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African American History by Melba J Duncan A Pearson Education Company African American History by Melba J Duncan A Pearson Education Company ALPHA BOOKS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd., 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd.) Penguin Group (Australia), 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd.) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd., 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi—110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, North Shore, Auckland 1311, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd.) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty.) Ltd., 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd., Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Copyright © 2003 by Melba J Duncan All rights reserved No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of information contained herein For information, address Alpha Books, 800 East 96th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46240 THE COMPLETE IDIOT’S GUIDE TO and Design are registered trademarks of Penguin Group (USA) Inc ISBN: 1-4406-1448-2 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2002115728 Note: This publication contains the opinions and ideas of its author It is intended to provide helpful and informative material on the subject matter covered It is sold with the understanding that the author and publisher are not engaged in rendering professional services in the book If the reader requires personal assistance or advice, a competent professional should be consulted The author and publisher specifically disclaim any responsibility for any liability, loss, or risk, personal or otherwise, which is incurred as a consequence, directly or indirectly, of the use and application of any of the contents of this book Publisher: Marie Butler-Knight Product Manager: Phil Kitchel Managing Editor: Jennifer Chisholm Senior Acquisitions Editor: Randy Ladenheim-Gil Development Editor: Joan D Paterson Production Editor: Katherin Bidwell Copy Editor: Michael Dietsch Illustrator: Judith Burros Cartoonist: Chris Eliopoulos Book Designer: Trina Wurst Indexer: Angie Bess Layout/Proofreading: Megan Douglass, Sherry Taggart Contents at a Glance Part 1: Dreams and Dreams Deferred: The Early History Portrait of a People Explore a rich legacy of hope and commitment Part 2: Part 3: Slavery: What Happened When Learn the early history of an American institution 17 Slavery: The Human Toll Hear voices from the American holocaust 29 Portrait of a Rebellion Take a journey on the Amistad 43 A House Divided: The Later History 53 Discord and Decision: The Civil War Learn the key facts about this momentous American conflict 55 Emancipation (Not) Learn how white supremacists consolidate political, social, and economic power after the Civil War 67 The Jim Crow Laws Find out the sad truth behind “American apartheid.” 77 The Great Migration Join the millions who made their way out of the South to find a better life 87 A Challenge to a Nation Find out about the early twentieth-century challenges to racism in America 97 10 The Modern Civil Rights Movements Learn about the extraordinary struggles—and victories— that followed the World War II period 111 11 After Dr King See what happened in the aftermath of the turbulent 1960s in the African American community 125 12 A House United, a House Divided Learn about recent developments in the community 137 Power on the Inside: Spirit and Soul 13 Faith Meet some of America’s most important religious pioneers 147 149 14 Festivities Discover the celebrations unique to African American life 159 15 Fortune: African American Entrepreneurship Learn about the often-neglected history of business success 169 16 Femininity: African American Women Meet remarkable women who made significant contributions to business, politics, and the arts 181 Part 4: Power on the Outside: Contributions to American Culture 197 17 Five Giants Meet five men who changed the world 199 18 African American Writing Learn about African American literary achievements 211 19 In the Groove: African American Rhythm Discover some of the most important musical innovators 221 20 Big Screen, Small Screen: African Americans and Modern Media Explore obstacles—and triumphs—in films, radio, and television 21 Fighting Anyway: Heroism in a Segregated Military Meet some of America’s often forgotten defenders Part 5: The Road from Here 231 241 253 22 Supporting the Entrepreneurial Spirit Find out about some of the most important current initiatives 255 23 Beyond the Rainbow: Race in American Politics Learn why 1968 was a fateful year in American political history and race relations 263 24 Epilogue: Beyond Race in America Find out who’s continuing to help create the ongoing legacy of pride and self-determination … and how you can help 275 Appendixes A Bibliography and Recommended Reading 281 B Recommended Websites 285 Index 287 Contents Part 1: Dreams and Dreams Deferred: The Early History Portrait of a People A Pattern of Intimidation Sending a Message “Know Your Place” Three Days of Murder … with a Message The “Proper Sphere” The Ongoing Struggle for Self-Definition 10 Abuse of the Criminal Justice System 10 Abuse of the Civil Justice System 12 White Racism (Spoken and Unspoken) 12 The Great National Drama 14 The American Dream 14 Hey, You! 15 Slavery: What Happened When 17 Slavery: A Global Timeline 18 Slavery, American Style 20 Indentured Servants—Not 20 Snapshot: Life and Death on a Slave Ship 21 The Declaration of Independence (of White Males) 22 The Northwest Ordinance 22 The Constitution and Its Loopholes 23 Excluded from “We the People” 23 End of the American Slave Ship but Not of Slavery 24 The Missouri Compromise 24 Rebellion in the South, Opposition in the North 24 The Divisions Deepen 25 Yet Another Uneasy Compromise 26 A Precursor Battle 26 Don’t Stop Here! 27 Slavery: The Human Toll 29 An Incalculable Human Loss 29 The Underground Railroad 30 America’s Long-Running Holocaust 31 “Bought and Sold in the Market Like an Ox” 32 vi The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History An English Specialty 33 Auctions North and South 34 The Plantation Economy 35 Good Master, Bad Master 36 Sold Down the River 37 On the Run 37 In the Name of Christianity 39 Exodus and the Psalms 40 Portrait of a Rebellion 43 Black Mutiny 43 Why the Amistad Still Matters 44 A Strange Northward Journey 45 Piracy and Murder—or Self-Defense? 46 The Biggest Story of the Day 47 A Challenge to the American Legal System 47 A White Man’s Nation? 48 Enter John Quincy Adams 48 Set Free 50 The Other Side of the Amistad Decision 51 Prelude to a Bloodbath 51 Part 2: A House Divided: The Later History Discord and Decision: The Civil War 53 55 Fredrick Douglass Calls It as He Sees It 56 A Raid in Virginia 57 The Emancipation Proclamation 60 The Road to the Proclamation 60 Immediate Effects 61 Long-Term Effects 61 A Limited Emancipation 62 African American Troops on the March 62 The Fifty-Fourth 62 Other Important Battles Involving African American Troops 63 Individual Accomplishments 64 Racism Endures 65 Emancipation (Not) 67 Overt Legal and Political Measures 68 No Land 68 Contents Watering Down the Fourteenth Amendment 68 No Civil Rights Law 68 Plessy v Ferguson 69 Poll Taxes, Literacy Tests, and “White Primaries” 70 From Slavery to Serfdom 71 Behind-the-Scene Manipulation of the Political System 71 Hayes Caves In to the South 72 Totalitarianism in the South 73 Terrorism 73 The Klan 73 American Terrorism in the Aftermath of the Civil War 74 The Jim Crow Laws 77 America’s Apartheid 78 What Jim Crow Was Designed to Do 79 The Constitution Gets an Overhaul: America Decides to Ignore It 79 Jim Crow’s Forebears 80 The Rise of Jim Crow 80 Customs and Traditions—of Terror 82 Jim Crow Cars 82 The Supreme Court Signs Off on Jim Crow 82 Reading Between the Lines 83 Laws Are Laws, People Are People 85 The Great Migration 87 On the Move 87 Causes 88 The African American Press Sounds Off 90 In Search of a New Life 90 Effects of the Great Migration 92 Demographic Shifts 92 Changes and Challenges 92 Dawn of the Urban Challenge 93 A Cultural Movement 94 The Hard Reality of Life in the Cities 95 A Challenge to a Nation 97 The Great Debate: Social Equality 98 Organized Legal Action and Protest 99 Before Brown v Board of Education 100 vii 286 Appendix B African Americans in the Sciences www.princeton.edu/~mcbrown/display/faces.html Afro-American Almanac www.toptags.com/aama/ American Holocaust http://www.maafa.org/ American Slavery: A Composite Autobiography www.slavenarratives.com Archives of African American Music and Culture www.indiana.edu/~aaamc/index2.html Black Quest www.blackquest.com Black Soldiers in the Civil War www.archives.gov/digital_classroom/lessons/blacks_in_civil_war/blacks_in_civil_ war.html Database of African American Poetry etext.lib.virginia.edu/aapd.html National Civil Rights Museum www.mecca.org/~crights/cyber.html Encyclopaedia of Slavery www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAslavery.htm Gateway to African American History usinfo.state.gov/usa/blackhis A Tribute to Dr Martin Luther King Jr www.thekingcenter.com Index Symbols 54th Massachusetts Regiment, 62-63 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion, 249 969th Field Artillery Battalion, 249 A Abbott, Robert Sengstacke, Chicago Defender, 90 abolitionists Garrison, William Lloyd, Liberator, 24 Turner, Nat, 25 activism, civil rights movement See civil rights movement Adams, John Quincy, defense of the Amistad captives, 48-50 Adventures and Escape of Moses Roper, 38 affirmative action, 132, 271-272 California Constitution, Proposition 209, 139 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 152 African Nationalist Pioneer Movement, 10 African American Women Business Owners Association, 260 Afro-American Women’s Journal, 155 Alexander v Holmes County Board of Education, 126-127 Alford, Harry, 259 alienation of the political left, 201 Allen, Richard, 151 amendments to the Constitution, 79-80 Fifteenth Amendment, 80 Fourteenth Amendment, 79 Thirteenth Amendment, 79 American Dilemma, 84 American Dream, Enlightenment movement, 14-15 American holocaust, human toll of slavery, 31-32 American Slave, Bibb’s slave narrative, 212 Amistad rebellion, 43 American legal system, 47-48 defense of the Amistad captives by John Quincy Adams, 48-50 Northward journey, 45-46 piracy and murder versus self-defense, 46-47 prelude to American Civil War, 51-52 racial perceptions among whites before the Civil War, 48 significance, 44-45 Supreme Court’s decision to free captives, 50-51 Amos ‘n’ Andy, 234-235 Anderson, Marian, 102, 123 Angelou, Maya, 215 Annie Allen, 217 anonymous music, 222-223 Another Country, 215 anti-slavery movement Garrison, William Lloyd Liberator, 24 Turner, Nat, 25 apartheid laws Jim Crow laws, 78 Black Codes precursor, 80 legally sanctioned racial prejudice, 82-83 long-term intimidation of blacks, 79 Radical Reconstruction period, 80-81 unending era, 85 laws that denied civil rights to African Americans, 83-85 Appleton, William, 65 Armstrong, Louis, 225 assassination of Dr Martin Luther King Jr., 122 Attucks, Crispus, 242 auctions (slave auctions), 34-35 Autobiography, 121 Autobiography of Malcolm X, 216 Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, The, 239 Azusa Street Revival, 153 B “back to Africa” vision (Garvey), 103-105 Bailey, Sue, 155 Bakke v Board of Education, 125 Baldwin, James, 215-216 Baptist churches, 149-150 Baraka, Amiri, 218 baseball’s call for change, Robinson, Jackie, 106-107 Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, 64 Battle of Honey Springs, 63 Beard, Andrew Jackson, 85, 175 288 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History Beaty, First Sergeant Powhatan, Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, 64 Berry, Chuck, 228 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 191-192 Bibb, Henry American Slave, 212 Life and Adventures of an American Slave, 32 Twelve Years a Slave, 212 Birth of a Nation, NAACP’s protest against, 101 Black Boy, 214 Black Codes, as precursor to Jim Crow laws, 80 Black Enterprise magazine, 279 Black Feeling, Black Talk, 218 Black Greek Network, 261 Black History Month, 165-167 websites, 167 Woodson, Dr Carter G., 166-167 Black Panther Party, 119 Black Power movement, 201 Black Reconstruction in America, 215 Black Reparations website, 143 Black Robes, White Justice, 12 Black Star Steamship Line, 104 Black Stars: African American Inventors, 36 Black Think Tank, 279 Black Thunder, 214 Black Wall Street, 93 BlackFortune.com, 279 Bloody Sunday, civil rights movement, 121 Blues Legacies and Black Feminism, 185 blues music, Delta blues, 224 Body and Soul, 234 boll weevil infestation, 91 Bond, Julian, 139 Bontemps, Arna, Black Thunder, 214 Boston Massacre, 242 Bradley, Thomas, 130 Brooks, Gwendolyn, 217 Brown v Board of Education, 13, 84, 100 civil rights movement, 115-116 federal government’s support of ruling in Little Rock, 117 Brown, Claude, 215 Brown, John, raid on Virginia arsenal, 57-58 Brown, Tom, 258 Brown, William W., Fugitive Slave, 212 Buffalo Soldiers, heroism in the armed services, 248 Bunche, Ralph, 207-208 bus boycott, Parks, Rosa, 116 business development, entrepreneurship, 169-172 C California Constitution, Proposition 209, 139 Campanis, Al, 13 Campbell, Reverend Alexander, 39 Cane, 214 Cannon, Sylvia, 35 Carmen Jones, 190 Carmichael, Stokely, 119 Carroll, Diahann, 238 Carter, James, 223 Carver, George Washington, 175-177 CDC (Community Development Corporation), 257 Ceremonies in Dark Old Men, 218 Chalmers, General James R., 75 Chaney, James Earl, 123 Chappell, Emma C., 257 Chicago Defender, 90 Chicago race riots, 93-94 Chisholm, Shirley, 123, 186-187 Christianity, spiritual justification for slavery, Exodus and Psalms, 39-40 Chuck Berry: The Anthology, 228 Church for the Fellowship of All Peoples, 155 Civil Disobedience, 114 civil disturbances, 4-12, 93-94 Chicago race riots, 93-94 Draft Riots of 1863, 7-12 Rodney King riots, 133-134 civil justice system abuses, 12 Civil Rights Act of 1875, 81 Supreme Court’s declaration as unconstitutional, 68 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 120 Civil Rights Memorial, 123 civil rights movement Bloody Sunday, 121 Bond, Julian, 139 Brown v Board of Education, 115-116 federal government’s support of ruling in Little Rock, 117 Bunche, Ralph, 207-208 Civil Rights Act of 1964, 120 Civil Rights Memorial, 123 coalition for racial equality, 112-113 activism, 113 promoting nonviolent social change, 114 emerging leaders in the “interim period,” 129-132 Farrakhan, Louis, 130 Jackson, Jesse, 129-130 Powell, Colin, 131 Thomas, Clarence, 131-132 Washington, Harold, 130-131 Index 289 Evers, Medgar, murder of, 119 Farmer, James, 209 Freedom Riders, 118-119 initiatives, 277 Civilrights.org, 277-278 WCF (World Cultural Foundation), 278 Jackson, Jesse, 209 King, Dr Martin Luther Jr., 200 alienation of the political left, 201 assassination, 122 March on Washington, 120 progress in the aftermath of the King assassination, 126-129 voter-registration march at Selma, 200-201 “We Shall Overcome” speech, 202 Lewis, John, 209 Malcolm X, 202-204 Organization of AfroAmerican Unity, 204 succession of names, 204-205 Meredith, James, registration to Ole Miss, 119 Parks, Rosa, 116 Plessy v Ferguson, 115 Randolph, Asa Philip African American union, 205 March on Washington, 205-206 Rustin, Bayard, 209 separatists, 120-121 sit-ins, 117-118 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, 120 Wilkins, Roy, 206-207 Young, Whitney, 209 Civil War, 55 amendments to the Constitution, 79-80 Emancipation Proclamation, 60 African Americans join Union forces, 61 long-term effects, 61-62 psychological benchmark, 62 war of liberation, 60-61 white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 67-75 heroism in the armed services, 246 Confederate army, 247 Union army, 247 timeline, 58-59 United States Colored Troops, 62-63 54th Massachusetts Regiment, 62-63 endurance of racism, 65 First Kansas Colored Volunteer Regiment, 63-64 individual accomplishments, 64-65 Civilrights.org, 277-278 Cleaver, Eldridge, 216 Clinton, President Bill, posthumous pardon of Henry Flipper, 138-139 coalition for racial equality, civil rights movement, 112-113 activism, 113 promoting nonviolent social change, 114 coffee plantations, 35 Colfax Massacre, 74 Collier, Otis, 261 Collins, Addie Mae, 123 Color, 217 Colored Division of XVIII Corps, 64 commercial projects, entrepreneurship, 177 Common Sense, 242 Community Development Corporation See CDC community service, Martin Luther King Day, 164 Compromise of 1850, 26 Confederate army (Civil War), heroism in the armed services, 247 Congress ban on importation of slaves, 24 Congress of Racial Equality See CORE Connerly, Ward, 272 Conscription Act of 1863, Constitution amendments, 79-80 Fifteenth Amendment, 80 Fourteenth Amendment, 79 Thirteenth Amendment, 61, 79 ratification (1788), 23 Congress’ ban on importation of slaves, 24 exclusion of slaves from “We the People,” 23-24 contributions of African Americans, 27, 41, 65, 75, 85, 95, 108, 123, 135, 144 CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 106, 209 Freedom Riders, 118-119 Cosby, Bill, Cosby Show, 132, 238-239 cotton gins, 36 cotton plantations, 36 Courdine, Dr Meredith, EGD generator, 135 criminal justice system, abuse in case of Scottsboro Boys, 10-12 Crisis, 99 cultural movement as result of Great Migration, 94 Cumming v County Board of Education, 83 290 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History D Dandridge, Dorothy, 189-190 DAR (Daughters of the American Revolution), 102 Darker Face of the Earth, The, 184 Daughters of the American Revolution See DAR Davis, Angela, 185 Davis, B O., 251 Davis, Miles, 227 de facto segregation, 128 de jure segregation, 128 De La Beckwith, Byron, murder of Medgar Evers, 119 Declaration of Independence, slave codes, 22 Defender, 90 Delta blues, 224 demographic shifts, Great Migration, 92 DePriest, Oscar, 92 desegregation of the armed forces, Executive Order 9981, 250-251 discovery of Henrietta Marie, 21-22 Dorsey, Thomas A., 154-155 Douglass, Frederick Independence Day address, 56 slave narrative, 212 Dove, Rita, 184, 218 quotes, 184 Voices from the Gaps website, 185 Downing, George T., 75 Draft Riots, 3-12 Conscription Act of 1863, “Know Your Place” message, “proper sphere” mindset, 9-10 abuse of the civil justice system, 12 Scottsboro Boys, 10-12 white backlash to African American advancements, 12 three days of murder, 8-9 Dred Scott decision, 25-26 Drew, Dr Charles, 108 Dubois, W E B Niagara Movement, 99 social equality debate with Washington, 98 Souls of Black Folk, 95 Suppression of the African Slave Trade, 215 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, Lyrics of Lowly, 216 Dutchman, 218 E Economic Predicate for Black Reparations website, 143 economy entrepreneurship, 255-261 African American Women Business Owners Association, 260 Black Greek Network, 261 CDC, 257 MBDA, 260 NBBTA, 258 NBCC, 259 NFTE, 258 Sablenet, 261 Great Migration divisions, 92-93 initiatives, 279-280 Black Enterprise magazine, 279 Black Think Tank, 279 BlackFortune.com, 279 Supporting Black Businesses, 279 Urban Think Tank Institute, 280 educational divisions, Great Migration, 92-93 EGD generator (electrogas dynamic generator), Courdine, Dr Meredith, 135 Elder, Lonnie III, 218 election process, fiasco in Florida (2000), 140-141 Ellington, Duke, 108, 225-226 Ellison, Ralph, Invisible Man, 214 Emancipation Proclamation, 60-75 Civil War, 60-61 African Americans join Union forces, 61 long-term effects, 61-62 psychological benchmark, 62 white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 67-75 Encyclopedia Britannica Guide to Black History website, 167 English merchants, New World phase of the slave trade, 33-34 Enlightenment movement, 14-15 entrepreneurship, 169 African American Women Business Owners Association, 260 Beard, Andrew Jackson, 175 Black Greek Network, 261 business development, 169-172 Carver, George Washington, 175-177 CDC, 257 economic progress, 255-257 large-scale commercial projects, 177 MBDA, 260 McCoy, Elijah, 175 modern era, 177 Gist’s online car sales service, 178 Harlem Venture Group, 178 Minority.net, 178 Index 291 Farmer, James, CORE, 209 Farrakhan, Louis, 130 Million Man March, 138 Faubus, Orval, 117 feminism, 181-195 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 191-192 Chisholm, Shirley, 186-187 Dandridge, Dorothy, 189-190 Davis, Angela, 185 Dove, Rita, 184-185 Fitzgerald, Ella, 190-191 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 187-188 Jordan, Barbara, 182-183 Parks, Rosa, 188-189 Truth, Sojourner, 194-195 Tubman, Harriet, 193-194 Walker, Madam C J., 193 Wells-Barnett, Ida, 192-193 Winfrey, Oprah, 183-184 Fences, 219 Ferguson, Samuel David, 86 festivities, 159 Black History Month, 165-167 Kwanzaa, 159-162 F Karenga, Dr Maulana, 161 faith (religious experience), symbols, 160 149-157 Martin Luther King Day, Allen, Richard, 151 162-165 Bailey, Sue, 155 emphasis on service to Dorsey, Thomas A., 154-155 the community, 164 Nation of Islam, 156 opposition to national religious expression, drive observance, 163 for, 150 timeline, 164 Rastafarianism, 156-157 Fields, Mary, 75 religious expression, drive Fifteenth Amendment to the for, 150 Constitution, 80 Revels, Hiram, 152 filibustering laws, 100-101 Santeria, 157 film pioneers, 231-232 Seymour, William J., Johnson brothers (Noble 153-154 and George), 235 Southern Baptist churches, LeGon, Jeni, 235 149-150 Poitier, Sidney, 232 Thurman, Howard, 155 race movies, 232 Williams, Peter Sr., 152 National Black MBA Association, 177 obstacles and inequity, 178-179 NBBTA, 258 NBCC, 259 NFTE, 258 Sablenet, 261 timeline, 170-171 twentieth century, 173 Walker, Madam C J., 173-175 Equiano, Olauda, 31 Equity Capital Access program (MBDA), 260 escape and recapture (slaves), 37-39 Evers, Medgar, murder during civil rights movement, 119 Everything About Kwanzaa website, 162 Executive Order 8802, 250 Executive Order 9981, desegregation of the armed forces, 250-251 Exodus, theological support for slavery, 40 Micheaux, Oscar, 232 Williams, Spencer, 234 Waters, Ethel, 235 Fire Next Time, The, 216 First Kansas Colored Volunteer Regiment Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, 64 Battle of Honey Springs, 63 Fort Pillow, 64 Island Mound, 63 Fitzgerald, Ella, 190-191, 226 Flip Wilson Show, 238 Flipper, Henry, posthumous pardon, 138-139 Florida voting fiasco (2000), 140-141 folk tales, 214 Forrest, Maj Gen Nathan, Fort Pillow, 64 Fort Pillow, 64 Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 79 Framing of the Shrew, 234 Freedom Church, 152 Freedom Riders, civil rights movement, 118-119 Freedom Rides (CORE), 106 French War Cross, 249 Fugitive Slave, 212 Fugitive Slave Law, 23 G Garrison, William Lloyd, Liberator, 24 Garrity, Arthur, plan of mandatory school integration in Boston, 128 Garvey, Marcus, 156 “back to Africa” vision, 103-105 Gedney, Lieutenant Thomas, 45 Giovanni’s Room, 215 Giovanni, Nikki, 218 Gist, Roosevelt, online car sales service, 178 292 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History global timeline, slavery, 18-20 Glory, 62 Go Tell It on the Mountain, 215 Gone With the Wind, 81 Goodman, Andrew, 123 Great Depression pickets, 105 Great Migration, 87 black press, exposure of abuses against blacks, 90 causes, 88-89 effects, 92-94 cultural movement, 94 demographic shifts, 92 economic and educational divisions, 92-93 urban tensions, 93-94 key events, 91 northern racism, 95 precursor migrations, 87 recruitment by northern labor agents, 90 Great Migration, The, 95 H Haley, Alex, 216 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 187-188 Hammon, Briton, slave narratives, 212 Hansberry, Lorraine, 218 Raisin in the Sun, 123 Harlem Hellfighters, heroism in the armed services, 249 Harlem on the Prairie, 234 Harlem Renaissance, 94, 217 Harlem Venture Group, 178 Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 86 Harpo, Inc., 183 Harvard, Claude, 108 Hayes, President Rutherford B., back-room deal of 1877, 72 Henderson, H B., 261 Hendrix, Jimi, 228 Henrietta Marie, 21-22 Henson, Matthew, 95 heroism in the armed services, 241-251 Buffalo Soldiers, 248 Civil War, 246-247 Confederate army, 247 Union army, 247 Executive Order 9981, desegregation of the armed forces, 250-251 Revolutionary War, 242-244 Attucks, Crispus, 242 permitting slaves to enlist in service, 244 slaveholding Founding Fathers, 243-244 Spanish-American War, African American Tenth Cavalry, 248 War of 1812, formal segregation in armed forces, 245-246 World War I, Harlem Hellfighters, 249 World War II, 249-250 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion, 249 969th Field Artillery Battalion, 249 Executive Order 8802, 250 Tuskegee Airmen, 250 Hocutt, Thomas, 101 Holiday Zone: Martin Luther King Day Activities website, 165 holidays, 159 Black History Month, 165-167 Woodson, Dr Carter G., 166-167 Kwanzaa, 159-162 Karenga, Dr Maulana, 161 symbols, 160 Martin Luther King Day, 162-165 emphasis on service to the community, 164 opposition to national observance, 163 timeline, 164 Homesteader, 233 Hones, John, 65 Hot Fives and Sevens, The, 225 Hughes, Langston, 217 human toll of slavery, 29 American holocaust, 31-32 auctions, 34-35 Christian and spiritual justification for slavery, 39-40 escape and recapture, 37-39 New World phase of the slave trade, 33-34 plantation economy, 35-37 Underground Railroad, 30 I I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, 215 I Spy, 238 Ibo’s Landing, 37 ideologies, racist politics, 264-265 covert racism, 265-266 electoral realities, 266-268 Kennedy’s racial unity message, 268 Nixon legacy, 269-270 open wounds in the African American community, 270-272 Ideologies, Tactics, and Achievements of Negro Betterment and Interracial Organizations, 208 Ikard, Bose, 75 indentured servants, discovery of Henrietta Marie, 20-22 indigo plantations, 35 Infoplease: Martin Luther King Jr Day website, 165 integration in school systems diversity in the classroom, 129 Garrity plan, 128 schools under siege, 128 International PenFriends campaign (WCF), 278 Index 293 Internet African American History website, 167 Internet Black Pages, 260 Introducing Dorothy Dandridge, 190 Invisible Man, 214 J Jackson, Jesse, 129-130 PUSH (People United to Save Humanity), 129, 209 jazz music Armstrong, Louis, 225 Davis, Miles, 227-228 Ellington, Duke, 225-226 Fitzgerald, Ella, 226 Jemison, Mae, 144 Jim Crow laws, 78 Black Codes precursor, 80 legally sanctioned racial prejudice, 82 Plessy v Ferguson, 82-83 segregation of railway facilities, 82 long-term intimidation of blacks, 79 Radical Reconstruction period, 80-81 unending era, 85 Joe Turner’s Come and Gone, 220 Johnson, George, 235 Johnson, Noble, 235 Johnson, Robert, 223-225 Johnson, Sgt Henry, 249 Jones, Frederick McKinley, 108 Jones, LeRoi, 218 Jones, Quincy, 144 Jordan, Barbara, 182-183 Jordan, Michael, 144 Journal of Negro History, 166 Juke Joint, 234 Julia, 238 Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water Before I Die, 218 K Kalven, Harry, 11 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 26-27 Karamu, 160 Karenga, Dr Maulana, 161 Kelso, Blanche, 75 Kennedy, Robert F., racial unity message, 268 key events to the Great Migration, 91 Kikombe Cha Umoja, 160 Kinara, 160 Kind of Blue, 227 King Hedley II, 220 King, Dr Martin Luther Jr., 108, 114, 120-132, 200 alienation of the political left, 201 assassination, 122 civil rights movement, 114 March on Washington, 120 progress in the aftermath of the King assassination emerging leaders in the “interim period,” 129-132 end of segregation in public schools, 126-129 voter-registration march at Selma, 200-201 “We Shall Overcome” speech, 202 King, Rodney, 11 riots, 133-134 “Know Your Place” message (1863 Draft Riots), Ku Klux Klan, 73 Kunjufu, Dr Jawanza, 259 Kwanzaa, 159-162 Karenga, Dr Maulana, 161 symbols, 160 L landmark cases Alexander v Holmes County Board of Education, 126-127 Bakke v Board of Education, 125 Brown v Board of Education, 13, 84, 100 civil rights movement, 115-116 federal government’s support of ruling in Little Rock, 117 Cumming v County Board of Education, 83 Plessy v Ferguson, 82-83 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 25 Langston, Ronald N., 260 Lawrence, Jacob, Great Migration, 95 leaders in the “interim period” (civil rights), 129-132 Farrakhan, Louis, 130 Jackson, Jesse, 129-130 Powell, Colin, 131 Thomas, Clarence, 131-132 Washington, Harold, 130-131 Legal Defense and Educational Fund (NAACP), 102 LeGon, Jeni, 235 Lewis, John, SNCC, 209 Liberator, 24 Life and Adventures of an American Slave, The, 32 Lilies of the Field, 232 Lincoln, President Abraham, Emancipation Proclamation, 60 Civil War, 60-61 African Americans join Union forces, 61 long-term effects, 61-62 psychological benchmark, 62 white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 67 manipulation of the political system, 71-73 overt legal actions, 68-71 terrorism, 73-75 294 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History literacy tests, 70 literature, regionalist literature, 214 Little, Malcolm (Malcolm X), 108 Liuzzo, Viola, 123 Lost-Found Nation of Islam See Nation of Islam Love, Nat, 75 lynchings, 89 statistics, 103 vocal campaign to increase public awareness (NAACP), 100 Lyrics of Lowly, 216 M Ma Rainey’s Black Bottom, 219 Malcolm X, 108, 202-205 Organization of AfroAmerican Unity, 121, 204 succession of names, 204-205 Manchild in the Promised Land, 215 Manifesto, 121 manipulation of the political system, white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 71-73 Hayes’ back-room deal of 1877, 72 totalitarianism in the South, 73 March on Washington King, Dr Martin Luther Jr., 120 Randolph, Asa Philip, 205-206 Marshall, Thurgood, 100, 123 Brown v Board of Education, 115 Martin Luther King Day, 162-165 emphasis on service to the community, 164 opposition to national observance, 163 timeline, 164 mass protests (NAACP), 101 Matzeliger, Jan Earnst, 86 MBDA (Minority Business Development Agency), 260 McCoy, Elijah, 175 McDuffie, Aaron, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, 173 McKay, Claude, 216 McNair, Denise, 123 media black press, exposure of abuses against blacks, 90 NAACP skills, 102 pioneers in film and television, 231-239 Amos ‘n’ Andy, 235 Johnson brothers (Noble and George), 235 landmark moments in television, 238-239 LeGon, Jeni, 235 Nat “King” Cole Show, 236-238 Poitier, Sidney, 232 race movies, 232-234 Waters, Ethel, 235 response to Million Man March, 138 Memphis Free Speech, 192 Meredith, James, registration to Ole Miss, civil rights movement, 119 Merrick, John, North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, 173 Micheaux, Oscar, race movies, 232 middle class (rise of African American middle class), 132 Million Man March, media response, 138 Minority Business Development Agency See MBDA Minority.net, 178 Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party, 188 Mississippi Plan, 74 Missouri Compromise, 24 Mitchell, Charles L., 75 Mkeka, 160 modern entrepreneurship, 177-179 Gist’s online car sales service, 178 Harlem Venture Group, 178 Minority.net, 178 National Black MBA Association, 177 obstacles and inequity, 178-179 Montgomery, Col James, 65 Moon, John P., 135 Morgan, Garrett Augustus, 95 Morris, Ernest, 172 movies, race movies, 232 Micheaux, Oscar, 232 Williams, Spencer, 234 Mshuna, 160 Muhindi, 160 music tradition, 221-228 anonymous innovators, 222-223 Armstrong, Louis, 225 Berry, Chuck, 228 Carter, James, 223 Davis, Miles, 227 Ellington, Duke, 225-226 Fitzgerald, Ella, 226 Hendrix, Jimi, 228 Johnson, Robert, 223-225 My Larger Education, 215 Myrdal, Gunnar, American Dilemma, 84 N NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People), 99-103, 206-207 Index 295 Bond, Julian, 139 Brown v Board of Education, 100 challenge of unequal salary structures for African American teachers, 101 challenge to the legality of segregation, 101 founding, 99 Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 102 lobbying on behalf of black servicemen, 102 media skills, 102 nonviolent mass protests, 101 opposition to racist judiciary appointments, 101 protest against film Birth of a Nation, 101 struggles in the early years, 100-103 vocal campaign to increase public awareness of lynchings, 100 Wilkins, Roy, 206-207 Narrative, Sojourner’s slave narrative, 214 Nat “King” Cole Show, 236-238 Nation of Islam, 130, 156 Farrakhan, Louis, Million Man March, 138 National Association for the Advancement of Colored People See NAACP National Association of Colored Women, 86 National Black Business Trade Association See NBBTA National Black Chamber of Commerce See NBCC National Black MBA Association, 177 National Convention of Gospel Choirs and Choruses, 155 National Federation of AfroAmerican Women, 86 National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship See NFTE National Negro Congress, 105-106, 208 National Underground Railroad Network to Freedom Program, 30 National Urban League, 98, 209 National Women’s Political Caucus, 186 Native Son, 214 NBBTA (National Black Business Trade Association), 258 NBCC (National Black Chamber of Commerce), 259 Negro History Week (Woodson), 95 Negro In Our History, The, 166 Negro Problem, The, 215 Negro World, 104, 202 Nell, William C., 65 New World phase of the slave trade, English merchants, 33-34 NFTE (National Foundation for Teaching Entrepreneurship), 258 Niagara Movement, 99 nonfiction writing, 215-216 nonviolent mass protests of the NAACP, 101 nonviolent social change, civil rights movement, 114 North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company, 173 northern racism, Great Migration, 95 Northrup, Solomon, 36 Northwest Ordinance, 22 novels, 214-215 O O Brother, Where Art Thou, 223 observances See holidays Official Kwanzaa Website, 162 On Being Brought from Africa to America, 212 On Her Own Ground, 174 On the Bus with Rosa Parks, 184 Opelousas Massacre, 74 opposition to institution of slavery, 24-25 Garrison, William Lloyd, Liberator, 24 Turner, Nat, 25 Organization of AfroAmerican Unity (Malcolm X), 121, 204 overt legal actions, white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 68-71 civil rights law reversal, 68 distribution of abandoned lands, 68 effective denial of voting rights to African Americans, 70-71 Plessy v Ferguson, 69-70 slavery to serfdom, 71 Supreme Court ruling on the Fourteenth Amendment, 68 P–Q Paine, Thomas, 242 Parks, Rosa, 116, 188-189 civil rights movement, 116 Patterson, Mary Jane, 65 Peary, Robert E., 95 People United to Save Humanity See PUSH Philadelphia United program, 257 296 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History Piano Lesson, The, 220 pickets during the Great Depression, 105 plantation economy, human toll of slavery, 35-37 good masters versus bad masters, 36-37 selling down the river, 37 Plessy v Ferguson, 69 civil rights movement, 115 Jim Crow laws, 82-83 “Separate But Equal” accommodations, 69-70 Plessy, Homer, 83 Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 212 poetry, 216-217 Poitier, Sidney, 232 political implications racism, 264-272 covert racism, 265-266 electoral realities, 266-268 Kennedy’s racial unity message, 268 Nixon legacy, 269-270 open wounds in the African American community, 270-272 slavery, 20-27 Compromise of 1850, 26 Declaration of Independence slave codes, 22 indentured servants, discovery of Henrietta Marie, 20-22 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 26-27 Missouri Compromise, 24 Northwest Ordinance, 22 opposition to institution of slavery, 24-25 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 25 ratification of the U.S Constitution, 23-24 poll taxes, 70 Powell, Colin, 131, 144 Preface to a 20 Volume Suicide Note, 218 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 25 “proper sphere” mindset (Draft Riots of 1863), 9-12 abuse of the civil justice system, 12 Scottsboro Boys, 10-12 white backlash to African American advancements, 12 Proposition 209, 139 protests (NAACP), 101 Psalms, theological support for slavery, 40 Pure Ella: The Very Best of Ella Fitzgerald, 226 PUSH (People United to Save Humanity), 129, 209 R race movies, 232-234 Micheaux, Oscar, 232 Williams, Spencer, 234 race riots, 4-6 Chicago race riots, 93-94 Draft Riots of 1863, 7-12 Rodney King riots, 133-134 racism, 263 legally sanctioned racial prejudice, Jim Crow laws, 82-83 northern racism, Great Migration, 95 political implications, 264-272 covert racism, 265-266 electoral realities, 266-268 Kennedy’s racial unity message, 268 Nixon legacy, 269-270 open wounds in the African American community, 270-272 Rodney King riots, 133-134 Radical Reconstruction, 80-81 Rainbow Coalition, 129, 209 Raisin in the Sun, 123, 218 Randolph, Asa Phillip, 105 African American union, 205 March on Washington, 205-206 Rastafarianism, 156-157 ratification of the U.S Constitution (1788), 23-24 Congress’ ban on importation of slaves, 24 exclusion of slaves from “We the People,” 23-24 rebellion (slavery), Amistad rebellion, 43-52 American legal system, 47-48 defense of the Amistad captives by John Quincy Adams, 48-50 Northward journey, 45-46 piracy and murder versus self-defense, 46-47 prelude to American Civil War, 51-52 racial perceptions among whites before the Civil War, 48 significance, 44-45 Supreme Court’s decision to free captives, 50-51 recruitment of blacks by northern labor agents, Great Migration, 90 regionalist literature, 214 religious experience, 149-157 Allen, Richard, 151 Bailey, Sue, 155 Dorsey, Thomas A., 154-155 Nation of Islam, 156 Rastafarianism, 156-157 religious expression, drive for, 150 Revels, Hiram, 152 Index 297 Santeria, 157 Seymour, William J., 153-154 Southern Baptist churches, 149-150 Thurman, Howard, 155 Williams, Peter Sr., 152 Remembering Jim Crow, 84-85 Reparations Movement, 142-143 Black Reparations website, 143 Economic Predicate for Black Reparations website, 143 scams, 142 We Won’t Pay website, 143 Revels, Hiram, 152 reverse discrimination, 271 Revolutionary War, heroism in the armed services, 242-243 Attucks, Crispus, 242 permitting slaves to enlist in service, 244 slaveholding Founding Fathers, 243-244 rhythm of African Americans (music tradition), 221-228 anonymous innovators, 222-223 Armstrong, Louis, 225 Berry, Chuck, 228 Carter, James, 223 Davis, Miles, 227 Ellington, Duke, 225-226 Fitzgerald, Ella, 226 Hendrix, Jimi, 228 Johnson, Robert, 223-225 rice plantations, 35 riots Chicago race riots, 93-94 Draft Riots of 1863, 7-12 Rodney King riots, 133-134 rise of a muddle class, 132 Robert Johnson Notebooks website, 224 Robert Johnson: The Complete Recordings, 224 Robertson, Carole, 123 Robinson, Jackie, baseball’s call for change, 106-107 rock music Berry, Chuck, 228 Hendrix, Jimi, 228 Roosevelt, President Franklin D., Executive Order 8802, 250 Roots, 239 Rowe, Billy, 15-16 Ruffin, Josephine St Pierre, National Federation of AfroAmerican Women, 86 Rustin, Bayard, 209 laws that denied civil rights to African Americans, 83-85 railway facilities, Jim Crow laws, 82 self-definition, Rowe, Billy, 15-16 self-determination drive, religious experience, 150 selling down the river (threat of a master to a slave), 37 Selma, voter-registration march (King), 200-201 “Separate But Equal” accommodations, result of Plessy v Ferguson, 69-70 separatists, 120-121 serfdom, 71 servicemen (heroism in the S armed services), 241-251 Buffalo Soldiers, 248 Sablenet, 261 Civil War, 246-247 Santeria, 157 Confederate army, 247 scat improvisations (Ella Union army, 247 Fitzgerald), 190 Executive Order 9981, SCHR (Southern Center for desegregation of the Human Rights), 276-277 armed forces, 250-251 Schwermer, Michael, 123 Revolutionary War, SCLC (Southern Christian 242-244 Leadership Conference), 116 Attucks, Crispus, 242 Scottsboro Boys, abuse of the permitting slaves to criminal justice system, 10-12 enlist in service, 244 secession, 58 slaveholding Founding Second South Carolina Fathers, 243-244 Colored Volunteers, 65 Spanish-American War, segregation African American Tenth challenge to the legality of Cavalry, 248 segregation, NAACP, 101 War of 1812, formal segreend of segregation in public gation in armed forces, schools, 126 245-246 Alexander v Holmes World War I, Harlem County Board of Hellfighters, 249 Education, World War II, 249-250 126-127 614th Tank Destroyer diversity in the classBattalion, 249 room, 129 969th Field Artillery Garrity plan, 128 Battalion, 249 schools under siege, 128 Executive Order 8802, Great Migration, 88-89 250 Tuskegee Airmen, 250 298 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History Seven Guitars, 220 Seymour, William J., Azusa Street Revival, 153-154 Shaw, Col Robert, 62 sit-ins, civil rights movement, 117-118 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church bombing, civil rights movement, 120 slave congregations, 40 slavery, 17 Amistad rebellion, 43-52 American legal system, 47-48 defense of the Amistad captives by John Quincy Adams, 48-50 Northward journey, 45-46 piracy and murder versus self-defense, 46-47 prelude to American Civil War, 51-52 racial perceptions among whites before the Civil War, 48 significance, 44-45 Supreme Court’s decision to free captives, 50-51 Emancipation Proclamation, 60-75 Civil War, 60-61 long-term effects, 61-62 psychological benchmark, 62 white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 67-75 global timeline, 18-20 human toll, 29 American holocaust, 31-32 auctions, 34-35 Christian and spiritual justification for slavery, 39-40 escape and recapture, 37-39 New World phase of the slave trade, 33-34 plantation economy, 35-37 Underground Railroad, 30 narratives, 212 Bibb, Henry, American Slave, 212 Brown, William W., Fugitive Slave, 212 Douglass, Frederick, 212 Hammon, Briton, 212 Northtrop, Solomon, 212 Truth, Sojourner, Narrative, 214 political ramifications, 20 Compromise of 1850, 26 Declaration of Independence slave codes, 22 indentured servants, 20-22 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 26-27 Missouri Compromise, 24 Northwest Ordinance, 22 opposition to institution of slavery, 24-25 Prigg v Pennsylvania, 25 ratification of the U.S Constitution, 23-24 Reparations Movement, 142-143 scams, 142 Smith, Stephen, lumber and coal operation, 171 Smithsonian Folkways American Roots Collection, The, 222 SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), 119, 209 social equality, 106 baseball’s call for change, Robinson, Jackie, 106-107 bus boycott, 106 CORE (Congress of Racial Equality), 106, 209 Garvey, Marcus, “back to Africa” vision, 103-105 Great Depression pickets, 105 initiatives, 277-278 Civilrights.org, 277-278 WCF (World Cultural Foundation), 278 NAACP’s organized legal action, 100-103 Brown v Board of Education, 100 challenge of unequal salary structures for African American teachers, 101 challenge to the legality of segregation, 101 Legal Defense and Educational Fund, 102 lobbying on behalf of black servicemen, 102 media skills, 102 nonviolent mass protests, 101 opposition to racist judiciary appointments, 101 protest against film Birth of a Nation, 101 vocal campaign to increase public awareness of lynchings, 100 National Negro Congress, 105-106 Washington/Dubois debate, 98 Woodward, Isaac, national publicity of abuse, 107-108 Soul on Ice, 216 Souls of Black Folk, The, 95 Southern Baptist churches, 149-150 Southern Center for Human Rights See SCHR Index 299 Southern Christian Leadership Conference See SCLC Spanish-American War, heroism in the armed services, African American Tenth Cavalry, 248 spiritual justification for slavery, Exodus and Psalms, 39-40 Stahl, Jesse, 75 Stamp on Black History website, 167 Steward, Austin, 212 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 57 Strayhorn, Billy, 226 Street in Bronzeville, A, 217 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee See SNCC sugar plantations, 36 Summerville, Dr J A., 172 Supporting Black Businesses, 279 Suppression of the African Slave Trade, 215 Supreme Court, decision to free Amistad captives, 50-51 T television pioneers, 231-235 Amos ‘n’ Andy, 235 landmark moments in television, 238-239 Nat “King” Cole Show, 236-238 Tenderfeet, 234 Terrell, Mary Church, National Association of Colored Women, 86 terrorism, Ku Klux Klan, 73-75 Terry, Lucy, 216 theatre, Wilson, August, 218-220 theological support for slavery, Exodus and Psalms, 39-40 Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, 61, 79 Thomas and Beulah, 184 Thomas, Clarence, 131-132 Thoreau, Henry David, Civil Disobedience, 114 Thurman, Howard, 155 Till, Emmett, 123 timelines Carver, George Washington, 176-177 Civil War, 58-59 entrepreneurship, 170-171 Martin Luther King Day, 164 slavery, 18-20 Wilson, August, 219-220 tobacco plantations, 35 Toomer, Jean, Cane, 214 Topdog/Underdog, 218 totalitarianism in the South, white supremacists’ actions following Civil War, 73 Trotter, William Monroe, Niagara Movement, 99 Truman, President Harry S., Executive Order 9981, desegregation of the armed forces, 250-251 Truth, Sojourner, 194-195 slave narrative, Narrative, 214 women’s suffrage movement, 194 Tubman, Harriet, 193-194 Underground Railroad, 30, 64, 193 Turner, Henry M., 65 Turner, Nat, revolt against whites, 25 Tuskegee Airmen, 250 Tuskegee Institute, 99 Twelve Years a Slave, 36, 212 Twenty-Two Years a Slave, 212 Two Trains Running, 220 Tyson, Cicely, 239 U U.S Constitution, ratification (1788), 23-24 Congress’ ban on importation of slaves, 24 exclusion of slaves from “We the People,” 23-24 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 56-57 underclass emergence, persistence of social problems in inner-cities, 271 Underground Railroad, Tubman, Harriet, 30, 64, 193 UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association), 103 Union army (Civil War), 247 United Bank of Philadelphia, 257 United States Colored Troops, 62-65 54th Massachusetts Regiment, 62-63 endurance of racism, 65 First Kansas Colored Volunteer Regiment Battle of Chaffin’s Farm, 64 Battle of Honey Springs, 63 Fort Pillow, 64 Island Mound, 63 individual accomplishments, 64-65 Universal Negro Improvement Association See UNIA Up From Slavery, 215 urban alienation, 143-144 urban tensions as result of Great Migration, 94 Black Wall Street, 93 Chicago race riots, 93-94 Urban Think Tank Institute, 280 300 The Complete Idiot’s Guide to African American History V Vibe magazine, 144 Virginia arsenal, John Brown raid, 57-58 vocal campaign to increase public awareness of lynchings (NAACP), 100 Voices from the Gaps website, 185 voter-registration march at Selma (King), 200-201 voting rights fiasco in Florida (2000), 140-141 Voting Rights Act of 1965, 202 white Supremacists’ effective denial of voting rights to African Americans, 70-71 W–X–Y–Z Wade in the Water: African American Sacred Music Traditions, 222 Walker, Edward G., 75 Walker, Madam C J., 173-175, 193 War of 1812, heroism in the armed services, 245-246 Ward, Major Richard, 63 Washington, Booker T social equality debate with Dubois, 98 Up From Slavery, 215 Washington, Harold, 130-131 Waters, Ethel, 235 WCF (World Cultural Foundation), 278 “We Shall Overcome” speech (King), 202 We Won’t Pay website, 143 Weary Blues, The, 217 Weeping Time (slave auction), 35 Wells-Barnett, Ida, 192-193 Wesley, Cynthia, 123 Wheatley, Phillis, 211-212 On Being Brought from Africa to America, 212 Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 212 white racism, white backlash to African American advancements, 12 white supremacists, 67-75 manipulation of the political system, 71, 73 overt legal actions, 68-71 terrorism, 73-75 Whitney, Eli, cotton gin, 36 Why We Can’t Wait, 216 Wilkins, Roy, 206-207 Williams, Devon, 261 Williams, Doug, 135 Williams, Eugene, 93 Williams, Peter Sr., African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, 152 Williams, Spencer, race movies, 234 Wilson, August, 218-220 Winfrey, Oprah, 135, 144, 183-184 Within Our Gates, 233 women, 181 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 191-192 Chisholm, Shirley, 186-187 Dandridge, Dorothy, 189-190 Davis, Angela, 185 Dove, Rita, 184-185 Fitzgerald, Ella, 190-191 Hamer, Fannie Lou, 187-188 Jordan, Barbara, 182-183 Parks, Rosa, 188-189 Truth, Sojourner, 194-195 Tubman, Harriet, 193-194 Walker, Madam C J., 193 Wells-Barnett, Ida, 192193 Winfrey, Oprah, 183-184 Walker, Madam C J., 193 women’s suffrage movement, Truth, Sojourner, 194 Women, Race, and Class, 185 Woods, Granville T., 86 Woodson, Dr Carter G Black History Month, 166-167 Negro History Week, 95 Woodward, Isaac, national publicity of abuse, 107-108 World Cultural Foundation See WCF World War I, heroism in the armed services, Harlem Hellfighters, 249 World War II, heroism in the armed services, 249-250 614th Tank Destroyer Battalion, 249 969th Field Artillery Battalion, 249 Executive Order 8802, 250 Tuskegee Airmen, 250 Wright, Bruce, Black Robes, White Justice, 12 Wright, Richard, 214 writings, 211-220 nonfiction writing, 215-216 novels, 214-215 poetry, 216-217 regionalist literature, 214 slave narratives, 212 Bibb, Henry, 212 Brown, William W., 212 Douglass, Frederick, 212 Hammon, Briton, 212 Northtrop, Solomon, 212 Steward, Austin, 212 Truth, Sojourner, 214 theatre, Wilson, August, 218-220 Wheatley, Phillis, 211 Young, Whitney, 209 Zawadi, 160 Zeisel, Hans, 11 ... viii The Complete Idiot s Guide to African American History Other Voices, Other Challenges 103 Marcus Garvey’s “Back to Africa” Movement 103 Pickets During the Depression 105 The. .. about the first part of the African American story Part 2, “A House Divided: The Later History, ” gives you information about the story from the Civil War to the present day Part 3, “Power on the. .. Martin Luther King Day 162 Resistance 163 Community Service 164 Black History Month 165 The Father of Black History 166 ix x The Complete Idiot s Guide to African