Not written in stone learning and unlearning american history through 200 years of textbooks

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I n this compelling and utterly fresh look at American history, historian Kyle Ward shows how U.S textbooks from different eras over the past two hundred years have described the same historical events in completely different ways An adaptation of his acclaimed History in the Making, Not Written in Stone gives us an abridged and annotated version specifically designed for classroom use PRAISE FOR HISTORY IN THE MAKING “For this fascinating history of history [Ward] examined scores of textbooks published between 1794 and 1999 uncovering startling discrepancies in writers’ versions of everything from slavery to Vietnam.” —Publishers Weekly “This thought-provoking study is ideal for history buffs and the general public; for public libraries and teachers’ college collections.” —Library Journal “[Ward] convincingly illustrates how [U.S history] texts change as social and political attitudes evolve.” —Booklist Kyle Ward is Director of Social Studies Education at St Cloud State University in Minnesota Over the past twenty years, he has worked as both a high school social studies teacher and a professor of history and social studies methods at the university level The co-author (with Dana Lindaman) of History Lessons and the author of In the Shadow of Glory, History in the Making, and The Pacific War and History Textbooks, he lives in Sartell, Minnesota NOT WRITTEN IN STONE Included are many of the greatest hits of U.S history, from accounts of Columbus’s first voyage and the Salem witch trials to the Boston Massacre, experiences of African American soldiers during the Civil War, and the Philippine American War Each chapter includes a short introduction and discussion questions, along with excerpts from U.S textbooks that span the life of the nation When juxtaposed, these excerpts reveal the shifting biases, politics, and cultural preferences both in our understanding of our own history and in what we teach our children about the past Not Written in Stone is a provocative and deeply engaging new teaching tool, destined to become an essential touchstone of classroom teaching about the American past KYLE WARD HISTORY $22.50 U.S KYLE WARD LEARNING AND UNLEARNING AMERICAN HISTORY THROUGH 200 YEARS OF TEXTBOOKS www.thenewpress.com Cover design by Cindy Rodriguez/Clementine Branding NOT WRITTEN IN STONE THE NEW PRESS not written in stone Also by Kyle WArd History in the Making: An Absorbing Look at How American History Has Changed in the Telling over the Last 200 Years History Lessons: How Textbooks from Around the World Portray U.S History (with dana lindaman) In the Shadow of Glory: The Thirteenth Minnesota in the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars, 1898–1899 The Pacific War and History Textbooks: How Historians, Educational Research and Government Policies Have Influenced What Students Have Read and Learned About This Event not written Learning and Unlearning American History Through 200 Years of Textbooks in stone wr Kyle Ward © 2010 by Kyle Ward All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form, without written permission from the publisher requests for permission to reproduce selections from this book should be mailed to: Permissions department, The New Press, 38 Greene street, New york, Ny 10013 Published in the United states by The New Press, New york, 2010 distributed by Perseus distribution librAry of coNGress cATAloGiNG-iN-PUblicATioN dATA Ward, Kyle roy, 1969– Not written in stone : learning and unlearning American history through 200 years of textbooks / Kyle Ward p cm includes bibliographical references and index isbN 978-1-59558-144-0 (pbk : alk paper) United states—History—Textbooks United states—History—Textbooks— evaluation United states—Historiography i Title e175.85.W373 2010 973—dc22 2009052770 The New Press was established in 1990 as a not-for-profit alternative to the large, commercial publishing houses currently dominating the book publishing industry The New Press operates in the public interest rather than for private gain, and is committed to publishing, in innovative ways, works of educational, cultural, and community value that are often deemed insufficiently profitable www.thenewpress.com Composition by dix! This book was set in Minister Light Printed in the United states of America 10 To Annika and Grace—with all my love contents Acknowledgments A Note for Teachers A Note on U.s History Textbooks xi xiii xvii Pa r t I Discovery and Colonization images of Native Americans columbus’s first Voyage Pocahontas and captain John smith Anne Hutchinson The Pequot War The salem Witch Trials 24 39 53 57 68 Pa r t I I The American Revolution 10 11 The boston Massacre lexington and concord The battle of Trenton George rogers clark Women in the American revolution 77 86 98 105 111 270 index The American Adventure (bailey et al.) on barbary Pirates, 133–134 on battle of lexington and concord, 94–95 on battle of the Alamo, 170 on George rogers clark, 108–109 on immigration, 243–244 on Monroe doctrine, 162–163 The American Nation (davidson and batchelor) on Anne Hutchinson, 55–56 on barbary Pirates, 134–135 on Mormons, 189–190 on Pequot War, 66 on Tecumseh, 153–154 The American Nation (davidson and stoff) on African American soldiers, 210–211 The American Nation (Tryon) on African Americans during reconstruction, 217–219 on shays’ rebellion, 127 on slavery, 203–205 on women in American revolution, 117–118 American railway Union, 231 American revolution See also specific leaders battle of lexington and concord, 86–96 battle of Trenton, 98–103 boston Massacre, 77–84 womens’ roles, 111–120 America’s Progress in Civilization (freeland and Adams) on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on battle of lexington and concord, 93–94 on McKinley’s assassination, 249 on Monroe doctrine, 161–162 on Native Americans, 17–20 on Philippine-American War, 253 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50 on women in American revolution, 118–119 America Will Be (Armento et al.) on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 Anderson, John J on African Americans during reconstruction, 213–214 on battle of the Alamo, 165 on boston Massacre, 79–80 on dred scott, 196 on George rogers clark, 105–106 on Mexican-American War, 178–179 on Monroe doctrine, 159 on Pequot War, 62–63 on salem witch trials, 68–69 on shays’ rebellion, 126–127 on slavery, 200–201 on Tecumseh, 148–149 animism, 18 Aristotle, on sphericity of earth, 31–32 Armento, beverly J on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 Army, U.s Wounded Knee Massacre and, 233–235 Arthur, chester A., 240 Articles of confederation, 125–128 Attucks, crispus, 81, 84 bache, sarah franklin, 119 badgers, 144 bailey, Kenneth on barbary Pirates, 133–134 on battle of lexington and concord, 94–95 on battle of the Alamo, 170 on George rogers clark, 108–109 on immigration, 243–244 on Monroe doctrine, 162–163 barbary Pirates, 130–135 batchelor, John e on Anne Hutchinson, 55–56 on barbary Pirates, 134–135 on Mormons, 189–190 on Pequot War, 66 on Tecumseh, 153–154 index battle of the Alamo, 165–171 casualties, 166, 168, 169, 171, 172 famous battle cry, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172 leaders of, 165–167, 168 battle of coleto, 172 battle of lexington and concord, 86–96 attack on militia, 86–87, 88, 90, 94 casualties, 87, 88, 90, 93, 95, 96 escape of Adams and Hancock, 92–94 first shot, 93, 95 minutemen response, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96 number of minutemen, 93, 94 revere’s ride, 85, 90–91, 92, 94, 95, 96 battle of Monmouth, 112 battle of Palo Alto, 179 battle of resaca de la Palma, 179 battle of san Jacinto, 166, 168 battle of Tippecanoe, 146–154 battle of Trenton, 98–103 capture of Hessian soldiers, 99, 100–101, 102 casualties, 99, 101, 102 Washington’s leadership, 98–103 battle of Vincennes, 105–109 benton, elbert Jay on African Americans during reconstruction, 214 on battle of Trenton, 100–101 on George rogers clark, 107–108 on Mormons, 187–188 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 49 berdt reed, esther de, 119 berkman, Alexander, 231 bessemer, Henry, 229 bible beliefs on slavery in, 204 beliefs on witchcraft in, 71 Native American religion vs., bigault, Peter (father), 107 black codes, 218 “The book of Mormon,” 187, 188 boston Massacre, 77–84 british troops and, 77–84 children and events surrounding, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 84 271 repeal of Townshend taxes, 82–83 taxation protest and, 79–80, 81–82 bourne, Henry eldridge on African Americans during reconstruction, 214 on battle of Trenton, 100–101 on George rogers clark, 107–108 on Mormons, 187–188 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 49 bowie, James, 166, 167, 170 boycotts of british goods, 118, 119 of tea, 84, 116–117, 118 brooke, elizabeth on barbary Pirates, 133–134 on battle of lexington and concord, 94–95 on battle of the Alamo, 170 on George rogers clark, 108–109 on immigration, 243–244 on Monroe doctrine, 162–163 brown, John, 195 bruce, blanche K., 222, 224 bryan, William Jennings, 249 buchanan, James, 187 buell, Matthew, 91 buggey, JoAnne on A Hutchinson, 55 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 231 on dred scott, 198 on Mexican-American War, 183–184 on Native Americans, 20–21 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50 on salem witch trials, 71 on slavery, 205–206 Building Our America (Moore et al.) on George rogers clark, 108 on Mexican-American War, 182 on Pequot War, 65 on sacagawea, 140–142 on Trail of Tears, 173–174 california attempts to purchase from Mexico, 181, 183 chinese immigrants in, 239, 245–246 Native American tribes in., 17, 18 canning, George, 161 carnegie, Andrew, 229–231, 232 272 index carnegie steel company, 229–231 carpenter, Helen M on George rogers clark, 108 on Mexican-American War, 182 on Pequot War, 65 on sacagawea, 140–142 on Trail of Tears, 173–174 carpetbaggers, during reconstruction, 214, 215–216, 218–219, 220–224 cazekes See sachems central Pacific railroad, 245 Challenge of Freedom (laraus, Morris and sobel) on carnegie and Homestead strike, 231 on dred scott, 198–199 on slavery, 206–207 on Trail of Tears, 175 charbonneau, Toussaint, 140–141, 142 cherokee Nation, 20, 173–176 chiefs See specific Native American chiefs children of european immigrants, 238, 247 events surrounding boston Massacre and, 78–79, 80, 81, 82, 84 of Native Americans, 5, 11–12, 17, 19, 20, 21–22, 46 of slave owners, 203 of slaves, 204, 206 chinese exclusion Act (1882), 246 chinese immigrants, 237–240, 243, 245–246 christianity See also religion beliefs on slavery, 204 beliefs on witchcraft, 71 conversion efforts in Philippines, 251–252 freedom of religion and, 186–190 civil War, 195–211 See also reconstruction African American soldiers, 209–211 casualties, 211 dred scott decision and, 195–199 economic loss in south, 215 slavery and, 200–207 clark, George rogers as big Knife chief, 108 capture of fort Vincennes, 106, 107, 108, 109 Northwest Territory and, 105–109 clark, William, 137–144 clay, Henry, 175 cleveland, Grover, 231 coddington, William, 54 coffman, roman on discoveries of columbus, 31–33 colonization of America See also Monroe doctrine Anne Hutchinson and, 53–56 John smith and, 39–51 Pequot War and, 57–66 Pocahontas and, 39–51 salem witch trials and, 68–72 columbus, christopher, 24–37 background of, 27, 29–30, 34 burial site of, 38 discovery of bahama islands, 13–14 on naming of indians, 13 spain’s sponsorship of, 25, 26–29, 31, 33, 35–36 Concord Hymn (emerson), 97 connecticut See Pequot War corbin, Margaret, 119 cordova, Jacqueline M on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 cornwallis, 99, 100 corruption, during reconstruction, 215–216, 218, 219, 224 cotton-gin, 202 creeks tribe, 20, 147, 173–175 crockett, davy, 166, 167, 170 cuba, 253, 255 curti, Merle on African Americans during reconstruction, 222 on Pequot War, 65–66 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50–51 on shays’ rebellion, 127 on Trail of Tears, 174–175 on women in American revolution, 119 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 233–234 custer, George A., 234 czolgosz, leon, 248–250 index darrah, lydia, 112–114 davenport, John, 60 davidson, James West on African American soldiers, 210–211 on Anne Hutchinson, 55–56 on barbary Pirates, 134–135 on Mormons, 189–190 on Pequot War, 66 on Tecumseh, 153–154 dawes, William, 95, 96 debs, eugene V., 231 decatur, stephen, 131–132, 133, 134 delaware, lord, 43–44 discovery of America columbus and, 24–37 Native Americans and, 3–22 douglass, frederick, 211 dred scott decision, 195–199 citizenship rights and, 196, 198 on slaves as property, 196–197, 198 earth, discovery of sphericity, 27–28, 30, 31–33, 34–35, 36 The Eclectic Primary History of the United States (ellis) on barbary Pirates, 132 on battle of lexington and concord, 89–90 on battle of Trenton, 99 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 43–44 on salem witch trials, 69 education for African Americans, 220, 221, 223 free public schools, 221 eibling, Harold H on African Americans during reconstruction, 220–221 on battle of the Alamo, 168–170 on boston Massacre, 83–84 on Mexican-American War, 182–183 on Philippine-American War, 255–256 on sacagawea, 142–143 on Tecumseh, 152–153 on Trail of Tears, 174 Elementary History of the United States (Quackenbos) on African Americans during reconstruction, 213 on barbary Pirates, 131–132 273 on battle of lexington and concord, 88–89 on discoveries of columbus, 25–27 on Mormons, 187 on Pequot War, 60–61 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 42–43 on sacagawea, 137 on shays’ rebellion, 125–126 on Tecumseh, 147–148 on women in American revolution, 111–112 elliott, robert brown, 222 ellis, edward on barbary Pirates, 132 on battle of lexington and concord, 89–90 on battle of Trenton, 99 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 43–44 on salem witch trials, 69 ellis island, 236 ellison, Keith, 136 elson, Henry William on battle of lexington and concord, 90–92 on immigration, 237–240 emancipation Proclamation, 214 emerson, ralph Waldo Concord Hymn, 97 europe See also Great britain barbary Pirates and, 132, 133, 134 emigration from, 237, 238–239, 241, 242–243, 244–245, 246–247 Monroe doctrine and, 159–163 Exploring America’s Heritage (Ver steeg and skinner) on battle of Trenton, 103 on Georgerogers clark, 109 on Monroe doctrine, 163 on Native Americans, 21–22 farms and farming See also specific crops irrigation systems, 187–188, 189, 190 during reconstruction, 220 shays’ rebellion and, 125–128 farrell, John J on barbary Pirates, 133–134 on battle of lexington and concord, 94–95 on battle of the Alamo, 170 274 index farrell, John J (cont.) on George rogers clark, 108–109 on immigration, 243–244 on Monroe doctrine, 162–163 fifteenth Amendment (U.s constitution), 221 54th Massachusetts regiment, 211 first Amendment (U.s constitution), 186–190 five civilized Tribes, 20 flags, 115–116 force Acts (1871), 216, 219 foreign policy barbary Pirates and, 130–135 Monroe doctrine, 159–163 fort Alamo See battle of the Alamo fort brown, 178–179 fort Kaskaskia, 106–107, 108 fort Vincennes, 106, 107 founding a nation barbary Pirates and, 130–135 sacagawea and, 137–144 shays’ rebellion and, 125–128 Tecumseh and, 146–154 franklin, benjamin, 127 freedmen’s bureau, 214 freedom of religion, Mormons and, 186–190 freedom of the seas, 130–135 freeland, George earl on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on battle of lexington and concord, 93–94 on McKinley’s assassination, 249 on Monroe doctrine, 161–162 on Native Americans, 17–20 on Philippine-American War, 253 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50 on women in American revolution, 118–119 free states, dred scott decision and, 195–199 frick, Henry clay, 229–231 Gage, Thomas on battle of lexington and concord, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 94 at boston Massacre, 78–80 Gatling guns, 234 Geary Act (1892), 240 George iii, King, 100 Georgia, 174–175 Gerson, oscar on Native Americans, 9–10 on slavery, 201–202 on women in American revolution, 112–114 ghettos, 246–247 Ghost dance, 233–235 Goliad Massacre, 167–168, 172 Gordy, Wilbur f on battle of the Alamo, 166–167 on discoveries of columbus, 29–31 on Native Americans, 10–13 on Pequot War, 64–65 on slavery, 202–203 Gorton, samuel, 54 A Grammar School History of the United States (Anderson) on boston Massacre, 79–80 on Pequot War, 62–63 on salem witch trials, 68–69 Grant, Ulysses s., 214, 221 Great britain See also American revolution alliances with Native Americans, 17, 106–108, 152, 153 boston Massacre and, 77–84 boycott of exports, 118, 119 Monroe doctrine and, 161, 162–163 repeal of Townshend taxes, 82–83 slavery in colonies and, 200–201 taxation of colonies, 79–80, 81–83, 84 Greeks ancient thought on earth, 31–32 Greene, Nathanael, 91 Guam, 255 guerrilla warfare See PhilippineAmerican War A Guide to United States History for Young Readers (elson) on battle of lexington and concord, 90–92 on immigration, 237–240 Guitteau, William backus on African Americans during reconstruction, 214–216 on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on barbary Pirates, 132–133 on battle of lexington and concord, 92–93 on dred scott, 197 on immigration, 240–241 index on Mexican-American War, 180–181 on Monroe doctrine, 161 on Native Americans, 13–16 on Philippine-American War, 253 on sacagawea, 139–140 on salem witch trials, 70 on Tecumseh, 152 Haiti, 162 Hamet, 131 Hamilton, Alexander, 127 Hancock, John, 92–95, 129 Harlow, James on African Americans during reconstruction, 220–221 on battle of the Alamo, 168–170 on boston Massacre, 83–84 on Mexican-American War, 182–183 on Philippine-American War, 255–256 on sacagawea, 142–143 on Tecumseh, 152–153 on Trail of Tears, 174 Harrison, benjamin, 24 Harrison, William Henry on battle of Tippecanoe, 146–148, 149, 150–151, 152, 153 land trades, 149, 152 pardoning of assassin, 148 on Tecumseh, 147, 154 Hart, Nancy, 114–115 Hawaii, 253 Hayes, rutherford, 214 Henry, Patrick, 92, 108, 109 Hessians See battle of Trenton Higginson, Thomas Wentworth on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on boston Massacre, 80–81 on discoveries of columbus, 27–29 on dred scott, 195 on immigration, 236–237 on Mexican-American War, 179–180 on Monroe doctrine, 159–160 on Mormons, 187 on Native Americans, 7–9 on Pequot War, 61–62 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 44–45 History of Our United States (eibling et al.) on African Americans during reconstruction, 220–221 275 on battle of the Alamo, 168–170 on boston Massacre, 83–84 on Mexican-American War, 182–183 on Philippine-American War, 255–256 on sacagawea, 142–143 on Tecumseh, 152–153 on Trail of Tears, 174 History of the United States (Webster) on battle of lexington and concord, 86–87 on battle of Trenton, 98–99 on boston Massacre, 77–78 on discoveries of columbus, 24–25 on Native Americans, 3–5 on Pequot War, 57–59 History Primer (Gerson) on Native Americans, 9–10 on slavery, 201–202 on women in American revolution, 112–114 History Stories for Primary Grades (Wayland) on women in American revolution, 114–117 Holy Alliance, Monroe doctrine and, 161–162 Homestead Act, 242 Homestead strike, 229–231, 232 Hooker, Thomas, 64 Houston, sam on battle of the Alamo, 165–166, 167, 168 Hutchinson, Anne, 53–56 immigrants and immigration, 236–247 anti-chinese attitudes, 237–240, 243, 245–246 from europe, 237, 238–239, 241, 242–243, 244–245, 246–247 literacy requirements, 241, 243 population growth, 236–237, 240, 244, 246 restrictions on, 241, 243 indentured servants, 201 indiana Territory, 146–154 indian removal law (1830), 175 indians See Native Americans industrialization Andrew carnegie and, 229–231, 232 Homestead strike, 229–231, 232 immigration and, 236–247 276 index iroquois tribe, 13, 14, 17 irrigation systems, 187–188, 189, 190 isabella (queen of spain), 25, 27, 31, 33, 37 Jackson, Andrew Trail of Tears and, 173–175 Jackson, carlton l on African Americans during reconstruction, 222–223 on battle of lexington and concord, 96 on Philippine-American War, 256 James i, King, 40, 44 James ii, King, 68 Jamestown See also Pocahontas African slaves in, 44, 201–202 establishment of, 40–42, 43, 44, 45, 47–48, 50–51 Jefferson, Thomas barbary Pirates and, 130–131, 133, 135–136 on indiana Territory, 152 lewis/clark expedition and, 137–144 John brown’s raid, 195, 197 Johnson, Andrew, 221 Kearney, dennis, 237 Kelly, William, 229 King, elizabeth, 116–117 King, fred M on African Americans during reconstruction, 220–221 on battle of the Alamo, 168–170 on boston Massacre, 83–84 on Mexican-American War, 182–183 on Philippine-American War, 255–256 on sacagawea, 142–143 on Tecumseh, 152–153 on Trail of Tears, 174 King, Wayne e on boston Massacre, 84 on McKinley’s assassination, 250 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 234–235 Knight, Mary, 111–112 Knights of the White camelia, 221 Koran, 136 Ku Klux Klan, 216, 219–220, 221 labor unions, 229–231, 232, 246 lakota tribe, 233–235 laraus, roger on carnegie and Homestead strike, 231 on dred scott, 198–199 on slavery, 206–207 on Trail of Tears, 175 latin America Monroe doctrine and, 159–163, 164 lawler, Thomas b on dred scott, 196–197 on George rogers clark, 106–107 on Monroe doctrine, 160 on Pequot War, 63–64 on Philippine-American War, 251–252 leutze, emanuel Washington Crossing the Delaware painting, 104 lewis, Gertrude M on George rogers clark, 108 on Mexican-American War, 182 on Pequot War, 65 on sacagawea, 140–142 on Trail of Tears, 173–174 lexington and concord See battle of lexington and concord lincoln, Abraham, 185, 214 longfellow, Henry Wadsworth The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere, 94, 97 lossing, benson J on Anne Hutchinson, 53–54 on barbary Pirates, 130–131 on battle of lexington and concord, 87–88 on boston Massacre, 78–79 on Mexican-American War, 177–178 on Mormons, 186 on Native Americans, 5–7 on Pequot War, 59–60 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 39–42 on Tecumseh, 146–147 on Trail of Tears, 173 lynch, John r., 224 Mace, William H on battle of Trenton, 99–100 on boston Massacre, 81–82 index on Pocahontas and captain smith, 45–49 on sacagawea, 137–139 MacGowan, John H on African Americans during reconstruction, 219–220 on battle of the Alamo, 167–168 on battle of Trenton, 101 on boston Massacre, 82–83 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 229–230 on immigration, 242–243 on Mormons, 188–189 on Philippine-American War, 254–255 Madison, James, 127 Magellan, 251 The Makers of America (Woodburn) on battle of the Alamo, 166 on McKinley’s assassination, 248 on Mexican-American War, 180 Mandan tribe, 139, 140, 142 Manifest destiny, 163 Marshall, John, 174–175 Massachusetts See also Pequot War shays’ rebellion and, 125–128 Mather, cotton, 70 May, ernest r on discoveries of columbus, 36–37 on immigration, 244–247 on sacagawea, 143–144 McGuire, edna on barbary Pirates, 133 on battle of Trenton, 102 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 230 on McKinley’s assassination, 249 McKinley, William assassination of, 248–250 Philippines and, 254, 255–256 Melbo, irving robert on discoveries of columbus, 33–36 Mexican-American War (1846–1848), 177–185 capture of Mexico city, 182 casualties, 179, 183, 184 causes of, 177–185 leaders of, 177–185 protection of Point isabel, 179 277 Mexico battle of the Alamo and, 165–171 Mexican-American War and, 177–185 ownership of california, 160, 181, 183 ownership of New Mexico, 181 The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere (longfellow), 94, 97 minutemen See battle of lexington and concord Missouri compromise, 197, 198 Mohawk tribe, 60, 63 Mohegan tribe, 58 Monroe, James, 159–163 Monroe doctrine, 159–163 Great britain and, 161, 162–163 latin America and, 159–163, 164 principles of, 161 russia and, 160, 161, 162, 163 spain and, 160, 162 Moon, Glenn W on African Americans during reconstruction, 219–220 on battle of the Alamo, 167–168 on battle of Trenton, 101 on boston Massacre, 82–83 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 229–230 on immigration, 242–243 on Mormons, 188–189 on Philippine-American War, 254–255 Moore, clyde b on George rogers clark, 108 on Mexican-American War, 182 on Pequot War, 65 on sacagawea, 140–142 on Trail of Tears, 173–174 Mormons, 186–190 farming and irrigation systems, 187–188, 189, 190 leaders of, 186, 187–189 number of, 190 Morocco, pirates and, 130–135 Morris, charles on Philippine-American War, 252 on Tecumseh, 149–152 Morris, Harry P on carnegie and Homestead strike, 231 on dred scott, 198–199 278 index Morris, Harry P (cont.) on slavery, 206–207 on Trail of Tears, 175 Mound builders, 14, 106 music, slavery and, 203, 204, 206 Muskogee indians, 14 Muslims barbary Pirates as, 130–135 Napp, John l on boston Massacre, 84 on McKinley’s assassination, 250 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 234–235 Narraganset tribe, 57, 61–62, 63 Nash, Gary b on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 Native Americans, 3–23 See also specific Native Americans and tribes agriculture, 10, 11, 18, 20, 140, 152 alcohol consumption by, 19, 154 alliances with british, 17, 106–108, 152, 153 Asian origins, 14 children of, 5, 11–12, 17, 20, 21–22, 46 clans, 14–15 commerce, 5, dress, 4, 9–10 gender based roles, 8, 10, 11–12, 17, 20–21 Ghost dance, 233–234 governance among, 4, 6, 20 housing, 3–4, 5, 20, 140 inter-tribal relations, 5–6, 7–8, 12, 15 leisure activities, 6, 17–18, 20 lewis/clark expedition and, 138–139, 144 number of, 9, 14 Pequot War and, 57–66 relations with white settlers, 6–7, 8–9, 10, 12–13, 16, 19–20 religion, 5, 6–7, 18, 22, 233–235 reservations, Trail of Tears, 173–175 treaties, 8, 155, 174–175 warfare practices, 7, 10, 15 womens’ roles, 8, 10, 11, 17, 142 Wounded Knee Massacre and, 233–235 Navy, U.s., 131, 134 New Grammar School History of the United States (Anderson) on African Americans during reconstruction, 213–214 on battle of the Alamo, 165 on dred scott, 196 on George rogers clark, 105–106 on Mexican-American War, 178–179 on Monroe doctrine, 159 on Pequot War, 62–63 on shays’ rebellion, 126–127 on slavery, 200–201 on Tecumseh, 148–149 New Haven (connecticut), 60 New Mexico, 181 Newport, christopher, 40, 41, 43 Nez Perce tribe, 138 Ng, franklin on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 Nixon, richard, 24 North Africa barbary Pirates and, 130–135 Northwest Territory, 105–109 Nueces river boundary dispute and, 179, 181–182, 183 Our America (Melbo) on discoveries of columbus, 33–36 Our Free Nation (McGuire and Portwood) on barbary Pirates, 133 on battle of Trenton, 102 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 230 on McKinley’s assassination, 249 Our United States (Guitteau) on African Americans during reconstruction, 214–216 on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on barbary Pirates, 132–133 index on battle of lexington and concord, 92–93 on dred scott, 197 on immigration, 240–241 on Mexican-American War, 180–181 on Native Americans, 13–16, 161 on Philippine-American War, 253 on sacagawea, 139–140 on salem witch trials, 70 on Tecumseh, 152 Painter, fred b on George rogers clark, 108 on Mexican-American War, 182 on Pequot War, 65 on sacagawea, 140–142 on Trail of Tears, 173–174 Parris, samuel, 70 Pelham, Henry, 85 Pequods See Pequot tribe Pequot tribe descendants of, 67 territory of, 57–58 Pequot War (1636–1638), 57–66 causes of, 58, 60–61, 62–63, 65, 66 destruction of Pequot tribe, 59–60, 61, 62, 63–66 tribal territories, 57–58 Perrone, Vito on African Americans during reconstruction, 222–223 on battle of lexington and concord, 96 on Philippine-American War, 256 Philadelphia (ship), 130–131, 134 Philippine-American War, 251–256 Aguinaldo’s rebellion and, 252, 253, 254 civil commission rule, 252, 253, 254 Treaty of Paris and, 252, 255 Philippine republic independence of, 251–256 Phipps, Upon, 68–69 Pinchback, P.b.s., 222 Pinzon, Martin, 33 pirates, foreign policy and, 130–135 Pitcairn, Major, 87, 89–90, 95 Pitcher, Molly, 112, 119 Plains indians, 16, 17, 18 Pocahontas, 39–51 alerting Jamestown of attack, 41, 44, 47 279 bearing food for Jamestown, 47 capture of, 41–42, 48 death of, 44, 45, 48 descendants of, 44, 48–49 marriage to rolfe, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51 saving smith’s life, 41, 42–43, 45, 46, 49 translation of name, 49 traveling to england, 44, 45, 48 Polk, James K Mexican-American War and, 177–185 Polo, Marco, 32, 36–37 Pomp (son of sacagawea), 141, 142 Portsmouth (rhode island), 55 Portugal, 163 Portwood, Thomas b on barbary Pirates, 133 on battle of Trenton, 102 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 230 on McKinley’s assassination, 249 Powhatan (chief) attacking Jamestown, 42–43 capture of smith, 40–41, 45, 46, 49 council of, 46 Jamestown colonists and, 50 on marriage of Pocahontas, 44, 48, 50 trading with smith, 47 Pratt, Mara l on African American soldiers, 209–210 Preble, commodore, 131, 133 Prescott, samuel, 95 A Primary History (Mace) on battle of Trenton, 99–100 on boston Massacre, 81–82 on Pocahontas and captain John smith, 45–49 on sacagawea, 137–139 Primary History of the United States (Morris) on Philippine-American War, 252 on Tecumseh, 149–152 A Primary History of the United States (lawler) on dred scott, 196–197 on George rogers clark, 106–107 on Monroe doctrine, 160 on Pequot War, 63–64 280 index A Primary History of the United States (lawler) (cont.) on Philippine-American War, 251–252 A Primary History of the United States (lossing) on Anne Hutchinson, 53–54 on barbary Pirates, 130–131 on battle of lexington and concord, 87–88 on boston Massacre, 78–79 on Mexican-American War, 177–178 on Mormons, 186 on Native Americans, 5–7 on Pequot War, 59–60 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 39–42 on Tecumseh, 146–147 on Trail of Tears, 173 the Prophet (Tecumseh’s brother), 148–149, 150, 151–152, 153–154 A Proud Nation (May) on discoveries of columbus, 36–37 on immigration, 244–247 on sacagawea, 143–144 Pueblos, 17 Puerto rico, 255 Puritanism Anne Hutchinson and, 53–56 on witchcraft, 71, 72 Putnam, israel, 90, 91 Quackenbos, G.P on African Americans during reconstruction, 213 on barbary Pirates, 131–132 on battle of lexington and concord, 88–89 on discoveries of columbus, 25–27 on Mormons, 187 on Pequot War, 60–61 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 42–43 on sacagawea, 137 on shays’ rebellion, 125–126 on Tecumseh, 147–148 on women in American revolution, 111–112 Quakers, 201 racial discrimination See specific ethnic groups rahl, Johann, 99, 100 railroads and railways, 237, 245–246 rainey, Joseph H., 224 randolph, John, 49 rebecca, lady See Pocahontas reconstruction, 213–224 See also civil War black codes, 218 carpetbaggers, 214, 215–216, 218–219, 220–224 corruption during, 215–216, 218, 219, 224 freedmen’s bureau, 214 Ku Klux Klan and, 216, 219–220, 221 scalawags, 216, 219, 221, 222, 223 voting rights, 214, 216, 218, 219–220, 221, 222 welfare programs, 223 reconstruction Act (1867), 222–223 red coats See boston Massacre relief organizations, 119 religion See also christianity Mormons and, 186–190 Native Americans and, 5, 6–7, 18, 22, 233–235 reservations, revels, Hiram, 222, 224 revere, Paul, 85, 90–91, 92, 94, 95, 96 revolutionary War See American revolution rhode island, 54, 55–56 rio Grande river boundary dispute and, 179, 180, 181–182, 183 Rise of the American Nation (Todd and curti) on African Americans during reconstruction, 222 on Pequot War, 65–66 on shays’ rebellion, 127 on Trail of Tears, 174–175 on women in American revolution, 119 rolfe, John marriage to Pocahontas, 42, 44, 45, 48, 50, 51 raising tobacco, 51 rolfe, Thomas, 48–49 rolway, ole, 246 roosevelt, Theodore, 19, 248–250 ross, betsy, 115–116 index russia Monroe doctrine and, 160, 161, 162, 163 sacagawea, 137–144 background of, 140–141 child of, 141, 142 as guide to lewis/clark expedition, 137–144 shoshone support for expedition and, 141, 143, 144 translation of name, 141, 142 sachems, 4, 6, 15, 17 See also specific Native American chiefs salem witch trials, 68–72 accusations in, 70 attitudes toward witchcraft, 69, 71, 72 deaths in, 69, 70, 71, 72 exonerations in, 73 Puritanism and, 71, 72 salter, christopher on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 sampson, deborah, 119 santa Anna on battle of the Alamo, 166–171, 172 on Mexican-American War, 180, 183 sassacus (chief), 59–60, 63 savages, use of term, scalawags, 216, 219, 221, 222, 223 scott, Winfield, 173, 182, 184 scouts, 16 second Great Awakening, 191 secularism, 191 seminole tribe, 173–175 shannon, George, 144 shaw, robert G., 210 shawnee tribe See Tecumseh shays, daniel, 125–128 shays’ rebellion, 125–128 shoshone tribe, 140–141, 142, 143 sioux tribe, 142, 234 skinner, carol Ann on battle of Trenton, 103 on George rogers clark, 109 on Monroe doctrine, 163 on Native Americans, 21–22 281 slaves and slavery, 200–207 biblical beliefs on, 204 dred scott decision and, 195–199 field labor, 202–204 house servants, 203–204 housing, 202–203 international trafficking of slaves, 200–201 in Jamestown, 44, 201–202 music and, 203, 204, 206 number of slaves, 200, 208 partisan politics and, 196 people as property, 196–197, 198, 207 Pequot tribe and, 63, 65 slave auctions, 201, 202, 204, 206 slave codes, 207 southern attitude toward, 200–207 status of marriage, 206 in Texas, 165, 181, 184 slidell, John, 183 smith, francis, 89, 94, 95 smith, John, 39–51 capture of, 40–42, 45–46, 49 east coast expeditions of, 44–45, 48 as leader of Jamestown, 40, 47, 50 Pocahontas saving of, 41, 42–43, 45, 46, 49 returning to england, 41, 44, 45, 47–48, 52 smith, Joseph, 187, 188, 189–190 See also Mormons snake tribe, 141 sobel, robert on carnegie and Homestead strike, 231 on dred scott, 198–199 on slavery, 206–207 on Trail of Tears, 175 the south political parties, 219, 221 during reconstruction, 213–224 slavery and, 200–207 spain columbus commission and, 25, 26–29, 31, 33, 35–36 Monroe doctrine and, 160, 162 Philippines and, 251–256 Treaty of Paris and, 252, 255 stamp Act, 79, 118 stanton, edwin, 211 stark, John, 91 282 index starving Time See Jamestown steel industry, 229–231 stoff, Michael b on African American soldiers, 210–211 stonington (connecticut), 62 Stories of Early American History (Gordy) on battle of the Alamo, 166–167 on discoveries of columbus, 29–31 on Native Americans, 10–13 on Pequot War, 64–65 on slavery, 202–203 The Story of America (coffman) on discoveries of columbus, 31–33 Story of America and Great Americans (bourne and benton) on African Americans during reconstruction, 214 on battle of Trenton, 100–101 on George rogers clark, 107–108 on Mormons, 187–188 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 49 Story of Our Land and People (Moon and MacGowan) on African Americans during reconstruction, 219–220 on battle of the Alamo, 167–168 on battle of Trenton, 101 on boston Massacre, 82–83 on carnegie and Homestead strike, 229–230 on immigration, 242–243 on Mormons, 188–189 on Philippine-American War, 254–255 strikes, 229–231, 232, 237, 239 supreme court, U.s cherokee Nation appeal, 174–175 on dred scott case, 195–199 pro-slavery justices, 199 Taft, William H., 256 Taney, roger b., 197, 198–199 taxation in colonies, 81–83 repeal of Townshend taxes, 82–83 shays’ rebellion and, 125–128 of tea, 79–80, 81, 82, 84, 116–117 Taylor, Zachary, 177–185 tea boycotts of, 84, 116–117, 118 taxation of, 79–80, 81, 82, 84, 116–117 Tecumseh, 146–154 on battle of Tippecanoe, 146–148, 149, 151, 152, 153 brother of (the Prophet), 148–149, 150, 151–152, 153–154 death of, 153 as leader of tribal confederacy, 146, 147, 148–149, 150, 152–154 meeting with William Henry Harrison, 147 on treaties, 155 Texas battle of the Alamo and, 165–171 Mexican-American War and, 177–185 slavery in, 165, 181, 184 Thirteenth Amendment (U.s constitution), 217 Tippecanoe See battle of Tippecanoe tobacco, 50–51, 201 Todd, lewis Paul on African Americans during reconstruction, 222 on Pequot War, 65–66 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50–51 on shays’ rebellion, 127 on Trail of Tears, 174–175 on women in American revolution, 119 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 233–234 Toscanelli, 32 Townshend taxes, 82–83, 84 Trail of Tears, 173–175 Travis, William, 167, 168–169, 171 treaties Native Americans and, 8, 155, 174–175 with Philippines for U.s military bases, 255 on restrictions on Japanese immigrants, 241 with spain and cession of Philippines, 252, 255 with Tripoli, 135–136 Treaty of Paris (1898), 252, 255 Trenton See battle of Trenton index Tripoli peace treaty, 135–136 pirates and, 130–135 Triumph of the American Nation (Todd and curti) on Pocahontas and captain smith, 50–51 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 233–234 Tryon, rolla M on African Americans during reconstruction, 217–219 on shays’ rebellion, 127 on slavery, 203–205 on women in American revolution, 117–118 Tunis, pirates and, 130–135 Two Centuries of Progress (Jackson and Perrone) on African Americans during reconstruction, 222–223 on battle of lexington and concord, 96 on Philippine-American War, 256 Uncas (chief), 59 Union army African American soldiers in, 209–211 United States History (King and Napp) on boston Massacre, 84 on McKinley’s assassination, 250 on Wounded Knee Massacre, 234–235 Utah Mormon settlers and, 186–190 Ver steeg, clarence l on battle of Trenton, 103 on George rogers clark, 109 on Monroe doctrine, 163 on Native Americans, 21–22 Vincennes See battle of Vincennes voting rights during reconstruction, 214, 216, 218, 219–220, 221, 222 War for independence See American revolution Warmoth, H.c., 224 War of 1812, 153 283 Warren, Mercy otis, 119 wars and warfare See specific wars Washington, George barbary Pirates and, 134 battle of Trenton and, 98–103 betsy ross and, 115–116 on captain Molly, 112 as elected president, 126, 127 freed slaves of, 204 on Manifest destiny, 163 native scouts and, 16 at Valley forge, 111 warning by lydia darrah, 113–114 Washington Crossing the Delaware (leutze), 104 Wayland, John W on women in American revolution, 114–117 Webster, Noah on battle of lexington and concord, 86–87 on battle of Trenton, 98–99 on boston Massacre, 77–78 on discoveries of columbus, 24–25 on Native Americans, 3–5 on Pequot War, 57–59 welfare programs, 223 westward expansion battle of the Alamo, 165–171 Mexican-American War, 177–185 Monroe doctrine, 159–163 Mormon settlers, 186–190 Trail of Tears, 173–175 William, King, 68 Williams, roger, 54, 61–62, 63 Wilson, louis e on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 on women in American revolution, 119–120 Winthrop, John, 55 witchcraft See also salem witch trials attitudes toward, 69 beliefs on causes of, 72 bible on, 71 Wixson, Karen K on battle of the Alamo, 170–171 on Mexican-American War, 184–185 on salem witch trials, 71–72 on shays’ rebellion, 128 284 index Wixson, Karen K (cont.) on women in American revolution, 119–120 women See also specific women in American revolution, 111–120 in battles, 91–92, 112, 113–115, 119 boycott organization by, 116–117, 118 capture of british soldiers, 114–115 in Native American cultures, 8, 10, 11, 17, 142 Valley forge victory and, 113–114 Woodburn, James A on battle of the Alamo, 166 on McKinley’s assassination, 248 on Mexican-American War, 180 Workingmen’s Party, 246 Wounded Knee Massacre, 233–235 york (interpreter), 143, 144 young, brigham, 188–189, 190 Young Folks’ History of the United States (Higginson) on Anne Hutchinson, 54 on boston Massacre, 80–81 on discoveries of columbus, 27–29 on dred scott, 195 on immigration, 236–237 on Mexican-American War, 179–180 on Monroe doctrine, 159–160 on Mormons, 187 on Native Americans, 7–9 on Pequot War, 61–62 on Pocahontas and captain smith, 44–45 ... Research and Government Policies Have Influenced What Students Have Read and Learned About This Event not written Learning and Unlearning American History Through 200 Years of Textbooks in stone. . .not written in stone Also by Kyle WArd History in the Making: An Absorbing Look at How American History Has Changed in the Telling over the Last 200 Years History Lessons: How Textbooks. .. learning and unlearning American history through 200 years of textbooks / Kyle Ward p cm includes bibliographical references and index isbN 978-1-59558-144-0 (pbk : alk paper) United states History Textbooks