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UNIT 1: FOOD INDUSTRY *** READING COMPREHENSION The food industry comprises all business operations that are involved in producing a raw food material, processing it, and distributing it to sales outlets The entire complex of the industry includes: farms and ranches; producers of raw materials, such as phosphates, for agricultural use; water-supply systems; food-processing plants; manufacturers of packaging materials and food-processing and transportation equipment; transportation systems; and retail stores and food-service operations such as restaurants, institutional feeding commissaries, and vending-machine services HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY The organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods have probably been practiced almost since the time of the first agricultural surpluses Inventories of livestock and foodstuffs are among the first written records However, until modern preservation methods were developed, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques, scaled up to furnish enough surplus product to be bartered or sold outside the household Enlargement of a business entailed simply building more or larger processing equipment – oil presses, baking ovens, or wine vats Gradual improvements in design were made to increase yields or improve quality This was the general pattern until the Industrial Revolution, when major qualitative changes began to be made in food processing and distribution operations Not only were factories greatly enlarged and much of the manual labor replaced by machinery, but entirely new principles of processing, such as canning and spray drying, were invented Channels of distribution became much more complex and extended, and special techniques for retaining quality were used, for example, shipping by means of refrigerated railroad cars The present-day industry slowly took shape as it responded to ever-growing agricultural surpluses, to advances in transportation, and to the enormous changes made possible by the growth in processing technologies (Beef calves are often sent to feedlots.) DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS Farmers, ranchers, other producers of agricultural raw materials, and feedlot operators usually sell their output to collection points, such as grain terminals or stockyards The terminal or stockyard supplies the processing companies, which select needed raw materials from the available stock and process them either into finished foodstuffs – cuts of meat, for example – or into food ingredients, such as flour (Flow of goods in the food industry) From the final processor, finished food products are moved by truck or rail to warehouses, usually located near a city Most modern warehouses have storage areas for frozen and refrigerated food and are equipped to control temperature and humidity within a narrow range Warehouses can assemble full truckloads of products originating from many different suppliers for shipment to one large retailer or to a number of smaller outlets in a given region, allowing a great reduction in unit transportation costs as compared to shipping a small quantity of one item directly from the producer to the retailer If the retail outlet is large enough to accept complete truckloads directly from the manufacturer, direct shipments from the factory are sometimes made Processors of perishable foods (dairies, ice-cream manufacturers, wholesale bread bakeries, and meat-packers) usually maintain their own fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer customers Truck drivers from bakeries and dairies may also service retail outlets by rotating stock and picking up stale products and returning them to the factory Restaurants and institutional commissaries purchase staples and nonperishable foods from the warehouses of specialized distributors, but they also receive direct shipment from dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers GLOSSARY A retail store (n) /ˈriːteɪl stɔː /: cửa hàng bán lẻ Advance (n) / ədˈvɑːns /: tiến Assemble (v) / əˈsɛmb(ə)l /: thu thập Available (adj) / əˈveɪləb(ə)l /: có sẵn Bakery (n) / ˈbeɪk(ə)ri /: hiệu bánh mì Be involved in (exp) / ɪnˈvɒlvd/: có liên quan đến Beverage (n) / ˈbɛv(ə)rɪdʒ /: thức uống giải khát Commissary (n) / ˈkɒmɪs(ə)ri /: kho lương thực (quân đội) Complex (n) / ˈkɒmplɛks /: khu liên hợp (adj): phức tạp Comprise (v) / kəmˈprʌɪz /: bao gồm Dairy (n) / ˈdɛːri /: cửa hàng bơ sữa Feedlot (n) / ˈ iːdlɒt /: nơi nuôi béo súc vật Ferment (v) / f əˈmɛnt /: lên men Fermentation (n) / Fermentation /: lên men Fleet (n) / fli ːt /: đoàn tàu, đoàn xe Foodstuff (n) / ˈfuːdstʌf /: thực phẩm Inventory (n)/ ˈɪnv(ə)nt(ə)ri /: kiểm kê Livestock (n) / ˈlʌɪvstɒk /: gia súc Machinery (n) / məˈ iːn(ə)ri /: máy móc Maintain (v) / meɪnˈteɪn, mənˈteɪn/: trì Maintenance (n) / ˈmeɪnt(ə)nəns /: trì Material (n) / məˈtɪərɪəl /: nguyên liệu Outlet (n) / ˈaʊtlɛt /: đại lý Pattern (n) / ˈpat(ə)n /: kiểu mẫu, mơ hình Perishable (adj) / ˈpɛrɪʃəb(ə)l /: dễ hỏng, dễ thối Pick up (v): nhặt Plant (n) / plɑːnt /: nhà máy Preserve (v) / prɪˈzəːv /: bảo quản Preservation (n) / prɛzəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/: bảo quản Principle (n) / ˈprɪnsɪp(ə)l /: nguyên lý, nguyên tắc cấu tạo Ranch (n) / rɑːn(t)ʃ / : trại nuôi gia súc Raw (adj) / rɔː /: thô (chưa tinh chế), sống (chưa nấu chin) Respond to / rɪˈspɒnd/: hưởng ứng Rotate (v) / rə(ʊ)ˈteɪt /: luân chuyển Ship (v) / ʃɪp /: vận chuyển (hàng hóa đường biển) Shipment (n) / ˈʃɪpm(ə)nt /: vận chuyển Spoil (v) / spɔɪl /: làm hư hỏng Stockyard (n) / ˈstɒkjɑːd /: nơi nuôi nhốt gia súc trước bán Surplus (adj) / ˈsəːpləs /: dư thừa (n): thặng dư temperature and humidity / ˈtɛmp(ə)rətʃə, hjʊˈmɪdɪti/: nhiệt độ độ ẩm Trade (v) / treɪd /: buôn bán Trade (n): buôn bán, thương mại Vending-machine (n) / ˈvɛndɪŋmə iːn /: máy bán hàng tự động Warehouses (n) / ˈwɛːhaʊs /: nhà kho Yield (n) / jiːld /: sản lượng I Answer the questions about the reading 1) What does the food industry consist of? 2) When did the organized trading and transport of salt, spices, grain, olive oil, fermented beverages, and other foods begin? 3) What the processing companies terminals or stockyards supply do? 4) When can direct shipments from the factory to retailers be made? 5) Where restaurants and institutional commissaries buy staples and nonperishable foods? II Write T if the sentence is true and F if it is false 1) _ Most food-processing operations seem to have begun as extensions of kitchen preparation techniques 2) _ Farmers, ranchers, and other producers of agricultural raw materials seldom sell their output to grain terminals or stockyards 3) _ In the past, the kinds of foods that could be traded were limited to those which did not spoil quickly 4) _ Processors of perishable foods usually hire fleets of trucks for carrying fresh products directly to their retailer customers 5) _ Restaurants receive direct shipment from dairies, bakeries, and meat-packers VOCABULARY Fill in these statements with the words in the box Ferment stale vats commissary stockyard Dairy entails raw vending machine surplus 1) Sushi is a Japanese dish made from …………… fish 2) You make wine by leaving grape juice to …………… until all the sugar has turned to alcohol 3) Farmers are feeding all their …………… wheat to pigs 4) A …………… is a place where farm animals are kept for a short time before they are sold at a market 5) The wines used to be made in deep wooden …………… 6) While we were camping we bought our milk from a nearby farm …………… 7) Coffee goes …………… within a couple of weeks so it is best to buy it in small quantities 8) A …………… is a machine from which you can buy small items such as cigarettes, drinks and sweets by putting coins into it 9) A …………… is a shop which supplies food and goods, especially to people in the army or in prison 10) Enlargement of a food business simply …………… building more or larger processing equipment WORD STUDY A WORD FORMS Study the words in the list Notice how they are related to each other Then choose the best word to complete each sentence Use a word from line in sentence 1, and so on Verb Noun Adjective 1) die death dead 2) decorate decoration — 3) — cruelty cruel 4) describe description descriptive 5) breathe breath — 6) compute computer / computation — 7) reserve reservation — 8) revolt revolution revolutionary 9) know knowledge — 10) connect connection connected President John F Kennedy is ……………… He ………………… in 1963 Thousands of people went to his funeral In Canada and the United States, many people …………………… a tree with lights and colorful decorations for Christmas Amnesty International tries to stop …………………… to prisoners in all countries In many places, prisoners have terrible lives of pain and suffering For your homework tonight, write a ……………… of your home town Tell how it looks, where you like to go, and why you like it When people swim under water, they must hold their ………………… Fish can breathe under water, but humans cannot If you have a small calculator, you can ………………… your grocery bill while you are in the store 7) Next month Kei is going on a trip to New York He already made his plane …………………, so he is very excited 8) Thirteen colonies participated in the …………………… war against England They became the United States of America 9) The more you study, the more your …………………… increases 10) Maria is going to Julie’s house tonight to help her ……………………… her new computer Julie doesn’t know how to it by herself B WORD FORMS This exercise is just for fun, and it is difficult See if you can figure out the meanings of these words and use the correct word in each sentence commercialized multiplicity oversimplification undereducated discouraged non-warlike programmer unrecognizable 1) Paula dressed in strange clothes and put a lot of makeup on her face for a party She was completely ……………………… No one knew who she was! 2) One student said that his native country nationalized the oil companies because people were stealing the oil This is only part of what really happened This explanation is an ……………………… of the situation 3) There is a ………………………… of problems in Third World countries, such as poor living conditions, few jobs, and very little medical care for people 4) Another problem in Third World countries is that most of the people are ……………………… because they quit school at an early age to get jobs 5) Carl is a computer ………………………… for a large company He writes programs for businesses and industries 6) Christmas has become very ………………………… in the United States Marketing experts make a lot of money because of this 7) Don’t be ………………… ……… if you can’t this exercise The words are very difficult! C -OUS, -LIKE In English, we can add the suffix -ous and -like to some nouns to make adjectives Words that end in -ous mean “full of something.” Here is an example: Our classroom is very spacious (full of space) Words that end in -like mean “similar to,” or “like.” Here is an example: The painting that Simon made is very lifelike Spelling Note: If a noun ends in silent e, drop the e before adding the suffix -ous There are no spelling changes when you add the suffix -like Add the correct suffix to each noun in the chart -ous noun -like adjective noun adjective joy …………………………… life …………………………… fame …………………………… war …………………………… danger …………………………… child …………………………… poison …………………………… Now choose the best adjective to complete each sentence 1) Some plants are very …………………… to eat In fact, if you eat a ……………………… plant, you could become sick or even die 2) Holidays are usually ………………………… times People don’t have to work, and everyone celebrates and is happy 3) Albert Einstein is a ………………………… scientist Most people in the world know who he was 4) Eskimo carvings are very ……………………… They look exactly like living animals 5) In the 1930s Germany began to take ………………………… actions Then in 1939 it attacked Poland and started a war 6) When an adult does something that a child might do, people say he or she is ………………………… UNIT 2: FOOD AND NUTRITION *** READING COMPREHENSION All living organisms require food for survival, growth, and reproduction Most broadly, the term food can be taken to include any kind of nutrient needed by animals, plants, and simpler forms of life, on down to bacteria This would include, for example, the inorganic substances that plants draw from air and water The processes that circulate these basic nutrients in the environment are called nutrient cycles, and the processes by which organisms make use of nutrients are collectively known as metabolism In terms of the energy needs of humans and other animals, food consists of carbohydrate, fat, and protein, along with vitamins and minerals Humans may consume a wide range of different food substances, as long as they meet nutrition requirements Otherwise nutritional-deficiency diseases will develop Nutrition is the science that interprets the relationship of food to the functioning of the living organism It is concerned with the intake of food, digestive processes, the liberation of energy, and the elimination of wastes, as well as with all the syntheses that are essential for maintenance, growth, and reproduction These fundamental activities are characteristic of all living organisms – from the simplest to the most complex plants and animals Nutrients are substances, either naturally occurring or synthesized, that are necessary for maintenance of the normal function of organisms These include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins and minerals, water, and some unknown substances The nutritionist, a scientist working in the field of nutrition, differs from the dietitian, who translates the science of nutrition into the skill of furnishing optimal nourishment to people Dietetics is a profession concerned with the science and art of human nutrition care, an essential component of the health sciences The treatment of disease by modification of the diet lies within the province of the physician and the dietitian The foods consumed by humans must contain, in adequate amounts, about 45 to 50 highly important substances Water and oxygen are equally essential Starting only with these essential nutrients obtained from food, the body makes literally thousands of substances necessary for life and physical fitness Most of these substances are far more complicated in structure than the original nutrients Energy metabolism and requirements are customarily expressed in terms of the calorie, a heat unit Adoption of the calorie by nutritionists followed quite naturally from the original methods of measuring energy metabolism The magnitude of human energy metabolism, however, made it awkward to record the calorie measured, so the convention of the large calorie, or kilocalorie (kcal), was accepted Atwater factors, also called physiologic fuel factors, are based on the corrections for losses of unabsorbed nutrients in the feces and for the calorie equivalent of the nitrogenous products in the urine These factors are as follows: 1g of pure protein will yield calories, 1g of pure fat will yield calories, and g of pure carbohydrate will yield calories GLOSSARY A living organism / ˈlɪvɪŋ, ˈɔːg(ə)nɪz(ə)m/: sinh vật sống Absorb (v) / əbˈzɔːb, əbˈsɔːb /: hấp thu Absorption (n) / əbˈzɔːpʃ(ə)n, əbˈsɔːpʃ(ə)n /: hấp thu Unabsorb (v) / ʌnəbˈzɔːb, ʌnəbˈsɔːb /: chưa hấp thu Adoption (n) / əˈdɒpʃ(ə)n /: chấp nhận As long as: miễn Bacteria (n) / bakˈtɪəriə /: vi khuẩn be concerned with (exp) / kənˈsəːnd/: đề cập đến Characteristic (n) / karəktəˈrɪstɪk /: nét đặc trưng Circulate (v) / ˈsəːkjʊleɪt /: lưu thông Complicated (adj) / ˈkɒmplɪkeɪtɪd/: rắc rối Component (n) / kəmˈpəʊnənt /: thành phần Consume (v) / kənˈsjuːm /: tiêu thụ (thực phẩm) Consumption (n) / kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n /: tiêu thụ 10 ... (v) / kənˈsjuːm /: tiêu thụ (thực phẩm) Consumption (n) / kənˈsʌm(p)ʃ(ə)n /: tiêu thụ 10 Correction (n) / Correction /: hiệu chỉnh Dietitian (n) / dʌɪəˈtɪʃ(ə)n /: chuyên gia vấn đề dinh dưỡng... choose the best word to complete each sentence Use a word from line in sentence 1, and so on Verb Noun Adjective 1) die death dead 2) decorate decoration — 3) — cruelty cruel 4) describe description... 8) revolt revolution revolutionary 9) know knowledge — 10 ) connect connection connected President John F Kennedy is ……………… He ………………… in 19 63 Thousands of people went to his funeral In Canada