VASCULAR RESPONSES TO PATHOGENS Edited by Felicity N.E Gavins Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, and Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA Karen Y Stokes Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, and Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier 125, London Wall, EC2Y 5AS, UK 525 B Street, Suite 1800, San Diego, CA 92101-4495, USA 225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UK Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein) Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN: 978-0-12-801078-5 For information on all Academic Press publications visit our website at http://store.elsevier.com/ Typeset by Thomson Digital Publisher: Mica Haley Acquisition Editor: Stacy Masucci Editorial Project Manager: Shannon Stanton, Sam W Young Production Project Manager: Lucía Pérez Designer: Maria Inês Cruz List of Contributors Jacob Al-Hashemi Center for Anti-inflammatory Therapeutics, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA DeLisa Fairweather Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA Salomon Amar Center for Anti-inflammatory Therapeutics, School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA Alison E Fox-Robichaud Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Subash Babu NIH-NIRT-ICER, Chennai, India Nisha J Garg Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Pathology, and Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and the Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA Edward B Breitschwerdt Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Jerry L Brunson Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA Felicity N.E Gavins Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, and Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA Iwona Buskiewicz Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA Mitzi C Glover Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA Lee Ann Campbell Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Sally Huber Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, Colchester, VT, USA Han-Oh Chung Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Mikhail V Khoretonenko Department of Biology, Lakeland Community College, Kirtland, OH, USA Vivian Vasconcelos Costa Laboratório de Interaỗóo Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciờncias Biolúgicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioqmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Singapore Jung Hwan Kim Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Dorsey L Kordick Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA Fabiana S Machado Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine/Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Medical Investigation, Faculty of Medicine and the Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil Dermot Cox RCSI Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland Danielle da Gloria de Souza Laboratúrio de Interaỗóo Microrganismo-Hospedeiro, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte; Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Claudia Lucia Martins Silva Pharmacology and Inflammation Research Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Mauro Martins Teixeira Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioqmica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil Mahalia S Desruisseaux Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Hema P Narra Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA Kelly S Doran Department of Biology and Center for Microbial Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA Thomas B Nutman Helminth Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA Tammy R Dugas Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, LSU School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA ix x LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Carlos Robello Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, and Unit of Molecular Biology, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay Sciences; Center for Molecular and Tumor Virology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA Bram Rochwerg Department of Medicine, Division of Critical Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada Herbert B Tanowitz Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA Michael E Rosenfeld Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences and Global Health, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Traci L Testerman Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA Abha Sahni Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA David H Walker Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA Sanjeev K Sahni Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany Karen Y Stokes Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Jian-jun Wen Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA Bryan G Yipp Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada Overview Felicity N.E Gavins, Karen Y Stokes together in one book This pushed us to expand upon our initial idea, and to incorporate the multiple facets of infectious diseases in this book The chapters within provide basic scientists and clinicians with epidemiological evidence implicating various pathogens in vascular dysfunction (which in some cases is still controversial) as well as mechanistic insights into how the pathogens are acting As will be seen with many of the pathogens, it is clear that they promote responses in different cell types important for vascular disease as well as in animal models, but, similar to many other diseases, translation to the human population has proven more difficult The variability in measurements, study populations, geographical differences, and so on, can in part explain this We hope that you, the readers, will find the information useful for your research or clinical practice, with a view to moving the field forward toward treating or preventing the pathogen components of vascular diseases Finally, we would like to thank Shannon and Stacey at Elsevier for their constant encouragement and help throughout this process In addition, we are immensely grateful to all of the authors and reviewers who made the book possible We hope you enjoy the book! It is now a century since infectious diseases were first associated with atherosclerotic lesions Since then, several bacteria, viruses, and parasites have been implicated in different inflammatory diseases of the vasculature, including cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disease, cancers, and sickle cell disease While for some pathogens, it has been relatively easy to show causative or contributing roles through epidemiological studies, for others, such as cytomegalovirus, their high prevalence in the population has made this more difficult Nonetheless, evidence is building to suggest that bacteria, viruses, and parasites can target vessel walls and different blood cell populations and immune responses to induce or worsen vascular pathologies This book aims to cover the multifaceted consequences on the vasculature of different pathogens by gathering leading experts from around the world who can provide evidence encompassing micro- and macrovascular responses to bacteria, parasites, and viruses The concept for this book originally came from a conference symposium we developed We were somewhat surprised that despite the growing evidence of the roles for different pathogens in vascular diseases, there had not been a concerted effort to bring the evidence xi C H A P T E R Sepsis Felicity N.E Gavins Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, and Department of Neurology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA INTRODUCTION and deposition in the microvasculature,4,5 which leads to obstruction of blood flow, and ultimately progressive organ dysfunction DIC can frequently be found in 25–50% of patients with sepsis, and appears to be a strong predictor of mortality.6 Sepsis-related cardiovascular changes are complex and include vasodilation, hypervolemia, and myocardial depression.7 Cerebrovascular complications also occur, and brain dysfunction is often one of the first clinical signs in sepsis and may manifest as sepsis-associated delirium in up to 70% of patients.8 Sepsis is also characterized by a number of circulatory disturbances, including decreased systemic vascular resistance, hypotension, hypoperfusion, impaired oxygen utilization, lactic acidosis, and impaired blood flow in the microcirculation and microvascular thrombosis.9 Sepsis is a major cause of death and disability worldwide In North America, at the time of going to press, over one million cases of sepsis occur annually, with 40% leading to severe sepsis (3% of those with severe sepsis experience septic shock) and 300,000 deaths This is a huge economic burden, with over 45% of the total intensive care unit costs being spent on treatment.1,2 A number of reasons are recognized for the growing incidence of sepsis, such as increasing antibiotic resistance, an increase in the aged population, and an increase in the use of invasive procedures Other factors that predispose people to septic shock include cancer, immunodeficiency, chronic organ failure, and genetic factors.3 The discovery of sepsis dates back to 1879–1880, when Louis Pasteur showed for the first time that bacteria were present in blood from patients with puerperal septicemia However, the consensus to define sepsis clinically is relatively recent Sepsis is defined as an infection with evidence of systemic inflammation, consisting of two or more of the following: increased or decreased temperature or leukocyte count, tachycardia, and rapid breathing (The history of sepsis and the clinical definitions are covered in Chapter 13.) Sepsis is also defined as a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, due to its ability to affect organ systems remote from the site of infection Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), which is an acquired syndrome characterized by the activation of intravascular coagulation, is involved in both the pathogenesis of sepsis and the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) DIC culminates in intravascular fibrin formation Vascular Responses to Pathogens http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801078-5.00001-7 Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved THE MICROCIRCULATION IN SEPSIS The microcirculation (defined as blood vessels with diameter 80 mm diameter) arterioles, and dilation in smaller terminal arterioles (