This Is a Borzoi Book Published by Alfred A Knopf Copyright © 2011 by Adam Goodheart All rights reserved Published in the United States by Alfred A Knopf, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto www.aaknopf.com Knopf, Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goodheart, Adam 1861 : the Civil War awakening / Adam Goodheart.— 1st ed p cm Includes index eISBN: 978-0-307-59666-6 United States—History—Civil War, 1861–1865 —Causes United States—Politics and government— 1861–1865 United States— Intellectual life— 19 th century I Title II Title: Civil War awakening E 459 G 66 2011 973.7′11 —dc 22 2010051326 Jacket image: Cumberland Landing, Virginia Federal Encampment on the Pamunkey River by James F Gibson, May 1862 (detail) Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C Jacket design by Joe Montgomery v3.1 For my family and in memory of Rose Sudman Goodheart (Teleneshty, Russian Empire, 1905–Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1997), who made America’s history ours, too Union rally, San Francisco, 1861 (photo credit fm.1) ARM’D year! year of the struggle! No dainty rhymes or sentimental love verses for you, terrible year! Not you as some pale poetling, seated at a desk, lisping cadenzas piano; But as a strong man, erect, clothed in blue clothes, advancing, carrying a rifle on your shoulder, With well-gristled body and sunburnt face and hands—with a knife in the belt at your side, As I heard you shouting loud—your sonorous voice ringing across the continent; Your masculine voice, O year, as rising amid the great cities, Amid the men of Manhattan I saw you, as one of the workmen, the dwellers in Manhattan; Or with large steps crossing the prairies out of Illinois and Indiana, Rapidly crossing the West with springy gait, and descending the Alleghanies; Or down from the great lakes, or in Pennsylvania, or on deck along the Ohio river; Or southward along the Tennessee or Cumberland rivers, or at Chattanooga on the mountain top, Saw I your gait and saw I your sinewy limbs, clothed in blue, bearing weapons, robust year; Heard your determin’d voice, launch’d forth again and again; Year that suddenly sang by the mouths of the round-lipp’d cannon, I repeat you, hurrying, crashing, sad, distracted year —WALT WHITMAN, “1861” It seems as if we were never alive till now; never had a country till now —A YOUNG WOMAN IN NEW YORK WRITING TO A FRIEND, M AY 1861 CONTENTS Cover Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph PROLOGUE A Banner at Daybreak Charleston Harbor, December 1860 CHAPTER ONE Wide Awake Boston, October 1860 CHAPTER TWO The Old Gentlemen Washington, January 1861 CHAPTER THREE Forces of Nature Central Ohio, February 1861 CHAPTER FOUR A Shot in the Dark Charleston Harbor, April 1861 CHAPTER FIVE The Volunteer Lower Manhattan, April 1861 CHAPTER SIX Gateways to the West Lower Carson River, Nevada Territory, May 1861 CHAPTER SEVEN The Crossing Washington, May 1861 CHAPTER EIGHT Freedom’s Fortress Hampton Roads, Virginia, May 1861 CHAPTER NINE Independence Day Washington, July 1861 Postscripts Notes Bibliography Acknowledgments A Note About the Author Storm flag of the United States garrison at Forts Moultrie and Sumter, 1860–61 (photo credit fm.2) PROLOGUE A Banner at Daybreak Then over all, (aye! aye!) my little and lengthen’d pennant shaped like a sword, Runs swiftly up indicating war and defiance—and now the halyards have rais’d it, Side of my banner broad and blue, side of my starry banner, Discarding peace over all the sea and land —WALT WHITMAN, “Song of the Banner at Day-Break” (1860–61) elections of 1860 in, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Perkins, Eli, 7.1 Petigru, James L., prl.1 Phelps, John W., 8.1 Philadelphia, Pa., prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1 Philadelphia Inquirer, 5.1, 9.1 Philadelphia Press, 3.1 Phillips, Wendell, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, nts.1 U.S flag and, 4.1, 4.2 photography, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2 Pickens, Francis, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 Pierce, Edward Lillie, 8.1, 9.1 Pierce, Franklin, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 4.1 pigs, 7.1, 8.1 Pinkerton, Allan, 8.1, 8.2 Pittsburgh, Pa., 3.1, 9.1, nts.1 plants, 6.1, 6.2, bm1.1 Poe, Edgar Allan, nts.1 Point Comfort, 8.1, 8.2 Polk, James K., nts.1 Pony Express, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, nts.1 Prentiss, Cyrus, nts.1 Presbyterians, 2.1, 5.1 printing, 1.1 “Progress of Revealed Thought, The” (Campbell), 3.1 Pug-o-na-ke-shick (Hole-in-the-Day), 5.1, nts.1 Puritans, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, 8.1 race, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 6.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 racism, prl.1, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1 railroads, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2 funeral, 7.1, 7.2 Lincoln’s use of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 9.1 in Ohio, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 “Rail Splitter” clubs, 1.1, 1.2 Raymond, Henry J., 4.1 “Reconciliation” (Whitman), bm1.1 Reid, Philip, 7.1 relics, 7.1 Republican National Conventions of 1860, 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 5.2 of 1880, bm1.1 Republicans, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1 “Black,” 5, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1 in California, 6.1, 6.2 in election of 1856, 1.1, 1.2 in elections of 1860, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 8.1, 9.1 “free labor” ideology of, 1.1, 3.1, 6.1 Lincoln as disappointment to, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1 in Missouri, 6.1, 6.2 moderate, 2.1, 3.1 in Ohio, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, nts.1, nts.2 radicalism of, 2.1, bm1.1 Seward as leader of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1 slavery and, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1 Sumter and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 Wide Awakes and, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1 Reynolds, Donald E., nts.1 Rhett, Robert Barnwell, 9.1 Rhoda B Shannon (merchant schooner), 4.1 Rhodes, Harry, 3.1, 4.1 Richmond, Va., 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1, nts.2 Richmond Dispatch, 7.1, 8.1 Richmond Enquirer, 7.1 Richmond Examiner, 7.1 Richmond Whig, 7.1 “Rise, Lurid Stars” (Whitman), 4.1, nts.1 Rives, William Cabell, 2.1 Rocky Mountains, 6.1, 6.2 Rolfe, John, 8.1 Romanticism, 5.1 Royal Navy, British, 1.1, 1.2 Ruggles, Daniel, 8.1 Russell, William Howard, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, 8.2, nts.1 Russia, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2 telegraph and, 6.1, nts.1 Ryer, Randolph, 6.1 St Domingo, 1.1, 8.1, 8.2 St Louis, Mo., 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 9.1 Camp Jackson in, 6.1, 6.2 flag and, 2.1, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1 Germans in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 “second Baden revolution” in, 6.1 statewide convention in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 Wide Awakes in, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 St Louis Arsenal, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 St Louis Commercial Bulletin, 6.1 St Petersburg, 2.1, 2.2, 9.1 Salem, Ohio, 3.1 Salt Lake City, Utah, 6.1 Samana Cay, nts.1 San Bernardino, Calif., 6.1 San Francisco, Calif., 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 9.1, bm1.1 American Theatre in, 6.1, 6.2 Wide Awakes in, 1.1, 6.1 San Francisco Bay, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 San Francisco Bulletin, 6.1 San Francisco Herald, 6.1 Sanitary Commission, U.S., bm1.1 San Marino, 9.1, 9.2 Saratoga Springs, N.Y., 5.1 Schiller, Friedrich, 6.1, 8.1 Schuettner, Nicholas, 6.1 science, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 9.1, 9.2 Scott, Dred, 2.1, 6.1 Scott, George, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Scott, Harriet, 6.1 Scott, Walter, 5.1 Scott, Winfield, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, nts.1 Butler’s correspondence with, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5 Sumter and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 9.1 secession, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1, nts.1, nts.2 Anderson’s views on, 4.1, 4.2 Crittenden and, 2.1 Lincoln’s views on, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2 Second Great Awakening, 3.1, 3.2 sedition, 3.1, 8.1, 8.2 self-made men, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 8.1 self-reliance, 4.1, 9.1 “Self-Reliance” (Emerson), 3.1 Senate, U.S., 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2 Bibb in, 2.1 Corwin amendment and, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, nts.1 Crittenden in, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 Southerners’ farewells in, 2.1, 9.1 Sumner beaten in, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 see also Congress, U.S.; House of Representatives, U.S September 11 terrorist attacks, prl.1, prl.2 Seventh New York Regiment, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1 Seward, Frederick, 4.1 Seward, William Henry, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1 election of 1860 and, 1.1, 1.2 Emancipation Proclamation and, 8.1 Lincoln’s inauguration and, 3.1, 3.2 Lincoln’s Independence Day address and, 9.1 Lincoln’s relationship with, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 as Republican leader, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1 Sumter and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5 Sewell’s Point, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5 Seymour, Truman, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 4.1 at Sumter, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 Shadd, Absolom, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 Sherman, Willie, 6.1, 6.2 Sho-kup, Chief, 6.1 Sibley, Hiram, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1 Sierra Nevada, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 Sigel, Franz, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 8.1 Sixth Massachusetts Regiment, 7.1, 8.1 slavery, slaves, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, nts.1 Anderson and, prl.1, prl.2, 4.1, nts.1 Buchanan and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 in Confederate defense, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, bm1.1 Crittenden Compromise and, 2.1, 3.1 Disciples and, 3.1 Dred Scott case and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 8.1, 8.2 expansion of, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2 freedom vs., 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 fugitive, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, nts.1 in Hampton, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 liberty cap and, 7.1 Missouri and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 in Northwest Territory, 3.1 population of, 6.1 Republicans and, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1 revolts of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6 at Sumter, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 8.1, nts.1 Texas “troubles” and, 1.1, 1.2 “three-fifths” clause and, 2.1 value of, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, nts.1 war against, prl.1, 4.1, 4.2 in Washington, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1 see also abolition, abolitionists; contrabands; emancipation slave trade, prl.1, prl.2, 2.1, 2.2 capture of ships in, 1.1, nts.1 in Virginia, 8.1, 8.2 in Washington, D.C., 2.1, 2.2, 3.1 Smith, Joseph, 3.1, nts.1 Smith, Waddy, 8.1, 8.2 Snow, Beverly, nts.1 “Song of the Banner at Day-Break” (Whitman), prl.1, prl.2, 6.1, 8.1 Southampton County, Va., 8.1 South Carolina, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, 8.1 secession in, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 4.1 Southerners, the South, prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2 appeasement of, 4.1, 8.1 Buchanan and, 2.1 census of 1860 and, 6.1 Chivalry faction and, 6.1 economy of, 5.1 as estranged brethren, 7.1, 8.1 Lincoln’s inauguration and, 3.1 Peace Conference and, 2.1 slavery compromises and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 telegraph and, 6.1 West and, 6.1, 6.2 Wide Awakes and, 1.1 “Southern Manifesto,” 2.1 Southwest, 6.1 sovereignty, of U.S., 4.1 Spain, 2.1, 4.1 Spalding, Albert G., nts.1 Spalding, Rufus P., 3.1, nts.1 split-rail fences (worm fences), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 Springfield, Ill., 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1 Springfield Grays, 5.1 Springfield Republican, 8.1 Star of the West (steamship), 4.1 State Department, U.S., 2.1, 7.1, 8.1 Staten Island, 2.1, 8.1 states’ rights, 8.1 steamboats, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2 Stebbins, E F., nts.1 Stephens, Alexander H., 8.1, 9.1 stock market, 2.1, 2.2 Stoddard, William, 7.1, 7.2 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 3.1, 5.1, 8.1 Strong, George Templeton, 2.1, 4.1 Sullivan’s Island, prl.1, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4 Sumner, Charles, 1.1, 3.1, 4.1, 8.1, 9.1, bm1.1 beating of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1 Supreme Court, U.S., 2.1, 2.2, bm1.1 Dred Scott case and, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2 surnames, of slaves, 8.1, 8.2 Tamerlane (Poe), nts.1 Taney, Roger, 2.1, 8.1 Tarrant, Caesar, nts1.1 Taylor, Zachary, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2 telegraph, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4 Great Comet and, 9.1 Russian-American, 6.1, nts.1 Sumter and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 transcontinental, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1 Tennessee, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1 secession and, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1 Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 5.1 Texas, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 6.1, bm1.1 “troubles” of (1860), 1.1, 1.2, nts.1 textile manufacturing, 2.1, 8.1, 8.2 Third Massachusetts Regiment, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Thirteenth Amendment, bm1.1, nts.1 Thirteenth Amendment (Corwin’s proposed), 3.1, nts.1 Thirty-second New York Regiment, 9.1 Thirty-ninth New York Regiment, 9.1 Thomas, Lorenzo, 7.1 Thompson, John, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1 Thoreau, Henry David, 6.1 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 5.1 Todd, Kitty, 5.1 Toombs, Robert, 2.1 Townsend, James, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, bm1.1 transcendentalism, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1 Trescot, William Henry, 2.1, 8.1, nts.1 Tubman, Harriet, 4.1 Turner, Nat, 8.1 Turner Rifles, 8.1 Twain, Mark, 6.1 Tweed, William Marcy (“Boss”), 5.1 Twelfth New York Regiment, 9.1 Twenty-sixth New York Regiment, 9.1 Twiggs, David, 4.1 Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 5.1 Tyler, John, 1.1, 1.2, 9.1, bm1.1, nts.1 Hampton house of, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, bm1.1 Peace Conference and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, nts.1 secession and, 3.1, nts.1 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 1.1, 3.1 Underground Railroad, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2 Union, prl.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 6.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1 Big Bethel and, 8.1 California and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4 dissolution of, 2.1, 3.1, nts.1, nts.2 fear of undermining of, 3.1, 8.1 Fortress Monroe and, 8.1, 8.2 freedom and, 3.1, 3.2 military preparedness of, 4.1 Missouri and, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 Peace Conference and, 2.1 preservation of, prl.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1 Union armies, 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, bm1.1, bm1.2 blacks in, 8.1, bm1.1, bm1.2 uniforms of, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, nts.1 see also Army, U.S.; specific units “Union Drama, Anderson and Patriots at Sumter in ’61,” 4.1 U.S National Observatory, 9.1 U.S Zouave Cadets, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1 Utah, 6.1, 6.2 Vallandigham, Clement, 3.1 Van Buren, Martin, 2.1, nts.1 Verdi, Giuseppe, 4.1 Vermont, 8.1 Victoria, Queen of England, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1 Virginia, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, nts.1 fugitives in, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7 legislature of, 2.1, 7.1, 7.2 secession of, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, nts.1 “Virginia Union Volunteers,” 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 “Voices of the Contrabands” (Winthrop), 8.1, 8.2 volunteers, 5.1 Lincoln’s calls for, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 9.1 see also specific regiments voting rights, of blacks, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, bm1.1, nts.1 Wade, Benjamin, 2.1, 7.1 Walden (Thoreau) Walker, William, 6.1 Walter, Thomas U War Department, U.S., prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 2.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, 7.2 Fortress Monroe and, 8.1 Sumter and, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8 War of 1812, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, 5.2, 8.1 “Washers of the Shroud, The” (Lowell), 2.1 Washington, D.C., prl.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 9.2, nts.1 defense of, 4.1, 4.2, 8.1 feeling of siege in, 7.1, 7.2 fire in, 7.1 foreign visitors in, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1 Great Comet in, 9.1 hotels in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1 Independence Day in, 9.1 Lincoln’s inauguration in, 3.1 Lincoln’s undignified entry into, 3.1 militia units in, 2.1, 3.1 National Eating House in, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1 New York Fire Zouaves in, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1 Old Gentlemen in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1 Peace Conference in (1861), 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, nts.1 slavery in, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 7.1, 9.1 Washington, George, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 4.1, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2 in American Revolution, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1 election of, 1.1, 1.2 King on, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 as president, 1.1, 6.1 slavery and, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 9.1, nts.1 statue of, 5.1, 7.1 Washington, John T., 8.1 Washington, Martha, 9.1, nts.1 Washington’s Birthday, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 6.1 Weaverville, Calif., 6.1 Weber, Max, 8.1, 8.2 Webster, Daniel, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1 Weigel, Josephine, 6.1 Weller, John B., 6.1 Welles, Gideon, 4.1, 4.2 Wellington, Lord, 5.1, 5.2 West, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, bm1.1 telegraph in, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1 Western Anti-Slavery Society, 3.1 Western Reserve, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, nts.1 Western Reserve Eclectic Institute (later known as Hiram College), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, bm1.1, nts.1, nts.2 Western Union Telegraph Company, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3 Westliche Post, 6.1, 6.2 West Point, U.S Military Academy at, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, nts.1 Wheeling, Va., 3.1, bm1.1 Whigs, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 5.1 White House, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, bm1.1, nts.1 Alexandria Confederate flag and, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 Ellsworth at, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 9.1 White Mountains, 6.1, 6.2 Whitman, Walt, prl.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 7.1, 9.1, nts.1 poetry of, prl.1, prl.2, prl.3, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 8.1, bm1.1, nts.1 Whittier, John Greenleaf, nts.1 Whittier, Matthew (Ethan Spike), nts.1 Wide Awakes, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, nts.1 in St Louis, 1.1, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5 Wigfall, Louis T., 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, bm1.1 at Sumter, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1, nts.2 Willard Hotel, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1 Willard’s Hall, 2.1, nts.1 William IV, King of England, 1.1 Williams College, 3.1 Willis, Nathaniel Parker, 9.1 Willis (slave), 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, nts.1 Wilson, Henry, 7.1 Winser, Henry J., 7.1 Winthrop, Theodore, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 Wisconsin, 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1 Wise, Henry A., 8.1 women as abolitionists, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, nts.1 Crittenden’s petition from, 2.1 Disciples and, 3.1 German, 6.1 as Ohio free blacks, 3.1 political campaigns and, 6.1 in Wide Awakes, 1.1 women’s rights, 3.1, 3.2 Wood, Fernando, 2.1 World War II, prl.1 Young, Brigham, 6.1 Young, William Gourdin, nts.1 “Young American, The” (Emerson), 5.1 Young Men’s Christian Association, 4.1 youth, ascendance of, 5.1, nts.1 Yulee, David Levy, 2.1 Zouaves Duryee’s, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 French, 5.1 see also First New York Fire Zouaves; U.S Zouave Cadets ILLUSTRATION CREDITS fm.1: San Francisco History Center, San Francisco Public Library fm.2: Department of Interior, National Park Service Historic Photograph Collection, Harpers Ferry Center 1.1: Farnham: Massachusetts Historical Society; Wide Awake: Courtesy of Cowan’s Auctions, Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio 2.2: Architect of the U.S Capitol 3.1: Garfield: Ohio Historical Society; Lecture Notes: James A Garfield Papers, Library of Congress 3.2: National Archives 5.1: Collection of The New-York Historical Society 5.2: Author’s collection 7.1: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress 8.1: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress 8.2: Author’s collection 9.1: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress bm.1: Prints & Photographs Division, Library of Congress A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Adam Goodheart is a historian, journalist, and travel writer He writes a regular online column on the Civil War for The New York Times He has written for National Geographic, Outside, Smithsonian, The Atlantic, GQ, and The New York Times Magazine, among others, and has worked as an editor of the Op-Ed page of The New York Times He is a book reviewer for The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, and the New York Observer He lives in Washington, D.C., and on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, where he is the Hodson Trust–Griswold Director of Washington College’s C V Starr Center for the Study of the American Experience ... Borzoi Books, and the colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Goodheart, Adam 1861 : the Civil War awakening / Adam Goodheart. — 1st... and more perilous: from the old America to a new one Twenty years after the war, when o cials at the War Department began preparing the O cial History of the War of the Rebellion, a massive... simply awaiting the opening guns The Civil War story told in this book begins with the raising of a Union ag, not the ring of a Confederate shot The war described here was not just a Southern rebellion