Author ANDREW ROBERTS is the author of A History of the English-Speaking People Since 1900 His other books include Napoleon and Wellington, Eminent Churchillians, and Salisbury, which won the Wolfson Prize for History Roberts’s writing appears regularly in The Wall Street Journal His website can be found at www.andrew-roberts.net Visit www.AuthorTracker.com for exclusive information on your favorite HarperCollins author BY THE SAME AUTHOR The Holy Fox: A Life of Lord Halifax Eminent Churchillians The Aachen Memorandum Salisbury: Victorian Titan Napoleon and Wellington Hitler and Churchill: Secrets of Leadership What Might Have Been (editor) Waterloo: Napoleon’s Last Gamble The Correspondence Between Mr Disraeli and Mrs Brydges Willyams (editor) A History of the English-Speaking Peoples Since 1900 Credits Maps by Jeff Edwards Copyright MASTERS AND COMMANDERS Copyright © 2009 by Andrew Roberts All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions By payment of the required 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London, W6 8JB, UK http://www.harpercollinsebooks.co.uk United States HarperCollins Publishers Inc 10 East 53rd Street New York, NY 10022 http://www.harpercollinsebooks.com .. .Masters and Commanders How Four Titans Won the War in the West, 1941– 1945 Andrew Roberts For my wife, Susan Contents List of Illustrations List... for many insights; Philip Reed for private tours of the Cabinet War Rooms; Laurence Rees for videotapes of Alanbrooke’s BBC television programmes; my aunt and uncle Susan and David Rowlands for... check on my website–www .andrew- roberts. net– how I have reconstructed the sentences of speech from Burgis’ shorthand notes Also appearing here for the first time in book form are the verbatim reports