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Law in American History, Volume This page intentionally left blank Law in American History, Volume From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War G E D WA R D W H I T E Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2012 by Oxford University Press Published by Oxford University Press, Inc 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data White, G Edward Law in American History / G Edward White p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-19-510247-5 (acid-free paper) Law—United States—History I Title KF352.W48 2012 349.73—dc22 2011016772 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper For S.D.W., A.V.W., B.A., L.A., H.A., E.W.V., D.V., and Z.V This page intentionally left blank A L S O B Y G E D WA R D W H I T E The Eastern Establishment and the Western Experience (1968) The American Judicial Tradition (1976) Patterns of American Legal Thought (1978) Tort Law in America: An Intellectual History (1980) Earl Warren: A Public Life (1982) The Marshall Court and Cultural Change (1988) Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes: Law and the Inner Self (1993) Intervention and Detachment: Essays in Legal History and Jurisprudence (1994) Creating the National Pastime: Baseball Transforms Itself, 1903–1953 (1996) Oliver Wendell Holmes: Sage of the Supreme Court (2000) The Constitution and the New Deal (2000) Alger Hiss’s Looking-Glass Wars (2004) Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr (2006) History and the Constitution: Collected Essays (2007) This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Acknowledgments Introduction xi The Colonial Years 16 Law and the Conditions of Agricultural Household Life, 1750–1800 56 Law and the Founding of the American Republic I: Toward Independence and Republican Government 109 Law and the Founding of the American Republic II: From the Articles of Confederation to the Constitution 158 The Supreme Court Emerges 193 Law and Entrepreneurship, 1800–1850 245 Law and the Dissolution of the Union I: The Political Parties, Congress, and Slavery 292 Law and the Dissolution of the Union II: Slavery, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court 338 The Civil War: Setting the Stage 10 The Civil War: Legal Issues Notes Index 485 539 426 382 Ind e x and commissioning of Continental Army, 133, 139–40 and the Continental Association, 130–31, 133, 140 and corruption among colonial administrators, 126 and the Currency Act, 111 and customs revenues used to pay justices’ salaries, 113–14, 120–21, 126, 137 and the Declaration of Rights, 131, 132, 133, 137–38 and the Declaratory Act, 116–17, 121, 125 and elites’ role in American government, 144–45, 154–55 and the First Continental Congress, 124–31, 133–34, 137–38, 497n26 and habeas corpus, 135 and legal authority for governing the colonies, 115–20, 496n10 and London’s petition to the king , 147 and the Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence, 121, 123–24, 137 and the Massachusetts Government Act, 128, 140 overview of, 11–12, 109–10, 152–53 pamphleteers’ role in, 114–15, 118, 120–22, 125–26, 136–37, 146, 155–56 (see also Common Sense) and Parliament’s sovereignty over the colonies, 115–17, 119, 122, 125, 128–29 and Parliament’s tightening measures (1760s and 1770s), 105–7, 113, 118, 121–24, 127, 130–36, 145–46, 155–59, 186–87 (see also specific legislation) and patronage in a hierarchical society, 135–37 petitions to the king and his reaction, 127, 132–33, 138–39, 141, 143–44, 498n60 and the Proclamation Line, 110, 146, 155 and the prospect of independence, 140–43, 499n80 and the Quartering Act, 111 and the rights of colonists, 115–18, 122, 126–30, 137–38 and the Second Continental Congress, 133–34, 139–43, 146, 157, 499n74 and the Sons of Liberty, 114, 121–22, 131, 495n3 and the Stamp Act, 111–12, 114, 116–22, 156, 495n3 and the Suffolk Resolves, 128, 131 and the Sugar Act, 111, 119 and taxation without representation, freedom from, 118–21, 123, 125, 129–30, 134, 156, 186–87 and the Tea Act, 112–14, 123 551 and the Townshend Acts, 111–12, 114, 121, 122 and the uniqueness of American civilization, 109 and the Vice-Admiralty Court, 110–11, 114, 121, 126 and the Virginia Resolves, 118–19, 121 See also Articles of Confederation; Declaration of Independence; Revolutionary War; sovereignty Independent Chronicle, 217 Indiana, 362, 510n55 indigo, 70, 250 industrial accident cases, employer liability in, 8, 486n8 industrialization, 247, 257 inflation, 170–71, 235 insolvency laws, constitutionality of, 241 inspection laws, 239 Internal Revenue Act (1862), 480 interstate commerce federal vs state regulation of, 237–40, 354–55 on waterways, 238–39 Intolerable Acts See Coercive Acts Iredell, James, 199–200, 201–04, 230 Ireland, 25, 62, 67, 489n42 ironclad warships, 528–29n129 iron/ironworking, emergence in colonies, 58 Iroquois Five Nations, 43 Iroquois League, 44 Jackson, Andrew economic slump blamed on, 310 election of, 308–9 expedition against the Seminoles, 491n1 National Road, support of, 254 on nullification of tariffs, 309, 310 reelection of, 310 and the Second Bank of the United States, 263, 310–11 Supreme Court appointments by, 261, 348, 350 vs the Whigs, 311 Jackson, Thomas J (“Stonewall”), 396, 416, 419 Jamestown (Virginia), 26, 32, 61, 71, 488n25 Jay, John as chief justice, 199–200, 223 on circuit riding , 198–99, 201 on common-law crimes, 230 at the First Continental Congress, 497n26 as governor of New York, 200 proposed Mississippi treaty with Spain, 174–75 on separation of powers, 199 on sovereignty, 204 Jay, William, 345–46 552 Inde x Jay Treaty (1794), 200–201, 202, 503n17, 503n20 Jefferson, Peter (Thomas’s father), 85 Jefferson, Thomas John Adams’s judgeship appointments contested by, 207, 210–12, 219 (see also Marbury v Madison) antislavery stance of, 320 on the colonies as possessions of the Crown, 125 criticism of, 217 Declaration of Independence drafted by, 148, 499n87, 500n91, 500n93 election of, 307, 502n26 on federal common law of crimes, 206 habeas corpus suspension requested by, 532n57 on kings as servants of the people, 125, 136 Lewis and Clark expedition commissioned by, 253 as Republican leader, 307 role in repealing the Judiciary Act (1801), 207 on the Tallmadge proposal and Missouri Compromise, 322 on westward expansion of slavery, 321 Johnson, Andrew, 431, 470, 471 Johnson, Thomas, 201 Johnson, William, 224, 227, 231, 232, 288, 351, 505n75 Johnson v McIntosh, 53 Johnston, Joseph E., 396 Jones v Van Zandt, 431, 518n45 Journal of Commerce (New York), 474–75 judges See courts, colonial; courts, U.S.; judicial review; Supreme Court judicial review, 189–91, 202, 216–19, 244, 409–10 See also Marbury v Madison Judiciary Act (Confederacy, 1861), 404–5, 406–7, 408, 527n94, 527nn96–97 Judiciary Act (United States, 1789) circuit courts created by, 197–98 federal courts created by, 195, 197 and Marbury v Madison, 211, 214–15 Section 11, 369 Section 13, 214–16, 219 Section 25, 233–34, 242, 362, 363–66, 407, 409–10 on Supreme Court justices’ duties, 198 Judiciary Act (United States, 1801) passage of, 205 repeal of, 206, 207–10 justices of the peace, 48–49 Kansas, 329 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 328–30, 366, 519n63 Kent, James as chancellor of New York equity courts, 288 Columbia lectures by, 287 Commentaries on American Law, 237, 284 on state regulation of interstate commerce, 237 Kentucky admission as a state, 241 Civil War neutrality of, 397 habeas corpus suspended in, 448 martial law in, 441 secession rejected by, 392 statute on vessels transporting slaves out of state, 361, 518n51 uncertainty of land titles in during early nineteenth century, 241–42 Union and Confederate occupation of, 397 Virginia’s compact with, 241–42, 409 Key, Francis Scott, 516n8 Key West (Florida), 436, 531n36 King Philip’s War (1675–1676), 40–41, 489n37 King’s Bench courts in England, 42, 135, 339 Knowles, John, 339 Know-Nothings, 329, 372 laborers bound, 80, 90, 494n52 (see also indentured servants) categories of in early America, 94 daily or seasonal, 62, 64, 96 demand for in early America, 70 dependent status of, 99 obligations of, 93–94, 95–96 slaves as, 71, 75–76 (see also slavery) types of, 94 (see also apprentices) upward mobility of, 78, 97 labor-relations law and agricultural householding , 93–102, 494nn49–50, 494n53, 494–95n56 Lafayette, Marquis de, 501n4 Laird, John, 209 Land-Grant College Act (1862), 480 land use/ownership and adverse possession, 51 in agricultural householding , 57–58, 60, 68–69, 76–77, 79–81, 83 colonial, 10–11, 28–36, 43–44, 53–54 colonial vs English system of, 51–52, 89–92 communal, 33, 90 courts used to settle title disputes, 90 and creditors/debts, 88–89 via dowers’ rights, 69, 87, 92 via eminent domain, 242, 262 and entail, 69, 87–88, 90 and equity of redemption, 89 Ind e x fee simple, 33, 36, 86–87 fee tail, 86–87 freehold, 33, 63–64, 68–69, 80–81, 87–88, 92–93 via grants, 33, 36, 83–84, 90 and Hudson-Mohawk feudal system, 90–91, 103 legal doctrines for distributing land among agricultural households, 85–88 life estates, 86, 493–94n41 North America as “discovered” territory, 83 and partible inheritance, 51 and primogeniture, 50–51, 69, 87, 90 quitrent system, 50, 90–91, 117 recording system for titles, 51–52, 80–81, 84–86, 105, 485n2 and settlements/trust agreements, 87–88 and socioeconomic status, 85–86, 88–89 and speculation, 51–52, 53, 84–85, 92–93 squatting , 51 surveying/bounding the land, 84–85 via treaties, 34–36 usufruct rights, 30 via warrants, 60, 90, 155, 458 of wilderness land, 84–85 by women, 69, 86–87, 91–92, 493–94n41 See also public lands Latimer, George, 516n16 law adherence to the rule of law, 4–5, 484 Americanization of, 489–90n45 conceptions of, 3–5, 485n2 as culturally special in America, internalist perspective on, 8–9 maritime, 232 of nations, 232, 296 natural, 135, 229, 296, 297, 342–44 vs natural justice, positive, 5, 340, 342–44, 380 private vs public, 15 treaties as, 36 See also common law; martial law law schools decline in, 283, 287 proprietary, 282, 283, 285 vs self-study, 284–86 university-affiliated, 282–83, 286–87 lawyers, in colonial America, 36, 46–47 Leavitt, Hugh H., 454–55, 456 Lee, Richard Henry, 141, 147–48, 149, 150, 497n26 Lee, Robert E., 396, 416–23, 455, 469, 474 legal profession apprentices, 281–82, 283, 285–86 bar eligibility/preparation, 283–84, 285–86 eligibility to practice before state courts, 286 553 entrepreneurship in, 246–48, 281–91 general practice and specialist tendencies of lawyers (1800–1850), 279–80 learning law as part of a general classical education, 280–81 legal argumentation by lawyers (after 1850), 280 legal education, 281–83 (see also law schools) requirements for, in colonial period, 46–47 in early nineteenth century, 281–82 treatises/handbooks for self-study, 281, 284–86 undergraduate law courses, 282 women’s admission to state bars, 510n61 Legal Tender Act (1862), 432, 480, 481 Lewis and Clark expedition, 253 Lewis v United States, 502n25 libel, criminal, 230 liberty basic components of, 186 Declaration of Independence on, 149 and land distribution, 90, 494n42 liberty laws, 326, 335, 357–58, 392 vs property rights, 346, 356, 380, 384 in secessionist rhetoric, 386–88, 522n11, 522–23n15 Liberty Party, 314, 316 Life and Times of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 512n6 Lincoln, Abraham, 514n36, 523n15 antislavery stance of, 333 assassination of, 422–23, 470 on circuit court reorganization, 427–28 on colonization of freed slaves, 529n130 on Confederate states’ reentry into the Union, 423 criticism of, 474–75 on Dred Scott v Sandford, 378–79, 521–22n108 Emancipation Proclamation, 418, 439 on federal property in seceded states, 393–95 Gettysburg address by, 382 habeas corpus suspensions by, 396–97, 432, 443–52, 454–55, 473, 533n85, 533n90 inaugural address by, 393–94 on railroad track gauge, 537–38n209 reelection of, 421, 432 role of in Ex parte Merryman, 444–46, 448, 449–52, 454 on slavery and the war effort, 417–18 on slaves transported by steamboat, 518n51 southern ports blockaded by, 14–15, 382, 414, 426, 432, 435–36 (see also The Prize Cases) strategy regarding Forts Sumter and Pickens, 395 554 Inde x Lincoln, Abraham (continued) Supreme Court appointments by, 426, 428–29, 431–33, 440–41, 478, 532n52 and the Suspension Clause, 448, 450, 516n14 on arrest of Clement Vallandigham, 455–56 war-related initiatives by, 445–47 Litchfield Law School (Connecticut), 282–83 livery of seisin, 81 Livingston, Brockholst, 231, 232, 238 Livingston, Robert R., 148 Livingston v Van Ingen, 237–38 Locke, John, 75 Long Island tribes, role in 1651 dispute, 37–39 Lord, Daniel, 531n38 lotteries, national, 233–34 Louisbourg (Nova Scotia), 45 Louisiana cotton growing in, 251, 258 Emancipation Proclamation exemption for portions of, 418 French law in, 54 French migration from Nova Scotia to, 489n44 law/equity distinction in, 404 secession of, 330, 385 shareholder liability in, 509n42 Louisiana Purchase (1803) Amerindian displacement from, 250, 272 public lands from, 13, 92, 246 and slavery, 328, 345 Texas claimed as part of, 316 and transportation, 235–36, 271, 328 treaties following , 248 U.S acquisition from France, 167, 272 Louisiana Territory under France, 167 Lewis and Clark expedition to, 253 slavery banned in portions of, 321–22 under Spain, 167, 174–75 states created from, 319 treaty ceding the territory, 376, 521n91 Louisville, Cincinnati & Charleston Railroad Co v Letson, 267 Lowell, John, 521n104 lumber, abundance in colonies, 58 luxury goods, importation to colonies, 59 Lynch, James D., 522–23n15 Madison, James in the American Colonization Society, 516n8 on Amerindians, 79 antislavery stance of, 320 on a bill of rights, 184 on congressional authority over trade regulation, 176 death of, 516n18 notes on the Philadelphia convention debates, 343, 344–45, 516n18 on transportation programs, 236 “The Vices of the Political System of the United States,” 178 See also Marbury v Madison Magrath, Andrew G., 526nn75–76 Maier, Pauline, 500n91 mail, censorship of during Civil War, 432, 445, 472, 473–74, 476 Maine admission as a state, 321–22 bar eligibility in, 286 Dred Scott v Sandford decision denounced by, 521n105 founding of, 61 Mainline canal, 256 male heads of households, social and economic status of in early America, 78 Manassas (Virginia), 415 mandamus, writ of, 212–16, 219 Manhattan Island, “sale” of, 34–35 Mansfield, Arabella, 510n61 Mansfield, William Murray, Lord, 116, 339–42, 346, 515n4 Marbury v Madison, 190, 207, 210–20, 228–29, 243 Marshall, John in the American Colonization Society, 516n8 on Amerindian tribes as domestic dependent nations, 13, 17, 53, 250, 520n75 in Bank of United States v Dandridge, 267 as chief justice, 13, 201, 224 on circuit riding , 208 in Cohens v Virginia, 227, 233–34, 243, 409, 506n96 on common-law crimes, 232 on the Constitution as enduring vs changeable, on the Contracts Clause, 229 on corporations’ legal status, 266–67 death of, 12, 193, 243 on emancipation of slaves, 320 on factionalism, 244 in Gibbons v Ogden, 238–40, 354, 507n104 goals as chief justice, 222–23, 227 on judicial veto on offending laws, 505n61 in Marbury v Madison, 210–17, 219–20, 228–29 opinions of the Court by, 224–25, 505n75 on state taxation of federal institutions, 236 in Sturges v Crowninshield, 227, 241, 486n9, 506n97 in Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 227, 240, 260–61, 264 in United States v Deveaux, 266–67 Marshall, Thomas ( John’s father), 85 Marshall, Thomas A (Kentucky judge), 362 Ind e x martial law, 441–43, 452–56, 472–73, 475–78, 537n195 Martin, Luther, 505n60 Martin v Hunter’s Lessee, 227, 233–34, 243, 409 Maryland, 487n24 Articles of Confederation ratified by, 171 Civil War neutrality of, 396 founding of, 61 habeas corpus suspended in, 396–97, 432, 443–47, 473 martial law in, 441 secessionists in, 396–97 secession rejected by, 392 slaves’ disposition as chattel property in, 301 slaves’ education in, 513n13 on the western lands policy, 171 Mason, George, IV, 73, 103 Mason, John (son of George, 73 Mason-Dixon line, 319, 330 Massachusetts bar eligibility in, 286 on Chisholm v Georgia, 204 Dred Scott v Sandford decision denounced by, 521n105 free blacks granted citizenship by, 375 Maine’s separation from, 321 shareholder liability in, 268–69 Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society, 306 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 26, 28, 36–37, 41, 48, 61, 487n24, 493n38 Massachusetts Committee of Correspondence (Boston), 121, 123–24, 137 Massachusetts Government Act (1774), 128, 140 Massachusett tribe, 27 master-servant relationship, 94, 95–98, 101 See also indentured servants Mayor’s Court (New York City), 43 McAllister, Matthew H., 429–30, 530n11 McClellan, George, 415–17, 420–21, 459 McCulloch v Maryland, 227, 235–37, 409, 506n97 McDowell, Irvin, 416 McKinley, John, 348, 350, 351, 355, 359 McLean, John, 519n66 in the Charles River Bridge case, 261 circuit of, 428 death of, 428 in Groves v Slaughter, 355 in Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 in Strader v Graham, 366 as a Supreme Court justice, 350, 351 See also Dred Scott v Sandford McPherson, James, 522n12, 524n37 Meade, George Gordon, 419–20, 422 measles, outbreaks of among Amerindian tribes, 27 555 Merryman, Ex parte, 444–46, 448, 449–52, 454 Metacomet (Wampanoag sachem; “King Philip”), 40–41 Mexican Cession, 248, 250, 272, 324–28, 330, 332, 345 Mexican War, 248, 272, 277, 317–18, 323–24, 333, 393, 459 Mexico, 22, 248 Miantonomi (Narragansett sachem), 20–21, 39–41 Michigan, 510n55 middle colonies, 103–4, 106 military service exemptions from, 463–68 habeas corpus suspensions for interfering with recruitment, 454–55, 459–60, 473 militia drafts, 459–60 and militias, 128, 160, 458–59, 535–36n163 and prohibition against standing armies, 468 substitution/commutation, 460–61, 463, 467 volunteers, 458–61, 467 See also Continental Army Militia Act (1862), 448 Miller, Samuel F., 426, 428–29, 479 Minnesota, 510n55 Mississippi constitutional ban on slave importation in, 353–55, 517n39 cotton growing in, 251, 258 secession of, 330, 385 slave population of, 517n39 Missouri admission as a slave state, 308, 321–22 Civil War neutrality of, 397 martial law in, 441 military detentions in during Civil War, 473 secession rejected by, 391–92, 397 slavery abolished in, 397 Missouri Compromise (1820) and the balance of slave and non-slave states, 332 and the Compromise of 1850, 328, 332–33 constitutionality of, 367, 368, 371–72, 374–76, 520n79, 521n104 creation of, 321–22, 327 Jefferson on, 322 repeal of, 331, 519n63 (see also Kansas-Nebraska Act) slavery prohibited by, 328–29, 331, 368 Missouri Territory, 319 Mohegan tribes, 37–40 Monitor (warship), 528–29n129 Monroe, James, 236, 254, 308, 516n8 Monroe Doctrine, 249–50 Montauk tribe, 20–21 Mooney, James, 27 Moore, Alfred, 201, 208 556 Inde x Morgan, Margaret, 357 Mormons, 333 Morris, Robert, 147, 173 mumps, outbreaks among Amerindian tribes, 27 Murray, Anna, 304, 306 Murray, William See Mansfield, William Murray, Lord Murray’s Lessee, 520n79 Murrin, John M., 489n45 My Bondage and My Freedom (Douglass), 512n6 Napoleonic wars, 251 Narragansett Bay, 21, 23, 27 Narragansett tribe, 20–21, 27, 39–40 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (Douglass), 295, 299–303, 306, 335, 512n6, 514n27 national banking system, creation of, 480 See also banks National Road, 253, 254, 274 natural law, 135, 229, 296, 297, 342–44 natural rights liberties founded on, 127 to liberty and property, 346, 356, 380 vs slavery, 149, 250–51, 296, 320, 332, 339, 379, 516n9 Navigation Acts (1651), 116 Nebraska Territory, 328, 329 Neely, Mark E., Jr., 537n195 Nelson, Samuel, 350, 351, 435–36, 437, 439 See also Dred Scott v Sandford Neosho government (Missouri) during Civil War, 397 New England agricultural householding , 102, 106 Newfoundland, 22, 43 New Hampshire, 488n24 bar eligibility in, 286 Constitution ratified by, 181 economic ties to Great Britain, 495n63 founding of, 61, 495n63 New Haven Colony, 37 New Jersey, 61, 487–88n24 New Jersey Plan, 179–80 New Mexico Territory, 327, 393 New Netherland See Delaware; New Jersey; New York New Orleans martial law in, 442 as a port, 163, 174 under Spain, 167 Union capture of, 415–16, 441 newspapers censorship of, 472–76, 536n180 elites’ use of in American colonies, 155–56 New York antislavery legislation in, 320 attorneys’s roles after Dutch rule of, 42 British acquisition from the Dutch, 43 protest against Chisholm v Georgia, 204 common law’s authority in, 117–18, 496n10 Constitution ratified by, 181 court reporting in, 288 Dred Scott v Sandford decision denounced by, 521n105 Duke’s Laws (Dutch civil law) in, 42, 46, 54 Erie Canal project, 255–56, 266 founding of, 42, 487n24 general incorporation statute of, 269 Hudson-Mohawk land system in, 90–91, 103 personal liberty law in, 306 position on independence, 148 purchase from Amerindians by the Dutch, 487n24 shareholder liability in, 268–69, 270, 509n42 steamboats in, 237–38, 240 Supreme Court and local courts established in, 42 wills in, 491n65 New York Anti-Slavery Society, 306 New York City abolitionists in, 306 draft riots in, 461 Dutch population of, 43 Erie Canal’s effect on, 255–56 population growth in, 256 as a port, 255–56 New York Evening Post, 217 New York Judiciary Act (1691), 42 New York University Law School, 282 Nicholas, Samuel, 362–63, 364 Nicoletti, Cynthia, 481, 538n218 Nicolls, Richard (author of Duke’s Laws code in colonial New York), 42 North Carolina, 487n24 Amerindians’ displacement from, 491n2 Constitution ratified by, 181 free blacks granted citizenship by, 375 lands ceded by, 241 martial law in, 442 secession of, 396 secession rejected by, 392 slavery in, 75 Northwest Ordinance (1787–1850), 14, 171–72, 277, 319–20, 326, 361–66, 518n45, 518n53 northwest passage, 22 Northwest Territory creation of, 172, 246, 276, 277, 361 role in Strader v Graham, 364–66 slavery abolished in, 251–52, 258, 361, 363, 365 Nova Scotia, 43, 44–45, 489n44 nullification of tariffs, 309, 310, 311–12, 409 Ind e x objectivity, O’Connor, Charles, role in Jefferson Davis’s treason trial, 471 Offutt, William M., Jr., 490n56 Ogden, Aaron, 238 Ohio, 241, 362, 510n55 Ohio River, 44, 262 Ohio Valley, 44, 45, 59–60 See also Seven Years’ War Oliver, Andrew, 122–23 Ordnance Bureau (Confederacy), 468 Oregon Territory, 248, 250, 272, 316, 319, 323, 332 Osborn v Bank of the United States, 506–7n101 Owenites, 333 oxen, importation by colonial settlers, 34 Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 480, 537n209 Paine, Thomas: Common Sense, 141, 144, 498n70 Pakenham, Richard, 315 pamphleteers indictments/convictions of during John Adams administration, 206–7 role in independence and republican government, 114–15, 118, 120–22, 125–26, 136–37, 146, 155–56 (see also Common Sense) panic of 1819, 319 panic of 1837, 312, 331 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 45, 54, 167, 491n1 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 167–68, 173–74, 199, 201, 203, 276, 491n1 The Parkhill, 435, 531n34 Parliament colonial opposition to, 113–15, 133–34, 137–38, 496n4 House of Commons, 115, 118, 119, 134 sovereignty over the colonies, 115–17, 119, 122, 125, 128–29 tightening measures by (1760s and 1770s), 105–7, 113, 118, 121–24, 127, 130–36, 145–46, 155–59, 186–87 (see also specific legislation) Parliamentary Act (1707), 489n42 partible inheritance, 51 The Passenger Cases, 521n97 Paterson, William, 201, 202, 209, 230, 231 patriarchy, as organizing ethos of agricultural households, 78, 89, 92 Pearson, Richmond, and legislation abolishing substitution in Confederate military service, 463 Penn, William, 61–62, 487n24 Pennsylvania assistance law in (1826), 359 on Chisholm v Georgia, 204 founding of, 487n24 557 franchise charters in, 265 liberty law in (1847), 326, 357–58 martial law in, 441 migrations of settlers to, 62 position on independence, 148, 499n86 religious/ethnic tolerance in, 62 Pennsylvania Railroad, 257 Pequot tribe, 39 Perfectionists, 333 personal liberty laws, role in treatment of fugitive slaves, 335 Peters, Richard, Jr., 288, 289, 505n72, 521n98 Philadelphia, emergence as largest city in colonies, 62 Philadelphia convention (1787) Committee on Detail, 181 on federal courts, 195–96 on judicial veto of legislation, 218, 505nn 60–61 Madison’s notes on debates of, 343, 344–45, 516n18 New Jersey Plan, 179–80 on proportional representation, 180, 182–83 on salaries of Senators and Representatives, 183 Senate created by, 180 on state sovereignty, 389 Virginia Plan/goals of, 176–77, 178–80 Phillips, Wendell, 343, 516n16 pidgin languages, role in settler/tribal communication in colonial America, 19 Pierce, Franklin, 329, 366–67, 378–79 pigs, as particular problem for colonial Amerindian tribes, 29, 30, 34 Pike (steamboat), 360–61 See also Strader v Graham Pilgrims, 26 Pillow, Gideon, 324–25 Pitt, William, 119–20 Pizarro, Francisco, 22 plantations colonial, 25–26, 50 cotton, 251–52, 258, 331 large vs small, 72–73, 103 and overseas trade, 106 owners’s use of legal training , 47 and the Privy Council, 81–82 slave labor on, 11, 14, 73–76, 100, 102–3, 152, 251–52, 259, 278–79 sugar, on Barbados, 25, 75 tobacco, 61, 71–73, 102–3 See also agricultural householding “plea to land” action for settling title claims, 90 Plymouth Colony (Massachusetts), 26, 28, 32, 61, 487n24 558 Inde x Pokanoket (Wampanoag) tribe, 27, 40–41 political parties, Congress, and slavery, 292–337 abolitionism, 306, 314, 334 Antimasons, 309–10, 311, 312 antislavery vs proslavery ideology, 293–95, 306–7, 314–16, 318, 328–30, 332–33, 337, 512n6 Barnburners, 318 and the Civil War, 293–94 compromise arguments on slavery, 334 Constitutional Union Party, 330 Democrats, 309, 311–18, 323–24, 330, 333 economic consequences of slavery in western territories, 331–32 Free-Soilers, 318, 325 fugitive slaves, 295–96, 303, 305–6, 329, 335–37 (see also Douglass, Frederick; Fugitive Slave Acts) and immigration, 329, 331 experience with Indian slavery, 297–99 and the Kansas-Nebraska Act, 328–30, 519n63 Know-Nothings, 329, 372 Liberty Party, 314, 316 and the Missouri Compromise, 321–22, 327–29, 331, 332–33, 364, 515n54, 519n59 moral and religious arguments against slavery, 333–34, 336 proslavery arguments by southerners, 334 Republican factionalism, 307–10, 316 second party system, 316–17 sectionalism, 293–95, 307–8, 317–25, 328–30, 333 slaveholding vs nonslaveholding states, balance of, 14, 320–23, 325, 328 slavery banned in federal territories by Congress, 14, 325 slavery’s expected demise, 13, 236, 250–51, 295, 320, 330, 332, 341, 380 slavery’s sectional politics, 320–23, 329–30, 332–33 and slavery vs natural rights, 149, 250–51, 296, 320, 332 and tariffs, 309, 310, 311–12, 317 and the Union’s dissolution, 330 voter recruitment by parties, 309, 312 and wage vs slave labor, 331–32 and westward expansion/development, 331 Whigs, 311–18, 323–24, 333–34 Wilmot Proviso, 324, 325, 328, 332–33 Young America movement, 318 Polk, James, 316, 318, 323–25, 350 Pontiac (Ottawa sachem), 45 popular sovereignty, 328, 329, 334 Portsmouth Livery Co v Watson, 509n39 positive law, 5, 340, 342–44, 380 postmillennial religion, 333–34 Powhatan, 488n25 praying Indians, 40–41 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 primogeniture, 50–51, 69, 87, 90 Princeton Law School, 282, 287 privateering , 141–42, 194–95, 199, 232, 499n74 private ordering, as “law,” 485n2 private property rights common law on, 86 and due process, 374 of English citizens, 187, 189 and conceptions of liberty, 346, 356, 380, 384 slaves as property, 375 Privy Council (London), 40, 49, 81–82, 107, 116, 491n63, 493n38 The Prize Cases, 14–15, 436–41, 531n38, 532n52 prize cases, generally, 194–95, 433, 435–36, 438 Proclamation Line (1763) defiance/lack of enforcement of, 55, 163, 271–72, 498n57 scope of effects on colonists, 107 settler-Amerindian peace via, 45, 60 Seven Years’ War ended via, 105 Treaty of Paris’s effect on, 167, 276 westward settlement hampered by, 60, 110, 155, 162 property rights See private property rights protection papers, 303, 305, 336, 514n21, 514n25 Protestantism, 25–26, 62, 461 Provost Marshals Bureau, as unit of Union government in Civil War, 460–61 public finance, 160, 164, 165, 170–71 public lands Amerindian displacement from, 14 disposition of, 276–78, 290–91 and entrepreneurship, 246, 276–77 from the Louisiana Purchase, 13, 92, 246 settlement and population growth on, 276–77 squatters on, 277 vs state-held acreage (1850), 276 states created out of, 276, 277, 510n55 transportation and availability of, 275 Treasury revenue from, 276, 277 and vested property rights, 229 Pulton, Ferdinando: Sundry Statutes, 488n31 Quakers, 61, 62 Quartering Act (1765), 111 Quebec Act (1774), 162–63 Quincy, Josiah, 126 quitclaim deeds, 85, 107 quitrents, 50, 90–91, 117 railroads east-west flow of, 258 financing of, 257 Ind e x fugitive slaves’ use of, 304, 514n25 growth of, 256, 272 improvements to, 275 population growth stimulated by, 257 staple crops shipped from Midwest to eastern markets via, 14 state-subsidized, 274 steam locomotives, 256 transcontinental, 328, 480 uniform track gauge for, 537–38n209 Randolph, Edmund, 179, 200, 203 Randolph, George, 463 Randolph, Peyton, 138 real property law and agricultural householding , 80–81, 86–93, 105, 493–94n41 reattachment doctrine in fugitive slave cases, 340, 353, 363, 369–70, 519n56 See also The Slave Grace recession (1818), 235 Reconstruction, 483–84 Reeve, Tapping , 282 Regency organization (New York), 312 religion, civil strife associated with, 25–26 Reporter for the Supreme Court, 288–89, 349, 505n72 Reports (Howard), 366, 377–78 republican government, role in framing period, 158–92 and Amerindian displacement, 163, 165 Annapolis convention (1786), 176 congressional decision-making/delegating , 160–61, 501n2 in Congress and state governments, 159, 161 and creating/supporting military forces, 158–59, 160 and the post-Revolution crisis in governance, 165 and equality, 189–90 and factionalism, 175, 177–78, 188–89 and federalism, 188–89 and foreign relations, 162, 163, 165, 173 and foreign trade, 173, 501n10 and governance during the war, 168–75, 501n6, 501–2nn10–11 and government’s relationship to citizens, 166 and liberty, basic components of, 186 and public finance, 160, 164, 165, 170–71 and separation of powers, 188–89 and sovereignty, 162, 164, 165, 179, 187–89 and state assemblies, 187 and state constitutions, 177–78, 182–84, 187 and war preparations, 158 and western lands policy, 162–65, 169, 171–72 See also Articles of Confederation; Constitution of the United States; 559 Continental Congress, Second; Philadelphia convention; Revolutionary War Republicans and John Adams, 205–07 and the Alien and Sedition Act, 206–07 antislavery stance of in antebellum years, 330, 372, 385, 393 Democratic-Republicans in 1820s and 1830s, 307–08 relationship to Federalists In framing period, 208, 210, 229, 230–31, 307 on the Judiciary Act (1801), 208 as a major party after 1860, 479 National Republicans in 1820s and 1830s, 307–08, 309–10, 311, 312 revenge killings involving Amerindians, treatment by colonial courts, 41 Revere, Paul, 128 revisionist history, Revolutionary War America’s European allies in, 165, 166–67, 501n4 British failures in, 165, 166 British vs American motivations for, 167–68 Congress’s slow decision-making during , 160–61 end of/peace negotiations, 166–68, 491n1 habeas corpus suspended during , 532n57 internal dimensions of, 166 privateering during , 194 as a revolt by English subjects, 21 taxation’s role in, 45 as unexpected triumph for Americans, 165 Rhode Island, 181 Rhode Island colony, 21, 36–37, 49–50, 61, 82, 487n24, 493n38 rice, role as staple crop in coastal south, 70, 75, 250 Richmond (Virginia), 417, 422–23, 529n129 rivers cities established near, 274–75 east-west, 253, 255 transportation via, 238, 254–55 roads across mountain ranges, 253 conditions, 253 federally sponsored, constitutionality of, 235–36, 253, 254 long-distance transportation via, 238 National Road, 253, 254, 274 turnpikes, 253–55, 257, 260–63, 271, 273–74, 277 relationship to westward movement, 237, 253 Ruggles, David, 305, 306 rule of law, 4–5, 484 runaway slaves See fugitive slaves Rutledge, John, 127, 200–201, 503n17 560 Inde x Sacks, Albert, 485n2 Sanford, John, 369–70, 519n64 See also Dred Scott v Sandford Sassamon, John, 40–41 Savannah, Union occupation of, 421 Schofield, John M., 475 Scott, Dred, 369 See also Dred Scott v Sandford Scott, William (Lord Stowell), 340–41 Scott, Winfield, 313, 324–25, 443 seamen’s protection papers, role in slave escapes, 305 Second Bank of the United States, 263, 310–11 sectional tensions and sectionalism, 293–95, 307–8, 317–25, 328–30, 333 See also under Civil War, setting the stage for Seminoles, displacement of, 491nn1–2 Sentinel (Indianapolis), 474 Seventh Day Adventists, 333 Seven Years’ War (1754–1763), 44–45, 58–60, 105–6, 155 See also Parliament, tightening measures by Seward, William, 378–79, 394–95, 423, 475, 521–22n108 Seymour, Horatio, 455, 475 Shakers, 333 Shaw, William, 288 sheep, as imported to colonial America, 29, 30 Shenandoah Valley (Virginia and West Virginia), 421 Sheridan, Philip, 421–22, 432 Sherman, Roger, 148, 497n26 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 418–22, 432, 457, 534n125 Slaughter, Robert, 353–55, 517n28 The Slave Grace, 339–41, 342–43, 352–53 slavery Africans’ categorization as slaves, 74–75 bans on enslavement of whites in southern colonies with sizable slave populations, 494–95n56 citizenship status of African-American descendants of slaves, 369–70, 371, 373, 374–76, 521n104 costs of owning slaves, 103 cotton’s role in, 250–51, 258, 278–79 counting of slaves to determine state representatives, 320 decline/reinvigoration of, 250–52 distribution/population of slaves in the colonies, 75–76 education of slaves, 301, 513nn12–13 expected demise of, 13, 236, 250–51, 295, 320, 330, 332, 341, 380 international slave trade abolished by Congress, 300, 352–53, 512nn7–8, 517n37 legal status of slaves, 76, 100, 279, 300 master/slave relationship, 100–101, 346 moral arguments against, 336, 356 outlawed in the Northwest Territory, 251–52, 258 as a permanent, inheritable condition, 74, 101–02, 296 on plantations, 11, 14, 73–76, 100, 102–3, 152, 251–52, 259, 278–79 religious arguments against, 333–34, 356 slave labor for agricultural householding , 11, 70–76, 78–79, 100–103 in South Carolina, 75 southern states’ dependence on, 74–76, 258–60 ambiguous relationship to “states’ rights” in antebellum years, 336 in Virginia, 72–75, 102–03 voluntary manumission of slaves, 76 ways of becoming a slave, 100, 494–95n56 westward expansion of, 236 See also Civil War, setting the stage for; emancipation of slaves; fugitive slaves; political parties, Congress, and slavery slavery, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court, 338–81 antislavery thought’s stages, 346–47 antislavery vs proslavery ideology, 341–42, 345, 348 colonization (expatriation) of freed slaves, 341, 345–47, 516n8 comity principle on slavery, 363, 365 congressional ban on slavery in federal territories, 365 (see also under Northwest Territory) constitutional bases for preserving autonomy of slave states, 365 Constitution as an antislavery document, 344–45 Constitution as a proslavery document, 343–44 Constitution on slave trade, 339, 515n1 federal government’s constitutional power to affect slavery, 341, 344, 365, 516n9 fugitive slaves’ recapture, 351–60, 518n45, 519n56 gradualism, 345, 347, 516n8 Groves v Slaughter, 353–55, 517n28 human destiny, new perceptions of in antebellum years and slavery, 347 immediatism, 345–47 moderate antislavery arguments, 342 moderate proslavery arguments, 342 moral and religious arguments against slavery, 356 relationship to natural rights of liberty and property, 346, 356, 380 and the Northwest Ordinance, 361–66, Ind e x 518n45, 518n53 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 radical antislavery arguments, 342–44 radical proslavery arguments (justifications for slavery), 342, 343–44 reattachment of slave status, 340, 353, 363, 369–70, 519n56 (see also The Slave Grace) The Slave Grace, 339–41, 342–43, 352–53 slavery as a “necessary evil,” 341, 346 slavery as a product of positive law, 340, 342–43, 346, 380 slavery based on ancient custom, 340 slavery’s foundational status, as declared in Dred Scott, 381 slavery’s role in economy/social organization of the original states, 339, 379–80 slavery vs natural rights, 339, 379, 516n9 Somerset v Stewart, 339–42, 346, 515n4 Strader v Graham, 360–66, 369–71, 374, 518n46, 520n86 and the underground railroad, 356, 518n46 and the Union’s dissolution, 358, 379, 381 See also Dred Scott v Sandford slave trade African population in the West Indies, 71 Constitution on, 339, 515n1 in the District of Columbia, 327–28, 344 Dutch role in, 71 international, abolition of by U.S Congress (1807), 300, 352–53, 512nn7–8, 517n37 smallpox , 27 Smith, John, 20 Smith, Joseph H., 493n38 Somerset v Stewart, 339–42, 346, 515n4 Sons of Liberty, 114, 121–22, 131, 495n3 the South agricultural householding in, 102–03, 106 dependence on slavery, 74–76, 258–60 vs the North, cultures of, 258 See also Confederate States of America South Carolina, 487n24 Amerindians’ displacement from, 491n2 on Chisholm v Georgia, 204 on Confederate war taxes, 408 founding of, 75 martial law in, 442 on nullification of tariffs, 309, 310, 409 position on independence, 148 rice production in, 75 secession of, 330, 385, 394, 523n15 slavery in, 75 Southwest Ordinance (1790), 363 sovereignty compact theory of, 482–83 debates on locus of, 389–90 national vs state, 389–90 561 of Parliament over the colonies, 115–17, 119, 122, 125, 128–29 popular, 328, 329, 334 as resting in the people, 236, 389 role in American independence, overview of, 11–12, 109 Spain as litigant in The Amistad, 353 explorers/traders from, 21–22, 24 Louisiana Territory under, 167, 174–75 Mexican independence from, 248 New Orleans under, 167 revived interest in the New World, 249 St Lawrence River, 44–45, 489n44 Stamp Act (1765), 111–12, 114, 116–22, 156, 186–87, 495n3 Stamp Act Congress (New York, 1765), 111 Standing Committee for prize case appeals (1777), 194 Stanton, Edwin, 459, 533n86 state constitutions on amending corporate charters, 266 criticism/suspicion of, 177–78 actions following independence, 157, 187 individual rights protected by, 182–84 steamboats franchise monopoly pattern for, 238 Fulton’s, 237–38, 240 improvements to, 275 for long-distance voyages, 240 slaves transported on, 361, 518n51 The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson, 507n104 steam locomotives, 256 Stephens, Alexander, 385–86, 419, 457, 474, 536n166 Stevens, Thaddeus, 538n218 Stewart, Alvan, 344 Stewart, Charles, 339 See also Somerset v Stewart Stiles, Ezra, 282 Story, Joseph in The Amistad, 352, 353 antislavery stance of, 359 in the Charles River Bridge case, 261–62, 264–65 on collegiality among justices, 226–27 court reports subsidized by, 288 death of, 350 in Green v Biddle, 227, 241–42 in Groves v Slaughter, 355 on Harvard Law School faculty, 283, 286 on Hoffman’s Course of Legal Study, 284–85 on the justices’ deliberative process, 225–26 law commentaries by, 284 on legal education, 284–85 in Martin v Hunter’s Lessee, 227, 233–34, 243, 409 562 Inde x Story, Joseph (continued) opinions of the Court by, 505n75 in Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 in Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 227, 240, 260–61, 264–65 trust fund doctrine created by, 269–70 in United States v Coolidge, 227, 229–30, 232, 503n1, 506n93 Stowe, Harriet Beecher: Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 518n46 Stowell, William Scott, Lord, 340–41 Strader v Graham, 360–66, 369–71, 374, 518n46, 520n86 Stuart, James E B (“Jeb”), 396 Stuart vs Laird, 209–10 Sturges v Crowninshield, 227, 241, 486n9, 506n97 Suffolk Resolves ( Joseph Warren), 128, 131 Sugar Act (1764), 111, 119, 187 Sundry Statutes (Pulton), 488n31 Supreme Court (proposed; Confederacy), 402, 406–9, 410–13, 527n94 Supreme Court (Wisconsin), 410 Supreme Court (United States), 193–244 adjourned term/prolonged term sessions of, 517n25 admiralty cases, 200, 201, 232, 238, 507n104 on advisory opinions, 199 on the Amerindians’ legal status, 53 Amerindian tribes declared domestic dependent nations by, 13, 17, 53, 250, 520n75 case load of, growth of, 225 certificate-of-division practice by, 221–22, 527n96 in Chisholm v Georgia, 203–5 circuit court reorganization, 427–28, 478 and circuit courts, 197–99, 201 circuit riding by justices, 198–99, 201, 205, 208–9, 348–49, 428, 430, 517n25 circuit riding by justices in secession/border states, 427 collegiality among justices, 226–27, 244 on the common law of crimes, 230, 232, 503n1, 506n93 (see also common law, of crimes; and specific cases) on the Confederacy, 398–99 congressional limitations on jurisdiction of, 201, 205 as constitutional authority/interpreter, 12, 190–91, 193–94, 217–19, 228, 233 Court-packing hypotheses on Prize Cases, 440–41 creation of, 12, 190–91, 193, 197 criminal cases heard by, 527n96 detachment from politics, 220, 228–29, 243 on direct vs indirect taxes, 202 diversity cases, 200, 201, 220–21 evolution into a major force, 193, 228, 243–44 and executive nullification of judicial decisions, 451 expanding docket/role of, 220–21, 222, 226 February term of, 1803-1827, 225 on federal and state powers, 198, 234–35 and “great cases,” 368 on Hayburn’s Case, 199–200 insignificance of (early years), 199–200, 201, 205, 220 Jackson’s appointments to, 261, 348, 350 judicial review by, 189–91, 202, 216–19, 244, 409–10 (see also Marbury v Madison) jurisdiction of, 242–43 Lincoln’s transformation of, 426–33, 478–79 in Marbury v Madison, 190, 207, 210–20, 228–29, 243 Marshall’s influence on, 223–24, 243 and parochialism, 197 post-Civil War composition of, 426, 478 pro-Union, antislavery makeup of during Lincoln administration, 429–30 reporting of cases, 49, 287–90, 349, 366, 377–78, 505n72 silent acquiescence of dissenting justices, 225, 226–27, 348–49, 366 size of, 431, 530nn14–15 stability of justices (1811–1823), 348 summer term abolished, 208, 225, 504n38 turnover of justices (in early years and under Taney), 200–201, 205, 350–51, 364 and vested rights, 202–3, 210–11, 216–17, 229, 243–44 Washington living arrangements of justices, 225–27, 244, 348–49 workload increase under Taney, 517n25 See also slavery, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court; and specific decisions Swayne, Noah H., 428, 479 Swisher, Carl B., 440, 530n14 Tallmadge, James, 319–22 Taney, Roger in the Charles River Bridge case, 261–62 as chief justice, 292, 348–49 his circuit riding suspended during the war, 427 on the citizenship of Amerindians, 520n75 compared to fellow justices during his tenure, 350–51 death of, 432 in Ex parte Merryman, 444–46, 448, 449–52, 454 in Groves v Slaughter, 355 ill health of, 429, 431, 432 Ind e x in Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 on secession and war-related issues, 432–33, 531n28, 536n165 in The Slave Grace, 339–41, 342–43, 352–53 southern sympathies of, 433 in Strader v Graham, 360–66, 369–71, 374, 518n46, 520n86 on the threat to southern states by political developments, 372–73 Treasury secretary appointment blocked, 311 See also Dred Scott v Sandford Tappan, Arthur and Lewis, 306 Tappan, Benjamin, 315 tariffs, 309, 310, 311–12, 317 taxes and agricultural householding , 65–66, 70, 107 collected by states, 170–71 as revenue source for the Revolutionary War, 160 and idea of taxation without representation, 118–21, 123, 125, 129–30, 134, 156, 186–87 on income, in Civil War Congress, 480 taxation of federal institutions by states, 236–37 Taylor, Zachary, 317–18, 325–27, 519n59 Tea Act (1773), 112–14, 123 telegraphs, 430, 472, 473–74 tenant farmers, 63–64, 68, 76, 90–91, 93 Tennessee admission as a state, 241 cotton growing in, 258 Emancipation Proclamation exemption for, 418 martial law in, 441, 442 secession of, 396 secession rejected by, 392 Texas American annexation of/independence from Mexico, 248, 272, 277, 314–16, 323 cotton growing in, 251, 258 law/equity distinction in, 404 martial law in, 442 secession of, 330, 385, 386 slavery in, 315 textile production, 247, 251 Thomas, Jesse, and Missouri Compromise, 321 Thompson, Smith, 350, 355, 359 Times (Chicago), 474, 476 Tippecanoe, battle of (1811), 311 tobacco emergence as a commodity in colonial America, 26 labor force needed for production of, 70–71 soil exhaustion by, 250 in Virginia, 61, 71–72, 102–03 563 Tocqueville, Alexis de, 220 Todd, Thomas, 231, 232, 505n75 toll roads See turnpikes Townshend Acts (1767), 111–12, 114, 121, 122 trading outposts, 21, 23–24, 25, 44–45, 59 transportation, 13–14, 252–71 and availability of western public lands, 275 constitutionality of congressionally mandated programs, 236, 253, 254 currency/credit issues in financing of, 262–63 east-west flow of, 257–58 and eminent domain, 254, 257, 262, 274 franchise law regarding , 245, 260–71, 274–75 and industrialization, 257 and the Louisiana Purchase, 235–36, 271, 328 overview of revolution in, 252–53, 257, 275 population growth affected by, 255, 256, 257, 265, 270–71 relationship to growth of commercial and residential centers, 271 state-subsidized projects, 273–74 turnpikes, 253–55, 257, 260–63, 271, 273–74, 277 by water vs roads, 254–55 See also canals; railroads; roads; steamboats; waterways A Treatise on the Law of Private Corporations Aggregate (Angell and Ames), 509n40 trespass, as action to try land titles, 90 Tribune (New York), 376–77, 519n66, 520n68, 536n180 Trist, Nicholas, 324–25 Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 227, 240, 260–61, 264 Tulane University School of Law, 282 turnpikes, 253–55, 257, 260–63, 271, 273–74, 277 Tyler, John, 313–16, 350, 393 Uncas (Mohegan sachem), 37–41, 488–89n35 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 518n46 underground railroad, 356, 518n46 Underwood, John C., 471 Union, dissolution of See political parties, Congress, and slavery; slavery, the Constitution, and the Supreme Court United Colonies of New England, 39–40 United States continental boundaries of, 276 emergence as a sovereign nation, 56 foreign relations of during early nineteenth century, 249–50 United States Bank of Pennsylvania, 263 United States Post Office, 256 United States Reports, 223, 505n72 United States v Coolidge, 227, 229–30, 232, 503n1, 506n93 564 Inde x United States v Deveaux, 266–67 United States v The Garonne, 352 United States v Hudson and Goodwin, 227, 229–30, 231–32, 503n1 United States v Jefferson Davis, 470–71 United States v Miller, 502n25 United States v Morris, 517n37 United States v Smith, 231, 232 United States v The Tropic Wind, 435, 531n34 United States v The W.F Johnson, 435, 531n34 University of Maryland School of Law, 284, 286 University of North Carolina Law School, 282 University of Pennsylvania Law School, 282, 286 Utah Territory, 327 utopian communities, 333 Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 43 Vallandigham, Clement, 454–56, 472–74, 481 Van Buren, Martin, 311, 312, 314–16, 318, 333, 348, 350 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 470 Van Horne’s Lessee v Dorrance, 202–3, 504n26 Van Zandt, John, 431, 518n45 vested rights, 202–3, 210–11, 216–17, 229, 243–44 Vice-Admiralty Court, 48, 82, 110–11, 114, 121, 126 “The Vices of the Political System of the United States” (Madison), 178 Vicksburg campaign (Mississippi, 1863), 418–19, 420 Virginia African vs Indian slavery in, 298 on Chisholm v Georgia, 204 Constitution ratified by, 181 Emancipation Proclamation exemption for portions of, 418 importance to the Confederacy, 396 Kentucky’s compact with, 241–42, 409 lands ceded to federal government in 1780s, 241 legal apprenticeships in, 282 martial law in, 441–42 secession of, 396 secession rejected by, 391–92 Virginia (warship), 528–29n129 Virginia Argus, 217 Virginia Colony, 487n24 charter for, 487n24 codes of law in, 36, 48 expedition to, 26 free Africans in, 73–74 migrations of settlers to, 61 Privy Council appeals from courts of, 493n38 settler vs Amerindian population of, 28, 32 slavery in, 72–75, 102–3 tobacco plantations in, 61, 71–72, 102–03 See also Jamestown Virginia Company, 61, 487n24 Virginia Declaration of Rights, 184 Virginia Plan, 176, 178–80 Virginia Resolves (Patrick Henry), 118–19, 121 virtue, meaning of to framing generation of Americans, 145 Wampanoag (Pokanoket) tribe, 27, 40–41 wampum, as currency among Amerindian tribes, 23 Ware v Hylton, 201–02, 503n20 War of 1812, 232, 248–49, 251, 459, 491n1, 532n57 warranty deeds, 85, 107 Warren, Joseph: Suffolk Resolves, 128, 131 Washington, Bushrod, 201, 232, 242, 289, 351, 515n8 Washington, George as Continental Army’s commander in chief, 133, 139, 166 at the First Continental Congress, 497n26 on the Jay Treaty, 503n20 on privateering prize disputes, 194 on proportional representation, 182–83 requests Supreme Court opinion on French prize capture cases, 199 requests Supreme Court opinion on national assumption of state debts, 199 retires from politics, 307 in the Seven Years’ War, 155 as a surveyor, 85 Washington Federalist, 217 waterways east-west, 253, 255 vs high seas, 240 interstate commerce via, 238–39 jurisdiction of federal government over, 238, 507n104 See also canals; rivers; steamboats Wayne, James M circuit riding suspended during the war, 427 death of, 478 declared an alien enemy by Georgia, 438 in Groves v Slaughter, 355 in Prigg v Pennsylvania, 355–60 in The Prize Cases, 437 as a Supreme Court justice, 261, 350, 351 Union supported by, 429, 437 See also Dred Scott v Sandford Webster, Daniel, 280, 310–11, 313–14, 326, 333, 354, 516n8 Weld, Theodore, 344 Wells, Robert, 370–71, 373 Wentworth, John, governor of colonial New Hampshire, 495n63 West Virginia, 524n38 Ind e x whaling , 22 Whatley, Thomas, 122 “What the Supreme Court Decided in the Prize Causes” (Dana), 438–39 wheat, as staple crop in middle colonies and midwestern states, 62, 76, 259 Wheaton, Henry, 288–89, 505n72 Wheaton v Peters, 289–90, 505n72 Whigs, 311–18, 323–24, 333–34, 367, 372, 380 White, Hugh Lawson, 311–12 Whiting, William Henry Chase, 533n85 Wickberg, Daniel, 485nn4, William and Mary, College of, 282 Williams, Robert F., 536n176 Williams, Roger, 20, 21 wills, 51, 92, 491n65 Wilmot, David, 324 Wilmot Proviso, 324, 325, 328, 332–33 Wilson, James on the colonies as possessions of the Crown, 125 on common law crimes, 230, 232 death of, 201 on executive and legislative review of judicial decisions, 200 on judicial veto of legislation, 505n61 on reconciliation with Great Britain, 141 on sovereignty, 204 Winthrop v Lechmere, 491n63 Wirt, William, 280, 518n40 Wisconsin, 510n55 Wisconsin Territory, 368, 369 Witt, John, 509–10n49 women admission to state bars, 510n61 and coverture, 69, 86–87, 91–92, 99 land use/ownership by, 69, 86–87, 91–92, 493–94n41 legal status of, in practice, 91–92 widows’ dower rights, 69, 87, 92 Wood, Gordon, 499n86 Woodbury, Levi, 350, 351, 371, 518n45 World (New York), 474–75, 476 Wright, James, governor of colonial Georgia, 495n63 Wythe, George, 141 Yale College, 287 Yale Law School, 282 Yale University, 282 Yancey, William L., 411–12, 413 Yates, Abraham, 501–02n11 Yates, Robert, 505n60 York, Duke of, 42, 61, 91 Young America movement, 318 565 .. .Law in American History, Volume This page intentionally left blank Law in American History, Volume From the Colonial Years Through the Civil War G E D WA R D W H I T... conscription in the war; and the status of freedom of speech and the press in the wartime years The chapters conclude by suggesting that with the defeat of the Confederacy in the war, the abolition... Colonial Years 16 Law and the Conditions of Agricultural Household Life, 17 50 18 00 56 Law and the Founding of the American Republic I: Toward Independence and Republican Government 10 9 Law and the