The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789-1920 Longman Companions to History General Editors: Chris Cook andJohn Stevenson Now available THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO NAPOLEONIC EUROPE Clive Emsley THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO EUROPEAN NATIONALISM, 1789-1920 Raymond Pearson THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE 1914 Ritchie Oven dale THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE ERA OF THE TWO WORLD WARS, 1914-45 Andrew Thorpe THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO COLD WAR AND DETENTE, 1914-91 John W Young The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789-1920 Raymond Pearson ~l Routledge ~~ Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK First published 1994 Longman Group Limited Published 2014 by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 1994, Taylor & Francis All rights reserved No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein ISBN13: 978-0-582-07228-2 (pbk) British Library Cataloguing-ill-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publications Data Pearson, Raymond The Longman companion to European nationalism, 1789-1920 / Raymond Pearson p em - (Longman companions to history) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-582-07229-8 - ISBN 0-582-07228-X (pbk.) I Europe-Politics and government-1789-1900 Europe-Politics and government-187l-1918 Nationalism-Europe-History-19th century Nationalism-Europe-History-20th century I Longman (Firm) II Title III Series D359.7.P43 1993 940-dc20 92-46026 CIP Set by 7LL in 9V2/ 11 pt New Baskerville Contents List of Maps x Preface xi Acknowledgements XllJ Section I: International chronicle l 19 Military Diplomatic Section II: Historical atlas 35 l 10 11 12 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 57 Europe in the late eighteenth century Europe at the height of Napoleon's power Europe in 1815 The Unification ofItaly, 1848-1870 The Unification of Germany, 1818-1871 Europe in 1871 The Habsburg Empire, 1867-1918 (political) The Habsburg Empire, 1867-1918 (ethnic) The decline of the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1912 The growth of Balkan independence, 1822-1913 Russian territorial losses, 1917-1918 Europe's frontiers, 1919-1937 Section III: Geopolitical gazetteer 59 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 64 64 64 65 Old States: Denmark France Habsburg Empire Monaco Netherlands Ottoman Empire Portugal Russian Empire San Marino Spain Sweden v Contents New States: Ex-States: VI Sub-States: Switzerland United Kingdom Albania Belgium Bulgaria Germany Greece Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Montenegro Norway Rumania Serbia Batavian Republic Bavaria Cisalpine Republic Cispadane Republic Confederation of the Rhine Congress Poland Cracow Danubian Principalities Georgia German Confederation Helvetic Republic Holy Roman Empire Illyrian Republic Italy, Republic and Kingdom Lemanic Republic Ligurian Republic Lombardic Republic Netherlands, United Kingdom of North German Confederation Papal States Parthenopean Republic Piedmont-Sardinia Poland Posen, Grand Duchy of Prussia Roman Republic Two Sicilies, Kingdom of Venetian Republic Warsaw, Grand Duchy of Alsace-Lorraine Andorra Armenia 65 65 66 66 67 67 68 69 70 70 70 71 71 71 73 74 74 74 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 77 77 77 77 77 77 78 78 78 78 79 79 80 80 80 80 81 81 81 Contents Austria/ Cisleithania Azerbaidzhan Be lorussia/ Be larus Bessarabia Bohemia Bosnia-Herzegovina Brittany /Breiz Bukovina Catalonia/Catalunya Corsica Crete Croatia Cyprus Dobrudja Estonia Euzkadi Finland Gibraltar Hungary /Transleithania Iceland Ireland Karelia Kosovo Latvia Lithuania Macedonia Malta Moldavia Moravia Novi Bazar Pomerania Rumelia Ruthenia Savoy Schleswig-Holstein Scotland Slovakia Slovenia Transylvania Ukraine Ulster Vistula Provinces Wales Wallachia 81 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 85 86 86 86 87 87 87 88 88 88 88 89 89 89 89 90 90 90 90 91 91 92 92 92 93 93 93 93 94 vii Contents Section IV: National chronologies l 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2l 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3l 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 4I 42 43 44 viii The Albanians The Armenians The Austrians The Azerbaidzhanis/ Azeris The Basques The Belgians The Belorussians The Bretons The Bulgarians The Catalans The Croats The Czechs The Danes The Dutch The English The Estonians The Finns The French The Georgians The Germans The Greeks/Hellenes The Gypsies/Roma The Hungarians/Magyars The Icelanders The Irish The Italians The Jews The Latvians/Letts The Lithuanians The Montenegrins The Norwegians The Poles The Portuguese The Rumanians The Russians The Ruthenians The Scots The Serbs The Slovaks The Slovenes The Spanish The Swedes The Swiss The Turks 95 97 98 99 106 107 107 110 110 111 114 115 117 119 122 124 129 130 131 140 141 155 160 161 164 165 171 180 182 183 184 186 187 191 194 197 207 208 209 213 214 215 220 222 223 Contents 45 46 The Ukrainians The Welsh Section V: Statistical tables Comparative populations of European states and nations, 1800-1920 Most-populated European states, 1800, 1850, 1900 & 1920 League table of most-populated European states, 1800-1920 Ethnic composition of Austria/Cisleithania, 1880 & 1910 Ethnic composition of Hungary/Transleithania, 1890 & 1910 Ethnic composition of Austria-Hungary, 1910 Religious affiliation in Austria-Hungary, 1910 Ethnic composition of the Russian Empire, 1897 Comparative populations ofleading European cities, 1800-1900 10 Most-populated European cities, 1800, 1850 & 1900 11 League table of most-populated European cities, 1800-1900 12 European state production of coal, steel and oil, 1900 13 Top coal-producing European states, 1900 14 Top steel-producing European states, 1900 15 Top oil-producing European states, 1900 16 League table of European coal, steel and oil producing states, 1900 17 Emigration from Europe by state, 1860s, 1880s & 1900s 18 Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1860s 19 Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1880s 20 Top emigrant-despatching European states, 1900s 21 League table of emigrant-despatching European states, 1850-1920 22 Human losses in principal European wars, 1850-1920 23 League table of human losses in war by European states, 1850-1920 24 European states' relative human losses in war, 1850-1920 232 233 235 237 238 238 239 239 239 240 240 240 241 242 242 242 243 243 243 243 244 244 244 245 245 246 246 Section VI: Nationalist biographies 247 Section VII: Political glossary 275 Section VIII: Select bibliography 309 312 315 Analytical General National Index 311 329 ix Select mbliography A selection of studies of aspects of early Irish nationalism might include R Jacob, The Rise of the United Irishmen, 1791-4 (1937), F Pakenham, The Year of Liberty: The Great Irish Rebellion of 1798 (1969), G.C Bolton, The Passing of the Irish Act of Union (1966), O MacDonagh, Ireland: The Union and its Aftermath (1968), R Davis, The Young Ireland Movement (1954), T.W Moody (ed.), The Fenian Movement (1968) and RV Comerford, The Fenians in Context (1978) A similar selection on later Irish nationalism should include T Garvin, The Evolution of Irish Nationalist Politics (1981) and Nationalist Revolutionaries in Ireland, 1858-1928 (1986), C.H.E Philbin (ed.), Nationalism and Popular Protest in Ireland (1987), A 'Day (ed.), Reactions to Irish Nationalism (1987), D.G Boyce (ed.), The Revolution in Ireland, 1879-1923 (1967), W.F MandIe, The Gaelic Athletic Association and Irish Nationalist Politics, 1884-1924 (1987), J Hutchinson, The Dynamics of Cultural Nationalism: Thl' Gaelic Revival and the Creation of the Irish Nation State (1987), F.S.L Lyons, Culture and Anarchy in Ireland, 1890-1930 (1979), F.X Martin (ed.), Leaders and Men of the 1916 Rising (1967), K.B Nowlan (ed.), The Making of 1916 (1969), B Farrell, Thl' Founding of Dail Eireann (1971) and F Pakenham, Pmre &y Grdml (1935) For the Ulster Question, see A.T.Q Stewart, The Ulster Crisis (1967) and D Miller, Queen's Rebels: [lIster I"oyalism in Historical Perspective (1974) For a Unionist perspective, read W.A Phillips, The Revolution in Ireland, 1906-1923 (1926) Italy Useful standard single-volume histories include R Albrecht-Carrie, Italy from NapolfOn to Mussolini (1950) and H Hearder, Italy: A Short History (1991) Histories of the pre-1870 period include D Mack Smith (ed.), The l'vlaking of Italy, 1796-1870 (2nd ed 1978), H Hearder, Ita~,! in the Age of Risorgimento, 1790-1870 (1983), A Stiles, The Unification of Italy, 18151870 (1991) and S Woolf, A History ofIta~y, 1700-1860 (1979) Histories of the post-1870 period include the classic account by B Croce, A History of Italy, 1871-1915 (1929), D Mack Smith, Ital'!: A lHodem History (1959), J.A Thayer, Italy and the Greal War: Politics and Culture, 1870-1915 (1964), c Seton-Watson, Ita(v from Uberalism to Fascism, 1870-1925 (1967), M Clark, Modern ItaZv, 1871-1982 (1984) and the concise J Gooch, The Unification of Ital'! (1986) Studies of the Risorp;imento include R Grew, A Siemer Plan for Italian Unity: The Italian National Society in the Risorp;imento (1963) , G Martin's lively The REd Shirt and the Cross of Savoy: The Story ofItaly's Risorgimento ( 1969), SJ Woolfs sober The Italian Risargimento (1969), E Holt, Risorgimento: thl' Making of Italy, 1815-1870 (1970), I Scott, The Rise of the Italian State: A Study of Italian Politics during the Period of Unification (1980), D Beales, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Ital'! (2nd ed 1982) and FJ Coppa, The Origins of the Italian Wars oj Indtpenden(f' ( 1992) 322 National Other useful studies are J.A.Thayer, Italy and the Great War: Politics and Culture, 1870-1915 (1964), R Bosworth, Italy and the Approach of the First World War (1983), A Salandra, Italy and the Great War: from neutrality to intervention (1932), R Albrecht-Carrie, Italy at the Paris Peace Conference (1938) and D Mack Smith, Italy and Its Monarchy (1991) Jews Noted works on late nineteenth-century Zionism include A Hertzberg (ed.), The Zionist Idea: A Reader (1960), D Vital, The Origins of Zionism (1975) and S Avineri, The Making of Modern Zionism: The Intellectual Origins of the Jewish State (1981) Jews in the Habsburg Empire are covered in J.Frankel, The Jews of Austria (1968) and W McCagg, A History of Habsburg Jews, 1670-1918 (1988) Jews in the Russian Empire are treated in S.W Baron, The Russian Jew under Tsars and Soviets (1976) and L.S Greenberg, The Jews in Russia: the strugg;le for emancipation (1976) Jews in Germany are considered in R Gay, The Jews of Germany: an historical portrait (1992) Other related studies include H Trevor-Roper, Jewish and Other Nationalisms (1962) and A.S Lindemann, The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs (Dreyfus, Beilis, frank), 1894-1915 (1991) See also F Malino and D Sorkin (eds), from East and West: Jews in a Changing Europe, 1750-1870 (1991) and J Frankel and SJ Zipperstein (eds), Assimilation and Community: theJews in Nineteenth-Century Europe (1992) Latvia The standard accounts are A Bilmanis, A History of Latvia (1951) and A Spekke, History of Latvia: an outline (1951) For Latvian nationalism, see A Plakans, 'Peasants, Intellectuals and Nationalism in the Russian Baltic Provinces, 1820-1890' in Journal of Modern History (1974) lithuania Standard accounts are the partisan T.G Chase, The Story of Lithuania (1946) and C.R Jurgela, History of the Lithuanian Nation (1948) See also A Plakans, 'Peasants, Intellectuals and Nationalism in the Russian Baltic Provinces, 1820-1890' in Journal of Modern History (1974) andJJ Stukas, AwakeningLithuania (1966) Macedonia A fascinating early western account is H.N Brailsford, Macedonia: Its Races and Their Future (1906) More recent scholarly studies include D.M Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements, 1893-1903 (1988), I Mihailov, Macedonia: A Switzerland of the Balkans (1950) and E Barker, Macedonia: Its Place in Balkan Power Politics (1950) Montenegro Compare F.S Stevenson, A History of Montenegro (1913) with J.D Treadway, The falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914 (1983) Netherlands For standard histories, see G Edmunson, A History of Holland (1922), B.H.M Vlekke, Evolution of the Dutch Nation (1951), GJ Renier, The Dutch Nation (1944) and E.H Kossman, The Low Countries, 323 Select bibliograj)hy 1780-1940 (1978) S Schama, Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in thl' NethPrlands, 1780-1830 (1977) is a valuable study of an historiographically neglected historical topic Norway A useful introduction is C Falls, 'The Independence of Norway' in History Today (1955) The best standard account is T.K Derry, A History of Modern Norway, 1814-1972 (1973), largely replacing the older two-volume K Gjerset, History ol thl' Nonvl'gjan Peoj)lR (1915) and K Larsen, A History of Nonvay (1948) Usefiil contributions on cultural nationalism are A Elviken, 'The Genesis of Norwegian Nationalism' in Journal of l'vlorlPrIl History (1931) and OJ Falnes, National Romanticism in Norway (1933) For Norway's relations with its neighbours, see F Nansen, Nonvay alld the Union with Swedm (1905), T Jorgenson, Nonvay's Relations to Srandinal/ian Unionism, 1815-1871 (1935) and RE Lindgren, Nonvay-Swfflen: Union, Disunion and Srandinavian IntPgtYltion (1959) Poland The most recent standard histories are by N Davies: volume (1795 to present) of God's Playground: A History of Poland (1981) and Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland (1984) Other useful longperiod accounts are H Frankel, Po/and: The Stmge;ll' for Pown; 17721939 (1946), P.S Wandycz, Thl' Lands ol Pw1itiorlf(/ Poland, 1795-1918 (1975) and RF Leslie et a!., Thl' History of Poland sina 1863 (1980) On the phenomenon of Polish nationalism, see P Brock, Polish Nationalism (1968) and Nationalism ([nd Populism ill Partitionl'd Poland (1973) Studies of aspects of Polish nationalism include RF Leslie, Polish Politir.1 and thl' Revolution ol 1830 (1956) and Reform and Insur'r'l'ction in Russian Poland, 1856-1865 (196:~), T Komarnicki, Rebh1h of thl' Polish Rl'public: A Siudy in Illl' Diplomalic History ol ElIrojJl', 1914-1920 ( 1957), N Davies, V\lhill' A'agll', Red Star: Thl' Polish-S07lil't Wm; 19/9-1920 (1972) and K Lundgren-Nielsen, Thl' Polish Problrm al Ihl' Paris Pearl' Conjl'rfncl' (1979) Portugal Very little is available in English on nineteenth-century Portuguese domestic (as against impel'ial) politics, so A.H de Oliveira '\1arques, History ol Portugal (1972-1976), C Nowell, History of Portugal (1952) and H.V Livermore, A History ojPor1uga/ (1947) must serve Rumania Two deterministic Rumanian histories are c.c Giurescu, The il/laliing ol the Romanian Natiollal Unitary Slate (rev ed 1975) and S Pascu, Till' Indeprndm((, o/Romallia (1977) More scholarly studies include V Georgescu, Politira! Ideas (lnd the En lighten mrnt in the Romanian Prinripalitil's, 1750-1831 (1971), B Jelavich, Russia and t/zp Formation of till' Romanian Nalional Slate, 1821-1878 (1984), J.c Campbell, Frmr/t InjlllPrlrf! and lhl' Risl' ol Roumanian Nationalism (1940, repr 1971) and GJ Bobango, The EmPrgencl' ofthl' Romanian National Statf! (1979) Nationalism in Transylvania is covered in the partisan c.e Giurescu, 324 National Transylvania in the History oj Romania (1967) and the more scholarly K Hitchens, The Rumanian National Movement in Transylvania, 1780-1849 (1969) and S Pascu, A History oJ Transylvania (1982) Russia Recommended single-volume histories of the Russian Empire include H Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 (1967), G Stephenson, A History oj Russia, 1812-1945 (1969), J.N Westwood, Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History, 1812-1971 (1973) and L Kochan and R Abraham, The Making oj Modern Russia (1983) Accounts of shorter periods within the nineteenth century include D Saunders, Russia in the Age oj Reaction and ReJorm, 1801-1881 (1992), R Sherman, Russia, 1815-1881 (1992), E Crankshaw, The Shadow oJ the Winter Palace (1978), H Rogger, Russia in the Age oj Modernization and Revolution, 1880-1917 (1983), L Kochan, Russia in Revolution, 18901918 (1966) and M Lynch, Reaction and Revolution: Russia, 1881-1924 (1992) Russian nationalism is not well covered historiographically Exceptions are the studies by E.C Thaden, Conservative Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Russia (1964), Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland, 1855-1914 (1981) and Russia's Western Borderlands, 1710-1870 (1985) Tsarist promotion of Pan-Slavism is considered in H Kohn, Pan-Slavism: Its History and Ideology (rev ed 1960), M.B Petrovich, The Emergence oj Russian Pan-Slavism, 1856-70 (1956), J Erickson, PanSlavism (1964) and B.Jelavich, Russia~5 Balkan Entanglements, 1806-1914 (1991) Russian responsibility for the outbreak of war is considered in Nish, The Origins oj the Russo-japanese War (1985) and D.C.B Lieven, Russia and the Origins oj the First World War (1983) A concise and accessible study of the 'Duma Monarchy' period is R.B McKean, The Russian Constitutional Monarchy, 1907-1917 (1977) The Russian experience of the First World War and Revolution may be sampled from N Stone, The Eastern Front, 1914-1917 (1978) Russian, as against anti-Russian, nationalism is not a common motif in the plethora of literature published on the era of the Russian Revolution and Civil War Scotland Standard histories covering all or part of the nineteenth century include W Ferguson, Scotland, 1689 to the Present (1968) and T.e Smout, A History oJ the Scottish People, 1560-1830 (1969) A lively, present-minded debate on the Scottish past has developed over the last 20 years, and may be sampled from the following selection: HJ Hanham, Scottish Nationalism (1969), N MacCormick (ed.), The Scottish Debate: Essays in Scottish Nationalism (1970), M Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1533-1966 (1975), e Harvie, Scotland and Nationalism (1977), K Webb, The Growth oj Nationalism in Scotland (1977), J Brand, The National Movement in Scotland (1978), J.G Kellas, Modern Scotland: The Nation since 1870 (1980) and L Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837 (1992) 325 Select bibliography For studies of individual aspects, see H.W Meikle, Scotland and the French Revolution (1912), Lj Saunders, Scottish Democracy, 1815-1840 (1950), A.Oj Cockshut, The Achievement of Walter Scott (1969) and M Chapman, The Gaelic Vision in Scottish Culture (1973) Serbia The nearest to introductory general accounts of nineteenthcentury Serbia are I Banac, The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics (1984) and R.G.D Laffan, The Serbs: Tht' Guardians of the Gate (reissued 1990) Scholarly monographs on aspects of Serbian nationalism include C Stokes, Legitimacy through Liberation: Vladimir Jovanovic and the Transformation of Serbian Politics (1975) and Politics as Development: The Emergence of Political Parties in Nineteenth-Century Serbia (1990), and W.S Vucinich, Serbia Between East and West, 1903-1908 (1954) Useful articles (in chronological order of subject) are R.Y Paxton, 'Nationalism and Revolution: A Re-examination of the Origins of the First Serbian Insurrection, 1804-7' in East European Quarterly (1972), C Jelavich, 'Serbian Nationalism and the Question of Union with Croatia in the Nineteenth Century' in Balkan Studies (1962) and G Stokes, 'The Absence of Nationalism in Serbian Politics before 1844' in Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism (1976) and 'Yugoslavism in the 1860s?' in Southeastern Europe (1974) For Serbs outside Serbia, see W.S Vucinich, 'The Serbs in AustriaHungary' in Austrian History Yearbook (1967) and P Adler, 'Nations and Nationalism among the Serbs of Hungarv, 1790-1870' in Eas/Huropmn Quarterly (1979) Slovakia Four recommended works are R.W Seton-Watson, A History of the Czechs and Slovaks (1943) and Slovakia Then and Now (1931), J Lettrich, A History of Modem Slovakia (1955) and P Brock, Thl' Slovak National Awakening: An Essay in thl' Intellectual His/ory of Hast Central Europe (1976) Slovenia In a sparse field, three recommended works are D Loncar, The Slovenes (1931), F Zwitter, 'The Slovenes in the Habsburg Monarchy' in Austrian History Yearbook (1967) and C Rogel, The Slovenrs and Yugoslavism, Z890-1914 (1977) Spain Early single-volume accounts of nineteenth-century Spain include M.A.S Hume, Modem 5pain, 1788-1898 (1900), H.B Clarke, Modem Spain, 1815-1898 (1906) and G.F \\'hite, A Century of Spain and Portugal, 1788-1898 (1909) More modern accounts include S de Madariaga, Spain: A Modem History (1957), R Carr's exhaustive Spain, 1808-1975 (1982) and more accessible Modern Spain, 1875-1980 (1980), P Vilar, Spain: A Brief History (1977), J.M Roldan, A Short History of )pain (1987) and Volume of S.C Payne, A History oj 5pain and Portugal ( 1973) Studies of particular aspects include (in chronological order of 326 National topic) C Lovett, Napoleon and the Birth of Modem Spain (1965), E Holt, The Carlist Wars in Spain (1967), V.C Kiernan, The Revolution of 1854 in Spanish History (1966), E.H Strobel, Spanish Revolution, 1868-75 (1898), ].e Ullman, The Tragic Week: A Study of Anti-Clericalism in Spain, 1875-1912 (1968) and] Romera Maura, 'Terrorism in Barcelona and its Impact on Spanish Politics, 1904-1909' in Past and Present (1968) Sweden Introductory accounts include I Andersson, A History of Sweden (1956) and S Oakley, The Story of Sweden (1966) Studies include D Verney, Parliamentary Reform in Sweden, 1866-1921 (1957), F Lindberg, Scandinavia in Great Power Politics, 1905-1908 (1958) and R.E Lindgren, Norway-Sweden Union, Disunion and Scandinavian 1ntegration (1959) Switzerland Apart from the standard Short History of Switzerland (1952) by H.S Offler, C.R Potter and E Bonjour, three recommended recent works are H Kohn, Nationalism and Liberty: The Swiss Example (1957), c.L Schmidt, Conflict and Consensus in Switzerland (1981) and especially ] Steinberg, Why Switzerland? (1976) Turkey Perhaps the best general accounts are B Lewis, The Emergence of Modem Turkey (1968) and SJ Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (2 vols, 1977-1978) The predicament of the Ottoman Empire within the 'Eastern Question' is covered in the classic J.A.R Marriott, The Eastem Question (1917) and M Miller, The Ottoman Empire and Its Successors, 1801-1927 (1936) as well as the more modern M.S Anderson, The Eastem Question, 1774-1923 (1966), A.L MacFie, The Eastem Question, 1774-1923 (1976), M Kent, The Great Powers and the End of the Ottoman Empire (1984) and, most recently, A Palmer, The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire (1992) Studies of Turkish nationalism include D Kushner, The Rise of Turkish Nationalism, 1876-1908 (1976), U Heyd, Foundations of Turkish Nationalism (1979) and] Landau, Pan-Turkism in Turkey (1981) A valuable related work is K.H Karpat, An Inquiry into the Social Foundations of Nationalism in the Ottoman State: From Social Estates to Classes, from Millets to Nations (1973) Ukraine Partisan nationalist volumes include the classic M Hrushevsky, A History of Ukraine (1941) and D Doroshenko, History of the Ukraine (1939) W.E.D Allen, The Ukraine: A History has been denounced as 'Creat Russian propaganda' by Ukrainian nationalists A more objective and scholarly work is I.L Rudnytsky, Rethinking Ukrainian History (1981) Wales Standard surveys include A Short History of Modem Wales (1961) and A History of Modem Wales (rev ed 1977), both by D Williams; and P.Jenkins, A History of Modem Wales, 1536-1990 (1991) 327 Select bibliography Introductory articles include RT Jenkins, 'The Development of Nationalism in Wales' in Sociological Review (1935) and KO Morgan, 'Welsh Nationalism: The Historical Background' in Journal of Contemporary History (1971) Four recent useful publications are D Smith (ed.), A People and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales, 1780-1980 (1980), KO Morgan, Rebirth of a Nation: Wales, 1880-1980 (1981), G.A Williams, The Welsh in their History (1982) and D Gareth Evans, A History of Wales, 1815-1906 (1989) Studies considering Wales in a broader context include R Coupland, Welsh and Scottish Nationalism (1954), M Hechter, Internal Colonialism: The Celtic Fringe in British National Development, 1533-1966 (1975) and, most recently, K Robbins, Nineteenth-Century Britain: England, Srotland, Wales: the making of a nation (1989) 328 Index References in bold type indicate main entries absolutism 277 acculturation 277, 290 ArtionFmnraise 139,249,261,277 Adowa 178, 253 Adrianople 7,12,23,98 Agram, see Zagreb Albania 30,63,66,88,97,237,249, 315 Albanians 97-8, 262 Alexander I (of Russia) 6,22,23, 75, 198-200,259,270,290,302 Alexander II (of Russia) 201-3,302 Alexander III (of Russia) 203, 258, 302 Ali Pasha Tepalene 66,97,249 Alsace-Lorraine 26,32,61,68,81, 149,152,288,293,301 ancien regime 4,6,80,171,263,277, 300 Andorra 81 Andrassy, Gyula 249, 278 annexation 277 anschluss 32, 289 anti-Semitism 277-8, 284, 299, 305, 308 Apostles of Liberty 278 Armenia 23,33,64,81,98-9,207,315 Armenian genocide 98, 230 Armenians 17,98-9,229,283,288 Arndt, Ernst 249 assimilation 278, 290 Ausgleich 61,82,84,86,103,104, 162,163,254,259,278,283,289, 296 Austria 3,4,6,32,33,81-2,237,239, 268,289,315-16 Austria-Hungary 14-16,27,28,30, 31,32,33,48-51,62,81-2,83, 103-6,239,240,268,270,271, 282,288,289,295,305,315-16 Austrian Empire 6,7,9,10,22,61, 76,100-3,289 Austrian Netherlands 3,4, 19,20,66, 99, 107 Austrians 99-106 autarchy 278 autochthonous 278 autonomy 278 awakeners 278-9 Azerbaidzhan 23, 64, 82, 106, 199, 207,316 Azerbaidzhanis 17, 106 Babel concept 279 balance of power 279 Balfour Declaration 31, 182, 231, 272, 279 Balkan Wars 14,27,30,63,67,69, 211-12,230,245 Balkanization 279 Basques 8,12,65,85-6,107,256,316 Batavian Republic 63, 73-4 Bavaria 20,21,73,74,155 Belarus, see Belorussia Belgians 3,7,67,107-10 Belgium :~, 4, 7-8,16,19,20,23,24, 26,27,32,63,66-7,77,107-10, 123-4,237,242,243,246,288, 303,316 Belorussia 64,82, 110,207,316 Belorussians 17,82, 110,240,307 Bend, Edvard 250, 261, 269 Berlin, Congress of 26,27,30,33,67, 70,90 Bernadotte,jean-Baptiste 221,250 Bcssarabia 5,21,22,25,27,64,71, 82,199 Bismarck, Otto von 26,27,77-8,14651,250-1,253,263,271,272,280, 281,286,294,296,300,306,307 329 Index Black Hand 254,267,279 Blut und Eisen 279-80 Bohemia 32, 82-3 Bolsheviks 15, 16, 31, 33, 34, 64, 82, 182,183,184,206,207,233,300, 307 Bosnia-Herzegovina 12, 27, 30, 32, 62,83,90,267 Bosnian Crisis 30,83,152,204,211, 229 Boulanger, Georges 138,249,251 boycott 265, 280 Breiz, see Brittany Brest-Litovsk, Peace of 15,31-2,62, 64,68,88,93,106,154,182,183, 206,232,280,284 Bretons 11 0-11 Britain, see United Kingdom Brittany 83, 110-11 Bucharest, treaties of 5,13,14,21, 27,30,32,33,66,210,212,225, 240,257 buffer state 280 Bukovina 32,71,83-4,104,196,197 Bulgaria 12,13,14,15-16,26,27,28, 29,30,33,63,67,85,111-14,237, 242,246,269,282,292,316-17 Bulgarian atrocities 12, 112, 228 Bulgarians 111-14 Bums, Robert 208,251 Bumhmschaft 143,280-1 Butt, Isaac 251,265,291 Byron, Lord George 251,255,266, 298,302 Carbonari 172,251,261,281, 30H Carson, Edward 93, 169,252 Casement, Roger 170,252 castle and border 281 Catalans 65, 114-15, 256, 317 Catalonia 84,114 15,220,317 Catherine the Great (of Russia) 3, 197,286,302 Cavour, Camillo 10, 25, 174 6, 252-3,255,261,272,293,30H Central Powers 14-17,31,32,281 Charles Albert (of Piedmont-Sardinia) 78,173-4,253,272,293 chauvinism 281,293 Cisalpine Republic 20, 73, 74, 77, 171 Cisleithania 81-2,239,278 Cispadane Republic 73,74, 77, 171 330 cities 240-2 coal 242-3 Collins, Michael 170,253 Concert of Europe 281 concordat 2HI confederation 78,281-2 Confederation of the Rhine 20, 21, 6H, 73, 74-5,142,263 Congress Poland 22, 73, 75, 79,93, 18H-9,199,200 Congress System 23, 281, 282 Constantinople 12,13,18,19,24,28, 30,31,34,230,240,242,304 (()rdon sanilair!' 282 Corfu 72,117,212,266,270,271 Corsica 84, 263 roup d 'eta I 2H2 Cracow 22,62, 73, 75, 79, IHfl-9 cradle of nationality 282 Crete H, 13, 2H, 69, 84, 157-9,262,271 Crispi, Francesco 253 Croatia 33,84-5,115-17,258,270, 271,296,317 Croats 9,32,115-17,239,261 Cyprus 27,34,65,85 Czechoslovakia 32,33,83,89,92, 119,208,214,233,237,261,269 Czechs H9, 117-19,239,255,265, 269,317 Dail Eireann 170, 253, 254, 303 Danes 119-22 D'Annunzio, Gabriele 179,253,293 Danubian Principalities 10,23,24, 25,71,73, 75,82,H9,94, 194 Davitt, Michael 168,253 Deak, Ferenc 254,278 Denmark 3,9, II, 19,20,21,24,25, 27,32,61,71,87,91,119-22,186, 237,243,269,302,317 despotism 283 De Valera, Eamon 170, 254, 303 devolution 2H3 diaspora 283 diktat 2H3 Dmitrievic, Dragutin 254,279 Dmowski, Roman 79, 254 Dobmdja 27,30,67, 71,85 Dodecanese 13,30,33,34,69 lJrang nMh Osten 284, 297 Dr!'ikai.wrlnmd 26, 27, 2H Drevfusaflair 139,181,257,261,284, 308 Index Duma 64,204,205,284,306 Dutch 7-8,122-4 Easter Rising 170, 273, 285, 303 Eastern Question 3,6, 18, 19,281, 284-5 Egypt 4-5,8-9,28,29,224,262 emancipation 285 emigration 163, 181,203,213,237, 243-5,285 emigre 187,282,285 empire 285-6 Ems Telegram 11,148,286 enclave 286, 289 England 65,317-18 English 124-9 Enlightened despotism 286 Enlightenment 286,299 Entente Cordiale 29, 30, 139, 286-7, 306 epic 287 Estonia 32,33,64,85, 129-30,207, 318 Estonians 17, 129-30,240 etatisme 287 ethnocide 287 Eupen-Malmedy 32,67,110 Euzkadi 85-6, 107, 256 ex-states 73-80 false consciousness 287 Fashoda Incident 28-9,127,139 federation 282, 287 Fenians 167-8, 253, 287-8 Fichte,Johann 254-5 Finland 6, 21, 22, 32, 34, 64, 65, 86, 87,130-1,203,207,221,237,243, 260,261,268,270,318 Finns 17, 130-1 First World War 14-16, 128-9, 139-40,153-5,205-6,245 Fiume 33,34,70,116,179,211,215, 253,270,271 Fourteen Points 31,288 France 4-7,8-12,14-16,19-32,61, 81,83,90-1,131-40,237,238, 242,243,246,263,269,277, 318-19 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 14,88, 105,255,267,290 Franz Josef (of Austria) 102,105, 255,290,294 French 4, 131-40 Gaj, Ljudevit 115,255 Galicia 19,21,22,32,62,207 Gallicanism 288 Garasanin, Ilija 255 Garibaldi, Guiseppe 64,80, 175, 176, 177,253,255-6,259,261,272, 278,300 gendarme of Europe 9, 201 Geneva 25,77,222,223 Genoa 77, 84, 176 genocide 288 Georgia 23,64,73,75,140-1,197, 198,207 Georgians 17, 140-1 German Confederation 22, 68, 73, 76,143-8,280,282,283 German Empire 79,80,81,149-55, 285,290,301 German Unification 44-5,74-5,77, 78,79-80,270,279-80,289 Germans 141-55,239,240 Germany 4,11,12,14-16,20,22,26, 27,28,30,31,32,44-5,67-8, 74-80,141-55,237,238,242-6, 257-60,268,271,272,295,308, 319-20 ghetto 289 Gioberti, Vincenzo 173, 256, 267 Gladstone, William 12, 112,168-9, 234,265,270,288,291 Glasgow 209, 240, 241, 242 Goiri, Sabino 107,256 Grattan, Henry 165,256 Grattan's Parliament 165,256,289, 306 Greece 7,8,13,14,15,17-18,23,28, 30,33,63,68-9,84,155-9,237, 246,271,272,273,298,320-1 Greeks 155-9,258-9,273 grievance 289 Griffith, Arthur 169-70,303 Grimm,Jacob and Wilhelm 256 Crossdeutsch 289, 296, 297 gymnastic movement 258, 289 Gypsies 160-1,283,305,321 Habsburg Empire 3-13, 19-26,33, 48-51,61-2,75,89,237,238, 242-6,260,315-16 Habsburgs 289-90,294 Hague peace conferences 28, 29 Haskala 290 heartland 289,290 331 Index Hegel, Georg 256-7 hegemony 290 Hellenes, see Greeks Helvetic Republic 65, 73, 76, 232 Herder,Johann 257 Herzl, Theodor 181,257,308 Hohenzollern candidature 286, 290 Hohenzollerns 79, 290, 294 Holland 4,63, 123 Holy Alliance 22, 199,290-1 Hoi)' Roman Empire 61,68,70,76, 100,289,301 homeland 291 Home Rule 16H-71, 251, 265, 267, 289,291 Honvid 163,291 Hrushevsky, ~ykhailo 232,257 Hungarians 9, 161-4,239,295 Hungary 9, 17,32,33,82,86-7,92-3, 161-4,237,239,243,249,259,266, 270, 271, 278, 2H3,291, 296, 321 Iceland 61,87,121,164-5,237,269, 321 Icelanders 164-,,) Illyrian ~ovement 115,255,291 Illyrian Republic 73,76,84, 115,214, 255, 263 imagined communities 291 imperialism 291-2 independence 292 instrumentalist 292,299,312 integral nationalism 261,292 invention of tradition 293 lorga, NicolaI" 257-8 Ireland 65,87,93,165-71, 237, 264, 265,267,271,273,321-2 Irish 165-71,257 Irish Free State 87,93, 171,253,291 irredentism 293 ItaliaJam da se 252,253,293 ltalialrredmta 31,69-70,78,178, 179,215,265,293 Italian Unification 10, 11,42-3, 69-70,78,80,255,261,263,265, 272,281,301 Italians 171-9, 239 Italy 4,5,9-15,20,23,25-8,30-4, 42-3,69-70,74,75,78,80,171-9, 237,238,242-6,253,260,261,265, 272,282,293,301,307-8,322-3 Jahn, Friedrich 258 332 lass)" Treat), of 3, 19, 224 JelaCic,Josip 9,84,102,116,162,258 Jews 22,31,180-2,203,240,260, 277-8,279,283,284,285,288, 289,290,297,299,305-6,308,323 jingoism 281, 293 Junkers 293-4 Kaiser 294 kaisrrtreu 294 Kalp-uala 260, 287 Karclia H7, 26H Kemal Mustapha 17-18,34, 159, 230-1,258 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 32,33,34, 71, 72,83,85, HH, 90, 92,179,185,212,213,21.1), 266,271 kleindeutsrh 2H9, 290 Kopitar,Jernej 214 Korais, Adamantios 25&-9 Kosciuszko, Tadeusz 187, 197,259 Kosovo 8H Kossuth, Ferenc 163,259 Kossuth, Lajos 115, 161-2,254,259, 270 KulturkampJ 149-50, 250, 294, 298, 306 Kun, Bela 17, 163-4 Klltchllk-Kainardjii, Treatv of 3, 19, 89,224,2H5 Latinism 294 Latvia 32,33,64,88, 182-3,207,323 Latvians 17, 182-3, 240 Lausanne, Treaty of 18,34,63,69, 85,159,231,258,285,305 League of Nations 32,33,34,295 lebensraum 28H, 294, 297 Lelewel,Joachim 259-60 Lemanic Republic 73,77, 222 Lenin, Vladimir 31,206 Letts, see Latvians Liechtenstein 70 Ligurian Republic 73,77, 171 List, Friedrich 260 Lithuania 32, 33,84,88, 183-4,207, 323 Lithuanians 17, 183-4,240 Lloyd George, David 32, 128-9, 170 Lombardic Republic 73,77 Lombardy-Venetia 9, 10,22,25,69, 300 Index London, treaties of 8,9,14,23,24, 26,30,31,241,242 Lonnrot, Elias 130, 260, 297 Los von Rom 268, 295 Lueger, Karl 260 Luxembourg 63,70,77,123-4,242 ~acedonia 30,69,88,269,292,323 Machtpolitik 295, 302 ~acpherson,James 209,260,287 ~agyarisation 87,90,92,161,163, 213,270,271,278,291,292,295, 297 ~agyars, see Hungarians ~alta 65,89 ~anin, Daniele 80, 174, 260 ~annerheim, Carl 260-1 ~asaryk, Tomas 117, 208, 214, 250, 261,269 ~aurras, Charles 249,261,268,277, 284 ~azzini, Guiseppe 80, 173, 261-2, 278,281,307 ~ehemet Ali 8, 226, 262 ~emel 32,88 ~etternich, Klements von 22,24,69, 100,101,172,174,270,295 ~ichelet,Jules 262 ~ickiewicz, Adam 262 millet 295-6 ~oldavia 3,7,23,25,71,75,89,94, 194,195,273 ~oltke, Helmuth von 262-3 ~onaco 62, 299 ~ontenegrins 184-5 ~ontenegro 9-10,12,14,16,26,30, 70-1,72,89,90,184-5,212,237, 264,288,323 ~oravia 32, 89, 118 ~oscow 6,33,241,242 ~unchengratz 24, 201 ~uslim 66, 82, 89, 240, 291 Nagodba 84,116,162-3,296 Naples 4, 5, 20, 22, 23, 78, 80, 172-3, 241,242 Napoleon Bonaparte 4-7,20-2, 38-9,74,76,77,80,84,132-5, 142-3,171-2,263,302 Napoleon III (of France) 10,11,25, 135-7,175,176,177,251,252, 263-4,265,282,294 nation-state 296 Netherlands 4,19,20,22,23,27, 62-3,66,73,77,122-4,242,243, 323-4 Neuilly, Treaty of 33, 67, 69, 85, 269 new states 66 72 Nice 20,25,61,78,132,176 Nicholas I (of~ontenegro) 184-5, 264 Nicholas I (of Russia) 9, 24, 75, 188, 200-1,302 Nicholas II (of Russia) 28,29,203-6, 284,300,302 North German Confederation 26, 68,76,77-8,79,148-9,280,282 Norway 21,25,61,65,71,186 7,222, 237,243,244,262,302,324 Norwegians 186-7 Novi Bazar 27,30,71,89-90 O'Connell, Daniel 166 7,264,307 oil 242-3 old states 61-5 Olmutz 24,102,145 Orange Order 166 Orlando, Vittorio 32, 179, 265 Orsini, Felice 175, 265 Ottoman Empire 3,5,7-14,17,19, 21-7,30-4,52-3,63,68,81,84, 89-90,98,184,209-12,223-31, 237,246,262,273,282,284-5, 288,291,296,302,305,308 Ottomans 297 Palacky, Frantisek 117,265 Pale of Settlement 180, 181, 183,297 Palestine 31,33,182,272,279,283, 308 Pan-Slavism 12, 189,204,207,213, 255,258,297-8 Panama scandal 138,181,261 Papacy 78,134,172,173,256,267, 281,288,294,295,298,306 Papal infallibility 267,298,306 Papal States 73,78,80, 172, 173, 174, 177,267,298 Paris 7,10,11,14,20,22,25,28,61, 241,242 Paris Peace Settlement 17, 32-4, 265, 282,286,288,301,305 Parnell, Charles Stewart 168-9, 265-6,280,291 Parthenopean Republic 73, 78, 80, 171 333 Index Partitions of Poland 19-20,62,64, 75,78,88,182,183,187,197,259 Pasic, Nikola 117,212,266,270,271 patriotism 298 Paul I (of Russia) 197-8, 302 Petlyura, Simon 93, 233, 266 Petofi, Sandor 251,266 Phanariots 273 Philhellenism 251,298 Philosophes 298, 299 Piedmont-Sardinia 4,9,10, 19,22-5, 61,69,73,77,78,80,90,171-6, 252,253,256,272 Pilsudski,Jan 79, 190,254,266-7,304 Pius IX 78, 80, 149-50, 173 4, 177, 178,256,267,270,294,298 Plombieres 10, 25, 175, 263, 265 pogrom 180,203,299 Poland 8,10-11,15,17,19,20,22, 24,32-4,64,75,78-9,88,93,183, 187-91,200,202,207,237,238, 254,259,260,266 7,288,299,324 Poles 8, IO-II, 187-91,239,140,262 Polish Corridor 68, 299 Pomerania 21,22,61,65,90 Portugal 5,6, 16,20,21,23,24,27, 63-4,191-3,237,242-4,246,324 Portuguese 191-3 Posen (Poznan) 22,79,188,189,299 primordialist 299,312 Princip, Gavrilo 254, 267, 279 Prisoner of the Vatican 78, 267 Protestant 93,166,233,240,297, 298,306 Prussia 12,19-26,32,61,68,77, 79-80,90,91,237,262-3,269-72, 293,294,308 Rapallo 34,179,213,215 Red Army 16, 17,82,232-3,266 Redmond,John 169,267 Redshirts 176, 253, 255, 300 Renan,Joseph-Ernest 267-8 Renner, Karl 268 reparations 32,33,301 revanche 301 Riga, treaties of 17, 33, 34, 88, 110, 183,190-1,233 Risorgimento 64, 174, 252, 260, 278, 300,301 Roman Catholic 74,83,84,189,240, 252,264,277,281,285,294,295, 297,298,304,306,307 334 Roman republics 73, 80, 171, 214 Romanovs 302,306 Romanticism 302 Rousseau,Jean~Jacques 84,268,286, 298 Rumania 14,15-16,17,25-7,30,32, 33,63,71,75,82,89,92,93,94, 194-7,237,242,246,257,288, 290,299,324-5 Rumanians 194-7,239 Rumelia 12,26,67,90,269 Russia 3,5-12,13,14-17, 19-33,56, 64,75,81,85,86,197-207,237, 238,240,242-6,278,284,325 Russians 197-207,240 Russification 85,86,88,93, 129, 130-1,182,208,278,292,302 Ruthenia 33,90,207-8 Ruthenians 207-8,239 Salonika 15,69, 158, 159,212,271 San Stefano, Treaty of 12,26,27,67, 90,202 Sarajevo 14, 255, 267 Savoy 20,25,61,78,90-1, 132 Schleswig-Holstein 9, 11, 24, 25, 26, 32,61,91,120-2 Schlieffen Plan 14,152, 153,263, 302-3 Scotland 65, 91-2, 208-9, 237, 325-6 Scots 208-9 self-determination 303 Serbia 12-16,26,27,29,30,33,63, 71-2,83,88,89-90,209-13,237, 242,246,255,264,266,267,273, 279,288,297,326 Serbs 32, 209-13, 239 Sevres, Treaty of 17-18,33-4,63,69, 159,179,231,258 Shevchenko, Taras 232, 268 Sibelius,Jan 268 Sick Man of Europe 14,284 Sieyes, Abbe Emmanuel 131,268-9 Sinn Fein 170,267,285,303 Slavophiles 303-4 Slovakia 17,33,92,213 14,269,326 Slovaks 213 14, 239, 261 Slovenes 214-15,239 Slovenia 32,92,214-15,326 Smyrna 18,31,69, 159,231 Somme 15, 139, 170 Sonderbund 65, 223, 304 sovereignty 304 Index Spain 4-8,11,12,19-24,27,29, 64-5,81,84,85-6,215-20,237, 242-5,290,326-7 Spaniards 215-20 Springtime of Nations 304,307,314 Stambolisky, Alexander 269 Stambulov, Stefan 112,113,269 state-nation 267,296,304 steel 242-3 Straits 8,15,18,23,24,28,30,31,33, 34,304-5 St Germain, Treaty of 32-3, 62, 83, 87,89,106,164,179,215 Stjean de Maurienne, Treaty of 31, 70,129,179,231 St Petersburg 20,23,28,29,241, 242 sub-states 81-94 Supilo, Franjo 270 Sweden 3,5-7,19-22,24,25,27,61, 65,71,86,90,186,220-2,237, 242-5,250,302,327 Swedes 220-2 Swiss 29, 222-3 Switzerland 22,65,70,77,198, 222-3,237,243,304,327 Sykes-Picot Note 31, 128,231 Sylvester Patent 102, 116 Szechenyi, Istvan 161,270 Tartu, treaties of 33,34,85, 130, 131 territorialism 181,305-6 Thrace 30, 33, 69 Tilsit, Treaty of 5,6,21,80,198,220 Tisza, Istvan 270-1 Tisza, Kalman 271 Tone, Theobald Wolfe 165-6,271, 306 Transleithania 82,86 7, 162-4,239, 270,271,278 Transylvania 17, 33, 71, 92-3, 196, 197 Trianon, Treaty of 17,33,87,93, 164,214,283 Triple Alliance 27,30,281,306 Triple Entente 29, 204, 306 Troppau Protocol 23, 24 Trotsky, Leon 31,206 Tsar 306 Turkey 18,34,231,258,285,308, 327 Turks 4,13,17-18,223-31 Two Sicilies, Kingdom of 78, 80 Ukraine 32,64,93,207,232-3,257, 266,268,327 Ukrainians 17,232-3,240 Ulster 87,93,169,170,252,267,291, 299,306,322 United Irishmen 154-6,271,306-7 United Kingdom 3-8, 10, 14-16, 19-32,34,61,65,87,93,94, 124-9,237,238,242-6,317-18 United States of America 15,19,29, 31-2,140,202,219,261,285,287, 288 Unkiar-Skelessi, Treaty of 24,200, 226 Vatican City 78,298 Venetia 20,26,73,80 Venice 77,260,289 Venizelos, Eleutherios 157-9, 271-2 Versailles, Treaty of 32,68,283 Victor Emmanuel II (of Piedmont and Italy) 175-7,272 Vienna 6,11,21,24-8,61,241,242, 260 Vienna Settlement 22,61,63,80, 270,281,282 Vilna 88,184,190 Vistula provinces 17,93, 189 Wales 65, 93-4, 233-4, 327-8 Wallachia 3,7,23,25,71,75,89,94, 194,195,273 Warsaw 8,15,17,241 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of 21,75,79, 80,187-8,263 Weizmann, Chaim 272,279 Wellington, Duke of 6,7,191,216 Welsh 233-4 Weltpolitik 152, 307 White Russians 16,207,233,307 William I (of Prussia and Germany) 272,286,290 William II (of Germany) 29, 150-5, 272-3,290,307 Wilson, Woodrow 31,32,154,261, 265, 288 Yeats, William Butler 273 Young Europe 173,261,307 Young Ireland 167,264,307 Young Italy 173,255,261,265,281, 307 335 Index Young Turks 13,83,90,97, 113,229, 258,308 Yugoslavia 34,72,76,179,212,237, 266 336 Zagreb 116,270 Zara 34, 117, 211 Zionism 181,257,272,279,283,284, 290,305,308 Zollverein 143, 144, 146, 308 ... THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO EUROPEAN NATIONALISM, 1789- 1920 Raymond Pearson THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO THE MIDDLE EAST SINCE 1914 Ritchie Oven dale THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO BRITAIN IN THE ERA OF THE. . .The Longman Companion to European Nationalism 1789- 1920 Longman Companions to History General Editors: Chris Cook andJohn Stevenson Now available THE LONGMAN COMPANION TO NAPOLEONIC... Latvians/Letts The Lithuanians The Montenegrins The Norwegians The Poles The Portuguese The Rumanians The Russians The Ruthenians The Scots The Serbs The Slovaks The Slovenes The Spanish The Swedes The