The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies Leonardo Morlino • Francesco Raniolo The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies Leonardo Morlino Prof Political Science, Vice Rector LUISS Guido Carli Roma, Italy Francesco Raniolo Scienze Politiche e Sociali Università della Calabria Arcavacata di Rende Cosenza, Italy ISBN 978-3-319-52370-5 DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52371-2 ISBN 978-3-319-52371-2 (eBook) Library of Congress Control Number: 2017932553 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Cover illustration: Abstract Bricks and Shadows © Stephen Bonk/Fotolia.co.uk Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This short book is, first of all, the result of a protracted exchange of ideas between the two authors What was at beginning intended to be an article on European protest parties became a larger reflection on the contemporary modes of representation especially in southern European countries Of course, our debate was also influenced by other exchanges with several colleagues in a number of occasions (conferences, seminars, public discussions), both formal and informal In this perspective, one of the two authors, Morlino, would like to acknowledge the help the research and book received during his stay at Wissenschaft Zentrum in Berlin, better known as WZB, and warmly to thank Wolfgang Merkel for the invitation and making the stay there effective and pleasant The research that is behind the book had the vital help of Marco Lisi for field research in Portugal, Valeria Tarditi for Spain, and Davide Vittori for Greece and Spain as well Without them especially the chapters on new protest parties would have been much less informed and empirically poorer We thank them for the crucial help, together with Maurizio Cerruto, Chiara Facello e Stefano Rombi for their help in collecting other empirical data we integrated into the analysis and Lucia Montesanti for helping us with the index We also decided to ask a few colleagues and friends to read and criticize a first draft of the manuscript We gratefully thank Donatella della Porta, Lorenzo De Sio, Liborio Mattina and Angelo Panebianco for all their valuable suggestions that contributed to improve the work If with a so important help the book still has limits and maybe mistakes the responsibility cannot fall if not on us v vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Finally, it is well known how limited are the research funds devoted to social sciences We were so lucky to receive one of these few grants on ‘Economic crisis and the quality of democracy in Europe’ from the ministry of university and scientific research Thus, we would like to gratefully acknowledge this help that was necessary for the field research in the four southern European countries CONTENTS Introduction How to Analyse the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Democracies What Innovative Destruction? Changes in Parties and Party Systems 25 The New Protest Parties 49 New Patterns in Interests and Movements 83 Conclusions 109 Bibliography 123 Index 135 vii LIST Fig 2.1 Fig 2.2 Fig 3.1 Fig 3.2 Fig 3.3 Fig 3.4 Fig 3.5 Fig 3.6 Fig 3.7 Fig 3.8 Fig 4.1 Fig 4.2 Fig 5.1 Fig 5.2 Fig 5.3 OF FIGURES The growth of public debt in South Europe, as % of GDP (1995–2015) Changes of GDP and unemployment rate in South Europe (1995–2015) Trends in electoral turnout: Southern Europe plus Germany and Sweden (1993–2016) Trend in party membership (Southern Europe) Confidence in Parties: Southern Europe plus Germany and Sweden (1997–2015) Trends in electoral volatility: Southern Europe (1993–2016) The growing salience of the left/right cleavage before and during the crisis Party fragmentation: Southern Europe plus Sweden and Germany (1993–2016) Satisfaction with Democracy in Southern Europe plus Germany and Sweden (1992–2015) Confidence in Government and Parliament, Southern Europe plus Germany and Sweden (1997–2015) Votes for the main incumbent and protest parties in Southern Europe: National and European elections Opinion of Greek electors on negotiations between the government and European Institutions (2015) Efficiency of public administration: Southern Europe Controlling the corruption: Southern Europe Nonconventional Participation in Southern Europe (1992–2014) 11 27 29 30 31 36 38 40 41 51 65 90 90 100 ix LIST Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 4.1 Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 6.1 OF TABLES Electoral radicalization in Southern Europe plus Germany and Sweden (1993–2016) From bipolarization to tripolarization: The vote for the two largest parties (1993–2016) Membership of protest parties (selected years) Informal economy, productivity and competitiveness in Southern Europe Inclusion of trade unions in policy-making and unionization in Southern Europe Strikes and lockouts in Southern Europe (1994–2015) The catalyst effect of economic crisis 33 37 75 91 95 97 119 xi CHAPTER Introduction Abstract There are few doubts that a democratic regime can be deeply affected by economic crisis This was so with reference to the great economic crises of the twentieth century, but it is also for the real estate and fiscal crises of 2008 What are the political consequences of this Great Recession? Are they limited or profound and serious? And what are the mechanisms at work that help to explain those consequences? The introduction emphasizes the channels of expression (election, protest, interests) that are affected by the crisis and empirical scope of the research, that is, the democracies of South Europe (Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain) In particular, specific attention will be given to the building of and the electoral success of new protest parties and to the relationships among the three channels of expression Ultimately, the main question is how the economic crisis will affect the quality of our four democracies in terms of participation and competition Keywords Economic crisis Á Channels of expression Á South Europe How is it possible that a conjuncture phenomenon, as economic crisis is usually considered, can bring about lasting political consequences? And if so, what are the main consequences that need to be analysed in depth? What is or what are the core mechanism/s at work to explain them? 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Gabriel, A., Amable, Bruno, 85 ANEL, Independent Greeks (Anexartitoi Ellines), 64, 65 Anti-austerity policies, 32 Anti-establishment positions, 32 Anti-European Union, 32, 34 Armingeon, Klaus, 10 Arrighi, Giovanni, 101 Asia, 76 Audience party, 66–69 Austria, 111 Authoritarian corporatism, 92 Authoritarian or a totalitarian regime, Autonomy vs heteronomy, 74–76 B Baccaro, Lucio, 10 Bailey, David J., 94, 113 Bale, Tim, 62 Bardi, Luciano, 111 Barrio, Astrid, 73 Bartels, Larry M., 3, 10 Bartolini, Stefano, 16, 79, 84, 111, 113, 114 Basque Country, 112 Basque lands, 34 BE, Left Bloc (Bloco de Esquerda), 54 Belgium, 111 Berlin, 2, Bermeo, Nancy, 3, 10 Biezen Van, Ingrid, 29 Bimber, Bruce, 74 Bobbio, Norberto, 19 Bosco, Anna, Bossi, Umberto, 34, 57, 71 Bracher, Karl Dietrich, Brachotte, Gilles, 32 Brexit, 59, 62 Bureaucratic corporatism, 93 Burroni, Luigi, 85, 88, 89, 91, 93, 95 © The Author(s) 2017 L Morlino, F Raniolo, The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-52371-2 135 136 INDEX C Calise, Mauro, 70, 114 Canovan, Margaret, 76 Capitalism, 84, 85, 87, 89, 94, 95, 101–103 Capoccia, Giovanni, 6, 60, 118 Capuzzi, Francesco, 34 Casaleggio, Gianroberto, 57, 67, 73 Casta, 60, 67 Catalonia, 22, 34, 112 Catalysing/catalyst effect, 5, 7, 19, 20, 21, 39, 44, 46, 58, 105, 115, 118, 119, 120, 121 Cella, Gian Primo, 94 Centre-right party, 34, 52, 53, 54, 56, 71, 82, 115 Chatzistavrou, Filippa, 66 Chiaramonte, Alessandro, 55, 58 China, 13 Christian Democracy, 42 Ciocca, Pierluigi, Citizen dissatisfaction, 58, 105, 110, 119 Clegg, Daniel, 107n8 Coller, Xavier, 24n2 Collier, David, 50, 118 Collier Ruth B., 118 Competition, 3, 5, 6, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 32, 46, 53, 55, 57, 58, 61, 63, 80, 84, 98, 101, 110, 111, 113, 121, 122 Conventional partisan, 111 Copelovitch, Mark, Corbetta, Piergiorgio, 52, 67, 74, 75 Crouch, Colin, 88, 92, 95, 102 C’s, Citizens (Ciudadanos), 18, 22, 30, 32, 43, 50, 57, 58, 59, 72, 115, 120 Cyberparty, 73 Cyprus, 19 Czech Republic, D Daalder, Hans, 84 Dahl, Robert Alan, 79 Dalton, Russell J., 26, 35, 49 De Cecco, Marcello, Della Porta, Donatella, 55, 61, 69, 81n7, 102, 103–104, 106 Democratic or quasi-democratic regime, 2, 3, 8, 16, 18, 69, 86 Democratic Party, 38, 43 Deschouwer, Kris, 69 De Winter, Lieven, 55 DGB, Confederation of German Trade Unions, (Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund), 94 Diamanti, Ilvo, 87 Diamond, Larry Jay, 16, 70 DIMAR, Democratic Left (Dimokratiki Aristera), 63 Di Mascio, Fabrizio, 24n2 Di Pietro, Antonio, 67 Direct democracy, 67, 72, 82n14 Dobry, Michel, 6n1 Duverger, Maurice, 58 E Eastern Europe, 2, 8, 117 ECB, European Central Bank, 10, 19, 102, 117 EC, European Commission, 11, 19, 91, 117 Echenique, Pablo, 71 Economic crisis, 1, 53, 55, 57, 80, 84, 86, 88, 100, 103, 105 Economic recession, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 83, 85, 91, 94, 103, 106, 110, 111, 113, 117, 121 EIRO, European Industrial Relations Observatory, 103 Eisenstadt, Shmuel N., 69, 77, 78 INDEX Electoral participation, 20, 23, 25, 26, 28, 47, 111, 119 Electoral-territorial channel, 84, 85 Electoral volatility, 111 Ellinas, Antonis A., 72 Emanuele, Vincenzo, 55, 58 EU, European Union, 10, 19, 28, 31, 34, 43, 45, 57, 64, 68, 112, 113, 114, 119, 122 Euroscepticism, 54, 68 Eurostat, Exit, 53, 58, 64, 67–69, 79, 86, 95, 96, 99, 104 External and internal origin (of parties), 70 F Family Consumption, Fernandes, Tiago, 26 Fernández Albertos, José, 63 Ferrera, Maurizio, 85, 107n5, 107n7 Festinger, Leon, 42 FI, Go Italy (Forza Italia), 52, 53, 115 Flora, Peter, 84 FN, National Front (Front National), 34, 71 Forum Manifesto, 56 Frame, Alex, 33 France, 54, 76, 107n4, 117 Freire, André, 14 Fuchs, Dieter, 60, 101 Functional channel, 85, 92, 99 G Galicia, 34, 112 Gallino, Luciano, 13 GD, Golden Dawn (Chrysi AvgChA), 28, 32, 43, 50, 52, 72, 115, 120 137 GDP gross domestic product, 8, 9, 23n1, 39, 89 Genuinely new parties, 50, 58 Germany, 2, 4, 27, 30, 112, 117 Giddens, Anthony, 80, 94 GIIPS Greece, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Spain, 10 Givan, Rebecca K., 93 GJM, Global Justice Movement, 102, 103 Globalization, 12, 19 Gorbunova, Ekaterina, 40 Gourevitch, Peter, 6, 88, 99, 106n1, 117 Great Recession, 3, 8–13 Greece, 4, 5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 17–19, 22, 27, 32, 34–35, 42–44, 50, 53, 55, 58, 62, 64, 65, 68, 82n16, 86, 89, 92, 95, 101, 102, 104, 110, 112, 115, 119, 120 Grillo, Giuseppe (Beppe), 57, 66–68, 70, 73, 75, 82n11 Gualmini, Elisabetta, 52, 67, 74, 75 Guillén, Ana M., Gunther, Richard, 70 H Hall, Peter A., 85 Hamann, Kerstin, 97, 103 Harmel, Robert, 61, 72 Hermet, Guy, 76 Hernandez, Enrique, Hirschman, Albert Otto, 43, 53, 58, 99, 105 Hobolt, Sara B., 45 Howell, Chris, 93 Hug, Simon, 55, 58 138 INDEX I IdV, Italy of Values (Italia dei Valori), 67 Iglesias, Pablo, 57, 71 Ignazi, Piero, 55 ILO, International Labour Organization, 96 IMF International Monetary Fund, 10, 19, 102, 117 India, 13 Indignados, 21, 43, 57, 61, 95, 102, 106, 120 Inflation, Inglehart, Ronald, 106 Interest-group activism, 1, 23, 110 Italy, 4, 5, 10, 12, 18, 19, 21, 28, 34, 35, 38, 42, 44, 50, 52–54, 56–58, 62, 66–68, 82n16, 86–89, 91, 92, 95, 98, 101, 103, 104, 106, 110, 112, 115 IU, United Left (Izquierda Unida), 53, 62, 71 J Janda, Kenneth, 61, 72 K Kahler, Miles, 3, 46, 88 Karamessini, Maria, 94 Karyotis, Georgios, 102, 103, 104 Katz, Richard S., 30 Keane, John, 106, 112 Kelemen, Daniel R., 6n1, 118 Kelly, John(et al) Keman, Hans, 55, 58, 87, 106n1 Kerbo, Harold R., 106 Kindleberger Charles P., Kitschelt, Herbert, 60, 61 KKE, Communist Party of Greece (Kommounistico Komma Elladas), 63, 81n3 Klingemann, Hans Dieter, 26 Kopecky, Petr, 87 Krastev, Ivan, 106 Kretsos, Lefteris, 103 Kriesi, Hanspeter, 3, 20, 40, 59, 76, 78, 80, 87, 98, 108n16, 122 Krouwel, André, 55, 58 L LAE, Popular Unity (Lạkí Enótita), 64, 65 Lafazanis, Panagiotis, 64 Lake, David A., 3, 46, 88 Lane, Philip R., 2, 10 La Palombara, Joseph, 92 Latin America, 2, 76, 103, 118 Lawson, Kay, 22, 99 Le Pen, Marine, 34, 71 Letta, Enrico, 96 Levitsky, Steven, 78 Lijphart, Arend, 15 Lindvall, Johannes, Linz, Juan J., 60, 84, 85 Lipset, Seymour Martin, 6n1, 54, 88, 118 LN, Northern League (Lega Nord), 34, 56, 61, 70, 71, 82n12, 104, 115 L/TDA, Free/Time to move Forward (Livre/Tempo de Avanỗar), 33, 50, 54, 56, 58, 74, 115 M M5S, Five Star Movement (Movimento Cinque Stelle), 5, 18, 22, 29, 32, 34, 43, 47, 50, 52, 54, 57–59, 61, 66–68, 70, 73–76, 78, 82n11, 82n16, 111, 113–115, 120 Madrid, 21, 112 Magone, José María, 91 Mahon, James E., 50 INDEX Mahoney, James, 6n1 Mair, Peter, 12, 13, 22, 30, 55, 68, 69, 75, 78, 82n17, 92, 107n6, 111 Mancini, Paolo, 74 Manin, Bernard, 106 March, Luke, 61 Marinho e Pinto, Antonio, 56, 71 Marinova, Dani M., 58 Maroni, Roberto Ernesto, 34 Martinelli, Alberto, 77 Matthijs, Matthias, 102, 105 Mattina, Liborio, 92 Mazzoleni, Gianpietro, 87 Mazzucato, Mariana, 94 Mény, Yves, 76 Merkl, Peter H., 99 Mertens, Daniel, 12 Michels, Roberto, 72 Moderate pro-European Union, 113 Montero, José Ramón, 17 Montesanti, Lucia, 59 Moren, Paul Johansen, Morlino, Leonardo, 14, 15, 16, 22, 42, 57, 69, 79, 85, 122 Mosca, Lorenzo, 104 Movements of affluence, 106 Movements of crises, 106 MPT, Earth Party (Partido da Terra), 5, 33, 50, 54, 56, 71 Mudde, Cas, 77, 81n7 Muro, Diego, 40 N Natalini, Alessandro, 24n2 ND, New Democracy (Nea Dimokratia), 52, 63, 64, 82n16, 116 Neo-corporatism, 92 Neo-liberal critical juncture, 55 Neo-populism, 76 Neo-populist, 115 139 The Netherlands, 112 Network party, 73, 74, 78 Neumann, Franz Leopold, 13 New Challengers, 60 New Deal-policy, New protest parties, 1, 5, 23, 28, 30, 44, 49, 50, 55, 60, 69, 72, 79, 80, 104, 109, 111, 113, 115, 119 New tripolar structure, 112 Non-partisan participation, 111 Non-party, 66 Northern European Socialist Parties, Norway, 84–85, 86, 107n4 Nos Cidadãos(Ciudadanos), 32 O OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Olson, Mancur, 92 O'Malley, Eoin, 105 P Paloheimo, Heikki Panebianco, Angelo, 63, 69, 70, 79 Pappas, Takis, 87, 92, 105 Pareto, Vilfredo, 58 Participation, 3, 4, 5, 6, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39, 43, 46, 47, 56, 58, 72, 73, 75, 82, 84, 86, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 106, 110, 111, 112, 118, 119, 121, 122 Party-movement, 50, 61, 74 Pasok, Panhellenic Socialist Movement, (Panellinio Sosialistiko Kinima), 45, 52, 53, 55, 63, 64, 82n16, 116 Pasquino, Gianfranco, 57 PD, Democratic Party (Partito Democratico), 52, 54, 59, 67, 68 140 INDEX PDR, Democratic Republican Party (Partido Democrático Republicano), 32, 50, 54, 56, 58, 61, 70, 71, 82n12, 115 People of Freedom, 43 Perloff, Richard M., 32 Peterson, Abby, 103 Petmesidou, Maria, Picard, Robert G., 10 PIIGS Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Greece, Spain, 10, 110 Pirates, 112 Pizzorno, Alessandro, 77, 79 Podemos, We Can, 5, 6, 18, 21, 33, 34, 35, 43, 47, 50, 52, 53, 57, 58, 59, 61, 62, 67, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 76, 78, 111, 113, 115, 120 Poguntke, Thomas, 55, 72 Poland, Polavieja, Javier, 105 Policy changes, 110 Political entrepreneurs, 50, 58 Political protest, 60, 80 Populism, 6, 50, 55, 59, 65, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 99, 105, 110, 115 Portugal, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 18, 19, 26, 27, 34, 35, 39, 44, 45, 53, 56, 89, 95, 101, 102, 103, 104, 110, 111, 112, 115, 118, 119 Powell, G Bingham, 79 PP, Popular Party (Partido Popular), 52, 53, 62 Private and public investment, Pro-anti Europe, 39 Protest parties, 50, 53, 55, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 72, 78, 79, 115 Protest populism, 59 PS, 53 PSD, Social Democratic Party (Partido Social Democrata), 53, 101 PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (Partido Socialista Obrero Español), 52, 53, 59, 62 Public debt, Q Quality of democracy (dimensions of quality), 14 Quaranta, Mario, 79 R Radical Eurosceptic, 113 Radical parties, 60–61 Ramos Pinto, Pedro, 101 Raniolo, Francesco, 13, 69, 70, 108n14 Reactive antipartism, 18 Rebound effect, 105 Renovaỗóo Comunista, Communist Renovation, 56 Renzi, Matteo, 68, 82n16, 96 Responsibility, 65, 68, 82n17 Responsiveness, 19, 58, 65, 68, 78, 79, 80, 82n17 Rodrigues Sanches, Edalina, 40 RodríguezTeruel, Juan, 73 Rodríguez, Teresa, 71 Rokkan, Stein, 6n1, 54, 55, 84, 85, 86, 87, 107n11, 118 Rome, 38 Rosanvallon, Pierre, 68, 106, 112 Rüdig, Wolfgang, 103, 104 Rule of law, 20 Russia, 76, 117 INDEX S Salvini, Matteo, 34, 57, 71, 108n14 Samaras, Antonis, 63 Sapelli, Giulio, 85, 107n5 Sappino, Luca, 68 Saraceno, Chiara, 20 Sartori, Giovanni, 50, 60, 61, 69, 76, 80, 82n17, 85, 104 Schäfer, Armin, 55, 88, 102 Schattschneider, Elmer E., 99 Schmidt, Manfred G., 92 Schulz, Winfried, 87 Segatti, Paolo, 34 Sikk, Allan, 58 Singer, Matthew M., Smith, Gordon, 58 Socrates, José, 45 Soskice, David, 85 Sotiropoulos, Dimitri A., 24n2, 85, 106n1 South Africa, South Europe/Southern European countries, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 40, 41, 42, 46, 49, 50, 51, 60, 61, 77, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 106, 107 South Korea, Spain, 4, 5, 10, 12, 18, 20, 21, 26, 28, 32, 34, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 61, 68, 69, 82n16, 86, 89, 95, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 110, 112, 115, 119 Spaventa, Luigi, Stepan, Alfred, 85 Stigliz, Joseph, 114 Stinchcombe, Arthur L., 74 Streeck, Wolfang, 12, 55, 88, 92, 94, 101, 102 141 Surel, Yves, 76 Sweden, 27, 30 SYN, Coalition of the Left and Progress, (Synaspismos), 55, 63 Syriza, Coalition of the Radical Left (Synaspismos Rizospastikis Aristeras), 5, 6, 22, 28, 32, 34, 35, 43, 47, 50, 54, 55, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 79, 111, 115, 116, 120 T Taiwan, Tarchi, Marco, 77 Tarditi, Valeria, 59, 64, 65, 66 Tavares, Rui, 70 Thelen, Kathleen, 6n1 Tilley, James, 45 Torcal, Mariano, 18, 44, 45, 77 Torreblanca, José Ignacio, 63 Tosi, Flavio, 71 Traditional electoral behaviour, 111 Troika, 12, 19, 45 Tronconi, Filippo, 55 Tsipras, Alexis, 28, 35, 55, 63, 65, 71, 112, 116 Turin, 38 Turkey, 117 Türsan, Huri, 55 U Ukraine, 117 UK United Kingdom, 13, 117 Unconventional participation, 99, 101 United Left, 35 Urbinati, Nadia, 74 USA United States of America, 2, 13, 76, 103, 106 142 INDEX V Vandaele, Kurt, 95, 103 Varoufakis, Yanis, 81n10 Verba, Sidney, 99 Verney, Susannah, Verzichelli, Luca, 59 Vidal, Guillem, 40 Viegas, Manuel José Leite Viola, Donatella, 108n16 Voice, 50, 58, 60, 61, 67, 69, 73, 78, 86, 99 W Weak corporatism, 87 Web populism, 74 Welzel, Christian, 106 Western Europe, 20, 31, 107, 117 Whitehead, Laurence, 10 World Bank Statistics, Z Zamora-Kapoor, Anna, 24n2 ... the economic © The Author(s) 2017 L Morlino, F Raniolo, The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies, DOI 10.1007/97 8-3 -3 1 9-5 237 1-2 _1 THE IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS ON SOUTH. . .The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies Leonardo Morlino • Francesco Raniolo The Impact of the Economic Crisis on South European Democracies Leonardo Morlino Prof Political... participation and competition, that is, on the occasion of elections and at the parties and party system level; THE IMPACT OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS ON SOUTH EUROPEAN DEMOCRACIES the non-institutionalized