Water pumps and pumping systems

WATER PUMPS AND PUMPING SYSTEMS James B (Burt) Rishel, P.E McGRAW-HILL Madrid New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Cataloging-in-Publication Data is on file with the Library McGraw-Hill A Division of The McGraw-HiU Companies of Congress ZZ Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hili Companies, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher I 890 AGM/AGM o ISBN 0-07-137491-4 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance It was set in the HBI design in Times Roman by Kim Sheran and Wayne Palmer of McGrawHill's Professional's Hightstown, N J., composition unit Printed and bound by QuebecorlMartinsburg * This book was printed on recycled, acid-free paper containing a minimum of 50% recycled, de-inked fiber McGraw-Hili books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs For more information, please write to the Director of Special Sales, Professional Publishing, McGraw-Hili, Two Penn Plaza, New York, NY 10121-2298 Or contact your local bookstore Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hili Companies, Inc ("McGraw-Hili") from sources believed to be reliable However, neither McGraw-Hili nor its authors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein, and neither McGraw-Hili nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hili and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought This book is dedicated to my wife Alice for her patience during the time required for its completion CONTENTS Preface xix Table of Symbols and Terminology Location of Figures xxv xxiii PART The Basic Tools of Design CHAPTER Digital Electronics and Water Pumps and Systems Introduction I 1.3 Computer-Aided Calculations of Water Loads and Pipe Friction I 1.3 I 1.4 Hydraulic Gradient Diagrams Speed and Accuracy of Electronic Design of Water Systems Equation Solutions by Computer Databasing I 1.5 I 1.5 I 1.5 Electronic Communication I 1.6 I 1.6 Electronic Design of the Piping and Accessories Electronic Selection of Water Pumping Equipment Electronic Control of Water Pumping Systems Electronics and Water Pumping Systems Electronics and Variable-Speed Electronic Commissioning Purpose of This Book I 1.6 I 1.6 I 1.7 Pumping Systems I 1.7 I 1.7 I 1.8 CHAPTER Physical Data for Water Pumping Systems Introduction 2.1 I 2.1 Standard Operating Conditions I 2.1 Standard Air Conditions I 2.2 Operating Pressures I 2.2 Thermal Equivalents I 2.4 Water Data 1.3 I 2.4 Viscosity of Water I 2.6 Vapor Pressure and Specific Weight for Water, 32 to 2l2"F Solubility of Air in Water I 2.7 Velocity of Sound in Water I 2.10 Areas and Volumes of Steel Pipe and Tanks I 2.10 Electrical Data I 2.10 Efficiency Evaluation of Water Systems I 2.13 I 2.6 • viii CONTENTS Additional Reading I 2.13 Books for a Personal Library Sizing Centrifugal Pumps I 2.14 I 4.27 I 4.29 Books for Further Reading CHAPTER System Friction Introduction 3.1 CHAPTER The Physical Design of Centrifugal I 3.1 Pipe Velocity is Designer's Responsibility Pipe and Fitting Specifications I 3.5 General Pipe Friction Analysis I 3.5 Introduction I 3.3 Two Basic Types of Centrifugal Pumps Volute Type Pumps I 3.36 Axial flow pump heads I 5.37 Column assemblies for axial flow pumps I 5.43 Axial flow type bowls and impellers I 5.47 Regenerative Turbine Pumps I 5.57 Materials of Construction I 3.42 Effect of Fabrication on Steel Fitting Loss Plastic Pipe Fittings Additional Reading I 3.83 I 5.58 I 5.59 / 3.86 I 3.88 Piping Network Analyses CHAPTER Centrifugal Pump Performance Introduction / 3.91 I 6.1 Pump Head-Flow Curves I 3.95 Affinity Laws I 3.98 CHAPTER Basic Design of Centrifugal Pumps 4.3 Typical constant-speed pump head-flow curves I 6.12 Brake horsepower required curves I 6.17 "Steep" versus "flat" head-flow curves I 6.17 Series and Parallel Operation of Centrifugal Pumps I 6.19 Variable-Speed I 4.4 of a Centrifugal Pump Centrifugal Pump Impeller Design Air Entrainment I 4.17 Minimum Speed for a Variable-Speed Pump Minimum Flow for Centrifugal Pumps Pump Suction Limitations Electric Motor Power in kW / 4.21 I 6.34 Engine-driven pumps I 6.34 Actual energy consumed by variable-speed Noise in Pumping Systems I 6.35 I 4.22 / 4.22 Net positive suction head I 4.23 Submergence in open tanks, wet wells, and open pits I 6.22 I 6.26 and Vortexing Water horsepower I 6.33 Pump brake horsepower I 6.33 Pumping Energy in kW I 6.33 I 4.12 Critical Speed of a Centrifugal Pump Pump Head-Flow Curves Pumping Energy in hp I 6.32 I 4.7 I 4.10 Specific Speed of a Centrifugal Pump I 6.1 I 6.5 Variable-speed performance I 6.5 Variable impeller diameter performance I 6.7 Constant-Speed Head-Flow Curves I 6.10 I 4.3 General Design of Centrifugal Pumps General Performance 6.1 I 3.90 PART Pumps and Their Performance Introduction I 5.57 Mechanical Devices for Pumps I 3.88 Hydraulic Gradient Diagrams References I 5.16 I 5.16 Single-suction pumps I 5.17 Double-suction pumps I 5.27 Axial Flow Type Pumps I 5.32 PVC and CPVC plastic pipe I 3.37 HDPE pipe I 3.37 Copper Pipe and Tubing / 3.42 Steel and cast iron pipe fittings / 3.79 Results of Recent Laboratory Testing of Fittings I 5.1 Forces on centrifugal pumps I 5.2 Leakage control in centrifugal pumps I 5.7 Physical Description of Centrifugal Pumps I 5.11 Asphalt-Coated Cast Iron and New Steel Pipe Friction Tables Plastic Pipe I 3.36 Summary 5.1 I 5.1 Basic Elements of Physical Design I 3.4 Pipe friction formulas I 3.7 Reynolds number and Moody diagrams / 3.8 Use of the Darcy-Weisbach equation I 3.11 Use of the Hazen-Williams formula I 3.35 Pipe Friction Tables / 3.35 Copper Fittings Pumps for Water I 3.1 Maximum Capacities and Velocities of Actual Piping Pipe Fitting Losses I 4.28 General Pump Design Information , Total Owning Cost Ix CONTENTS / 4.27 • pumps Summation of the Performance of Centrifugal Pumps Sources of Pump Information I 6.37 / 6.35 I 6.36 X CONTENTS CHAPTER Positive Displacement xl CONTENTS Pumps 7.1 PART The Pumping World Introduction I 7.] Types of Positive Displacement Rotary Pumps / 7.] Vane pumps / 7.2 Flexible member pumps / Lobe type pumps / 7.3 Gear pumps / 7.5 Screw pumps / 7.5 Pumps / Introduction 7.2 / principle) / 9.3 / 9.3 kW/MGD / 9.6 Energy Lost to Mechanical Flow Control Devices Evaluation of Piping Design 7.11 Energy Consumption / 7.13 Categorization / 9.8 and Water Use of Water Systems Suggested Design Rules / 9.7 / 9.8 Load Range for a Water System Piston pumps / 7.12 Plunger pumps / 7.13 Definitions for Reciprocating Power Pumps Diaphragm Pumps / 7.13 SUmmary / 7.14 - of Useful Energy Useful consumption of pumping energy Inefficient use of energy / 9.4 Calculation of System Efficiency / 9.4 / 7.7 9.3 of Water / 9.3 Determination High volume screw pumps (Archimedes Progressive cavity pumps / 7.8 Definitions for Rotary Pumps / 7.11 Reciprocating Power Pumps CHAPTER The Movement 7.] / /0 / 9./0 / 9.10 CHAPTER 10 Configuring a Pumped Water System CHAPTER Pump Drivers and Variable-Speed Introduction Drives 8.1 I 8.1 Pumping System Losses / 8.2 System Head Areas Static Pressure Types of polyphase motors and code letters / 8.3 Electric motor torque and horsepower / 8.4 Motor currents / 8.6 Electric motor output horsepower / 8.7 Electric motor power factor / 8.7 Electric motor efficiency / 8.7 Electric motor construction / 8.8 Motor siZing for pumps / 8.9 ~llowable motor starts per hour / /0 Vanable-Speed Drives for Pumps / 8.10 Configuration Drives Drives Efficiency of Variable-Frequency of Typical Water Systems Piping Network Analysis / /0.13 / 10.24 / 10.25 CHAPTER 11 Basics of Centrifugal Water Systems 11.1 / 11.2 Selecting constant-speed pumps / 11.2 Selecting variable-speed pumps / 11.4 Increased Pump Speed for Variable-Speed Pumps / 8.33 / 8.35 / 8.42 Pump Application to / 11.1 Point of Selection / 8.32 Drives Drives Introduction / 8.32 Variable Frequency-Drive Accessories and Requirements Engine-Driven Pumps / 8.39 SUIT1lnary / 8.42 Sources of Technical Information / 10.9 / 10.13 / 8.12 Drives with multipulse input circuits / 8.15 Clean POWervariable-speed drives / 8.15 Medium Voltage drives / 8.]5 Harrnonics and Variable-Frequency Drives / 8.29 Advantages of Variable-Frequency / 10.3 / 10.5 All friction system / 10.13 High static system / 10.14 System with two subsystems / 10.15 High static system with variable supply pressure / 10.15 System with high supply pressure and no static pressure / 10.17 System with variable supply pressure and no static pressure / 10.18 Hydraulic Gradients / 10.20 Summary / 8.10 Early Variable-Frequency Drives PWM Drives / 8.12 Application of Variable-Speed / 10.2 System Head Curve Components Electric motor power characteristics Motor output ratings / 8.3 Motor speed / 8.3 Sizing of Variable-Frequency / /0.1 Modeling a Water System Electric Motors / 8.] Variable-Frequency Drives Introduction 10.1 / 8.37 Decreased Pump Speed for Variable-Speed Pumps • / 11.5 / 11.9 Selecting a Larger Impeller at Maximum Motor Horsepower Proper Use of Affinity Laws with Constant -Speed Pumps Number of Pumps Operating in Parallel Mixing Constant- and Variable-Speed / 11.15 Pumps / 1].]8 / 11.11 / 11.13 xii CONTENTS Jockey Pumps / 11.21 Efficiency of a Pumping System Wire-to-Water Efficiency PART Clear Water Pumping / 11.21 / 11.23 CHAPTER 13 Pumps for Central Water Treatment Calculated wire-to-water efficiency of single constant-speed pumps / 11.25 Calculated wire-to-water efficiency of a single variable-speed pump / 11.27 Calculated wire-to-water efficiencies of multiple-pump systems / 11.27 Total kW Input for a Pumping System / 11.28 Conclusions / 11.31 Total kW input indication and pump programming / 11.32 Use of Adaptive Control / 11.34 Total kW input for variable-speed pumping systems with a small lead pump Pump Control / 11.35 Introduction Pump Speed Control Water Reuse / 11.35 Summary / 13.12 Summary / 13.12 CHAPTER 14 Water Pumps for Municipal Water Distribution / 11.40 / 14.1 System head curves for primary pumping / 14.2 Variable- or constant-speed primary pumps / 14.3 Secondary Pumping Systems / 14.4 / 11.45 Multiple pumping stations / 14.7 Calculation of Friction Loss in Municipal Water Systems / 11.47 Hydraulic Shock from Long Discharge Lines / 11.52 Summary / 14.9 / 14.9 / 14.13 / 11.53 CHAPTER 15 Pumps for Plumbing Systems CHAPTER 12 Centrifugal Pump Intake Design Introduction / 12.1 / 12.2 Clear Service Pumps / 12.3 Rectangular structures / 12.6 Formed suction intakes / 12.6 Circular structures / 12.6 Trench-type intakes / /2.9 Intake Structures for Solids Bearing Liquids / 12.10 Trench-type wet wells for solids handling liquids / 12.10 Circular wet pits for solids handling pumps / 12.12 Testing Intake Structures / 12./2 Remedial Measures for Intake Structures Strainers, Screens, and Trashracks Strainers / 12.13 Screens and trashracks Summary / 12.15 / 12.14 / 12.1 Introduction Sewage Ejectors Storm Water Graywater 15.1 / 15.1 Cold Water Systems / 15.1 Water flow / 15.1 Pressure losses in cold water systems / 15.3 Calculation of pump head for cold water plumbing systems Materials for cold water pumping systems / 15.6 Pumps for domestic water / 15.7 Cold water system configuration / 15.8 Sizing the hydro-pneumatic tank / 15.10 Cold water system head curves and areas / 15.14 Location of pressure switches and transmitters / 15.17 Hot Water Systems / 15.19 Wet well volume / 12.1 Inlet Bell Design Diameter / 12.2 Submergence 14.1 / 14.1 Primary Pumping Stations Sensors for pump speed control / 11.43 Communication from Remote Transmitters / 11.44 Additional Reading / 13.3 / 13.11 Recharge Introduction Effects of Water Systems on Pump Performance 13.3 Surface-water treatment plants / 13.4 Underground water treatment plants / 13.6 Desalinization / 13.11 / 11.39 Using Centrifugal Pumps as Turbines Priming Systems / 11.49 Plants / 13.3 Types of Water Plants Utilizing Rainwater Pump Start-Stop Procedures in Response to Physical Events / 11.36 System activation or shut-down / 11.36 System demands such as level, flow, or pressure / 11.36 Emergency backup on pump failure / 11.37 Sequencing of Pumps / 11.37 Alternation of Operating Pumps xIII CONTENTS / 15.6 / 15.20 / 15.21 / 15.21 Additional Reading / 15.22 / 12.12 /2.12 CHAPTER 16 Fire Pumps Introduction / 16.1 Types of Fire Pump Installations / 16.1 Location of fire pump installations / 16.4 Source of Waterfor Fire Pumps / 16.4 16.1 xiv CONTENTS I 16.4 Types of Fire Pumps Variable-Speed Rate of Flow of Stationary Fire Pumps for Water I 16.7 I 16.9 Fire Pump Drivers I 16.14 Electric motors Electrical power Diesel engines Testing Fire Pumps I 16.14 supply I 16.15 I 16.16 and Their Installation Sewage Lift Station I 19.6 Control for a variable-speed sewage pumping station I 19.6 Energy savings from constant wet-well control I 19.7 Pump addition and subtraction points I 19.11 Adaptive control for pump transition points I 19.14 Programming with flow meters I 19.16 Multiple Sewage Lift Stations I 19.17 Fire pump performance I 16.8 Fire Pump Accessories I 16.8 Fire Pump Fittings XV CONTENTS I 19.20 Friction Loss in Sewage Lift Stations I 19.22 Types of Pumps for Lift Stations I 16.16 I 19.23 Grinder Pump Systems Shop tests of fire pumps I 16.16 Field testing for approval of the entire installation Summary I 16.18 I 19.24 Hydraulic Shock from Long Force Mains I 16.17 Special Control Procedures for Sewage Wet Wells Resume CHAPTER 17 Pumps for Agriculture I 19.26 I 19.28 17.1 CHAPTER 20 Pumps for Sewage Treatment Irrigation Plants 20.1 I 17.1 Introduction I 17.1 I 20.1 Introduction Open-channel (ditch) irrigation I 17.1 Closed-pipe irrigation I 17.2 Golf course irrigation I 17.4 Waterfrom Wells I 17.7 Types of Sewage Treatment Plants Creating a well for irrigation I 17.7 Location of a well I 17.11 Well design criteria I 17.11 Drilling the well I 17.11 Well development I 17.12 Selection of the production pump I 17.13 Finalized design flow rate I 17.15 Well Pumps for Farm Domestic Water I 17.15 Use of Variable-Speed Recharge I 20.11 Summary I 20.11 I 17.15 of Positive Displacement Pumps Constant-Speed Rational method I 21.2 Soil Conservation Service method I 21.2 Computerized runoff models I 21.2 Source of Water I 21.2 I 18.5 Summary I 21.4 I 21.5 I 21.10 PART Installing, Testing, and Operating Pumps I 19.1 19.1 CHAPTER 22 Installation Introduction of Sewage Lift Stations Wet-well size for constant-speed I 21.4 Above Ground Flood Plain Stations Below Ground Stations I 18.12 Sewage Lift Station I 21.3 "Contractor" pumps Pump Head I 21.4 I 18.3 CHAPTER 19 Pumps for Sewage Collection Systems Basic Configurations I 21.1 Storm Water Pumps Rotary screw pumps I 18.4 Large screw pumps (Archimedes principle) Progressive cavity pumps I 18.8 Flexible element pumps I 18.11 Reciprocating Pumps I 18.12 Introduction 18.3 I 18.3 Diaphragm pumps Summary I 18.14 I 21.1 Design Parameters Pumps 21.1 I 21.1 Introduction I 17.16 PART Solids Handling Pumping Basic Performance of Positive Displacement Performance of Rotary Pumps I 18.4 I 20.5 CHAPTER 21 Storm Water Pumps Maximum Flow Introduction Drives in Sewage Plants I 20.5 Water Reuse Agricultural Use of Sewage Plant Sludge and Effluent CHAPTER 18 Performance I 20.4 Sludge and Grit Pumps Pumps for Animal Waste Disposal Systems I 20.1 I 20.3 Main Flow Pumps I 19.1 I 19.1 pump station Preinstallation of Water Pumps and Pumping Systems I 22.3 Procedures I 22.3 Pump and Pumping System Bases I 19.4 I 22.4 Pump bases with seismic restraints I 22.7 22.3 xvi CONTENTS xvII CONTENTS I 22.8 Connecting Piping to Pumps Electrical Provisions for Pumps Instrument accuracy I 24.6 Simultaneous recording I 24.7 Interval for calibration of instrumentation Installation of instrumentation I 24.7 Test Reports and Records I 24.7 I 22.11 Electrical connections for pump motors I 22.11 Safety controls for pumps I 22.11 Alignment of Pumps, Motors, and Engines I 22.12 Initial Operation of Pumps I 22.12 Direction of Rotation of Pumps Summary I 22.12 I 24.6 Test Instrumentation Pump fitting sizing I 22.8 Pump fitting ap-angement I 22.10 Expansion Provisions at Pumps I 22.10 Accuracy of Pump Head-Capacity Understanding Summary I 22.12 I 24.8 Curves Factory Tests of Pumps I 24.7 I 24.8 I 24.8 CHAPTER 25 Operating and Maintaining CHAPTER 23 Instrumentation for Water Pumping Systems 23.1 I 23.1 Introduction Definitions and Terms I 23.1 Constant- or Variable-Speed Sequencing and Alternation I 23.15 Reference I 23.15 Maintenance CHAPTER 24 Testing Water Pumps Objective Schedules Summary I 25.11 Reference I 25.11 I 25.10 I 25.11 24.1 I 24.1 Introduction I 25.9 Sequencing I 25.9 Alternation I 25.9 Maintaining Pumping Equipment at High Efficiency I 23.14 Control Valves I 25.3 Checking a pump at design flow I 25.4 Pump operation at the shutoff or no-flow condition I 25.6 Graphical observation of pump performance I 25.6 Vibration I 25.6 Control Signals for Speed Control I 25.8 Simple controllers I 23.13 Electronic controllers I 23.13 Quality of controllers I 23.14 Control Wiring I 23.14 Summary Pumps Selection of variable-speed pumps I 25.3 Operation of variable-speed pumps I 25.3 Checking Pump Performance I 25.4 I 23.13 Controllers I 25.1 I 25.2 Pumps Proper Selection and Operation of Variable-Speed Flow meters I 23.3 Pressure and differential pressure transmitters I 23.9 Temperature indicators and transmitters I 23.9 Level transmitters I 23.10 Watt transmitters I 23.10 Indicators I 23.12 CHAPTER 26 Factory-Assembled Pumping Systems 26.1 I 24.1 Types of Tests Introduction I 24.2 Hydrostatic Tests Centrifugal pumps: Volute and axial flow types (includes vertical pumps) Positive displacement pumps I 24.2 Performance Tests I 24.3 Priming Time for Self-Priming Testing Procedures I 24.5 Field Testing of Pumps I 26.1 Applications of Factory-Assembled I 24.2 Centrifugal pumps-Volute type I 24.3 Vertical pump tests I 24.4 Submersible pump tests I 24.4 Positive displacement pump tests I 24.4 Net Positive Suction Head Required (NPSHR) Test Centrifugal Pumps I 24.6 25.1 I 25.1 Checking for Efficient Selection of Water Pumps I 23.3 Transmitters Introduction Water Pumps I 24.2 Typical Factory-Assembled Factory-Assembled I 24.5 I 26.2 Control Centers for Existing Pumps Complete Pump Houses I 26.2 I 26.6 Advantages of Factory-Assembled I 24.5 I 26.1 Pumping Systems Pumping Stations Pumping Systems First cost I 26.9 Time saving I 26.11 Unit responsibility I 26.15 Less pump maintenance and repair I 26.16 Code compliance I 26.17 Components of Factory-Assembled Pumping Systems Pumps I 26.17 Pumping system accessories I 26.17 I 26.8 • I 26.17 xviii CONTENTS Electrical equipment I 26.18 Testing of Factory-Assembled Pumping Systems Summary I 26.19 CHAPTER 27 Retrofitting Introduction I 26.19 PREFACE Existing Water Pumping Systems I 27.1 System Evaluation I 27.1 Graphical Description of Flow in an Existing System Evaluation of Existing Procedures I 27.4 Trimming the Pump Impeller I 27.4 Changing to a Variable-Speed Pump Evaluation of the Number of Pumps Control of Existing Pumps Variable-Speed I 27.2 I 27.6 Evaluation of Existing Pumps and Motors I 27.7 I 27.7 I 27.8 Control and Drives for Modified Systems I 27.8 Actual Generation of a System Head Area for an Existing System Synopsis I 27.10 CHAPTER 28 Summary Introduction 27.1 I 27.9 of Water System Energy Evaluations I 28.1 I 28.1 Pumping System Efficiencies Water System Efficiencies I 28.2 Purpose of Efficiency Equations I 28.2 Sustained System and Equipment Efficiencies Summary I 28.3 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C APPENDIX D Index 1.1 I 28.3 Abbreviations and Symbols A.3 Terms and Nomenclature B.1 Glossary of Equations C.1 Conversion of English Units to SI Units D.1 28.1 The purpose of this book is to provide information on water pumps and their application to water systems This book is organized to be a sourcebook on pumps for water system designers, owners, and operators It is not intended to be a reference book for designers of pumps Excellent books are available already on the detailed design of pumps This book will include a number of descriptions of pumping installations for municipal water and sewage, storm water, plumbing, fire protection, and agricultural applications General information about design, construction, and operation of centrifugal and positive displacement pumps will be provided Disclaimer: This book offers no final answers on how to design a specific water system or to apply pumps to it It has brought together technical data and, it is hoped has provided answers to particular pumping applications in these industries There are so many excellent books on every aspect of pumps and their application This book is, in many ways, a synopsis of these books References are included throughout this book that provide extensive, continued reading Many of them should be in the library of any serious designer or user of pumps The format for this book has been developed to provide a working handbook There may appear to be an excessive amount of cross referencing and many variations of the same formula The reason for these inclusions is to provide rapid access to the desired subject The water system designer, owner, or operator who uses this book should be able to reach a pumping subject quickly without having to hunt through several chapters A section called "Location of Figures" has been included following the Contents to make it easier to find a specific figure Many of the figures, although located in one chapter, apply to the pumps and water systems in other chapters Much of the technical data required for applying pumps to these systems is included in this book It is hoped that it can become a source of pump information for the water system designer With the advent of electronic, on-line data services for these industries, much additional information will continue to be made available to the designer or user of water pumps This book is being written at a time of great changes in our methods of communicating technical information This technological revolution is probably the greatest since the invention of the printing press Also, digital electronics is just now bringing its tremendous potential to the way we design these water syr;tems, select equipment for them, and control the flow of water in them Recognizing the electronic revolution that we are in the midst of, an effort has been made to point the reader toward new methods of information transmission that will become commonplace in the near future Another significant event in the water pumping field is the realization of the great capability of the variable-speed pump in saving energy and improving the performance of water systems So far, most variable-speed pumps in these industries have B.6 A graphical representation of the pressure in parts of a water system Pressure gradient Process The actual value such as flow or pressure being maintained in a control loop A pump that pushes a liquid by means of a pump of a continuously Positive displacement moving cavity The ratio of kilowatts to kilovolt-amperes for an electric device Power factor see Impeller Propeller Propeller pump A very high specific-speed pump with an open impeller for high-volume, low-head applications "Pump down" A control procedure that causes a wet well or sump to drop its level as additional pumps are started Pump head (1) The pressure developed by a pump in feet or meters or (2) the assembly for an axial flow pump that receives the water from the column or pump bowl and delivers it to a pipe or the atmosphere Untreated water Raw water Injecting water back into an underground aquifer Recharge Reciprocating pump A positive displacement pump that has a piston that moves back and forth in a cylinder to achieve the pumping A pump that moves the liquid peripherally around the impeller which Regenerative turbine is closely fitted to the casing Repeatability The variation in outputs for an instrument or procedure for the same input The rate of interrogating a transmitter Response time Retainer, bearing A bracket used to support an open-line shaft bearing on axial flow pumps A dimensionless number named after its originator to evaluate the characReynolds number teristics of a fluid stream (see equations) Ring, bowl A replaceable wearing ring installed in the bowl of an axial flow pump to provide a running fit with the impeller Ring, casing A replaceable wearing ring installed in the casing of a volute type pump to provide a running fit with the impeller Seal, rotating element Seismic restraints A positive displacement pump that moves a liquid by rotation of its pumping Rotary pump element Screw pump principle Either a small, progressive cavity pump or a large pump operating on Archimedes Seal, mechanical A device to prevent the flow of liquid around a shaft to the exterior of the pump The procedure that programs pumps on and off to maintain desired Series operation Pumps operating in tandem with the discharge of one pump discharging into the suction of the other Setpoint The desired value to be maintained in a control loop Shaft The cylindrical element of any pump that transmits power from the pump driver to the impeller Shaft, open line The type of axial flow pump construction where the shaft and shaft bearings are immersed in the liquid being pumped Shaft, enclosed line The type of axial flow pump construction where an inner tube separates the shaft and shaft bearings from the liquid being pumped; the tube is filled with grease, oil, or clean water Shutoff head The pump head at the no-flow or chum condition Sleeve, shaft A cylindrical piece fitted over the shaft to protect the shaft from wear or to locate the impeller on the shaft Slinger A disc rotating with the shaft to prevent migration of water down that shaft Shaft, two-piece The top drive shaft of an axial flow pump that tmables removal of the driver without disassembling other parts of the pump Soft start Starting a motor at reduced voltage to'minimize the starting amperage Solids handling Solubility see Non-clog The ability of a gas to be absorbed in a liquid, such as air in water Spacer coupling A coupling with a removable centerpiece that allows removal of the pump rotating element without moving the driver Span The range of an instrument or sensor Sparger The rotating assembly of a pump or electric motor Structural provisions in pumping equipment for withstanding earthquakes Sequencing pumps system conditions An annular ring in a stuffing box to provide a liquid seal around the shaft and Ring, lantern to lubricate the packing Rotor That part of a mechanical seal that remains stationary in the pump Sensors Devices that measure pressure, temperature, flow, etc., to indicate and control system conditions Standard air of equipment The direction that the pump rotating element is moving, clockwise or counter- That part of a mechanical seal that rotates with the pump shaft Seal, stationary element A replaceable wearing ring installed on an impeller to provide a running fit Ring, impeller with a casing ring Rotation clockwise B.7 TERMS AND NOMENCLATURE APPENDICES The air condition, namely temperature, that is specified for the normal operation A device that reduces noise and vibration when steam is introduced into water Specific heat, cp the amount of heat required to raise lib of water 1°F at constant pressure Specific speed flow, and head A design parameter expressing a relationship between actual pump speed, Static pressure The pressure at the bottom of a water system when at rest "Steep" curve A pump head-flow curve that has a pronounced increase in head as the shutoff or no-flow condition is approached Steam quality The amount of moisture in steam expressed in a percentage of the weight of the vapor and water mixture StutTmg box The portion of the pump casing that houses either the packing or the mechanical seal B.8 APPENDICES The depth at which an axial flow pump suction must be immersed for satisfactory Submergence operation without cavitation Pumps that can handle solids bearing liquids Sludge pumps Sump A container used to receive water from an incoming water stream System efficiency The ratio of the energy applied to a water system divided by the energy applied to that water system A graphical figure that describes the flow-head relationships for a water system System head area System head curve The curve that defines the flow-head relationships for a water system that is uniformly loaded throughout that water system A turning force acting through a radius and measured in pound-feet Torque The speed at which variable-speed pumping systems add or subtract a pump Transition speed Turbine pump closed impellers An axial flow pump of moderate to high specific speed with either open or Turbulent flow Non-streamlined flow in a fluid stream with Reynolds numbers greater than 4000 A positive displacement, rotary type pump that utilizes sliding vanes to pump Vane pump the liquid The pressure at which a saturated gas exists at a specific temperature Vapor pressure Variable speed A pump whose driver is equipped with an electronic or mechanical device that varies the speed of the pump throughout a significant speed range Velocity head to v2/2g The kinetic energy of water flowing in a pipe, conduit, or channel and is equal Ventilation air The air required for removal of heat from equipment for its normal operation Volute pump A pump in which the liquid is collected peripherally from the impeller and directed toward a discharge connection Vortexing Wash water The entrainment of air in water through a rotation in a body of water Water for cleaning filters Water horsepower The useful power transmitted to a water system Wire-to-water efficiency The efficiency for a pumping system that is derived by dividing the work done on a water stream by that pumping system by the work applied to that system Zone A part of the distribution of a water system APPENDIX D CONVERSION OF ENGLISH UNITS TO SI UNITS The following table lists the conversion factors for transferring physical values from the English units and standards to the International System (SI) of units This conversion table has been provided, since this handbook has been written using English units An attempt was made to have the conversion of U.S gpm to liters/min as a standard: this would have provided an approximate comparable number of to I (3.786) for converting U.S gallons to liters However, the decision was made to use liters/see or cubic meters/hr as the acceptable values for pump capacity Pump head should be computed in meters, not kilopascals; if kilopascals are used, the specific gravity of the liquid must be included This procedure is comparable to using feet of head instead of gauge pressure in psig in English units Most pump companies provide head-flow curves in either liters/see or cubic meters/hr and pump head in meters From English Conversion Factor To SI Units of Length inches feet miles 2.54 0.3048 1.609 centimeters meters kilometers Units of Area square feet square inches square yard 9.29X 10-2 6.452 0.836 square meters square centimeters square meters Units of Volume cubic yards U.S gallons U.S gallons acre foot 0.7646 3.785 3.785xlO-3 1233.482 cubic meters liters cubic meters cubic meters Units of Capacity gpm (U.S gal) gpm (U.S gal) ft3/sec ft3/sec 0.0631 0.2271 28.32 101.9 D.1 liters/see m3/hr liters/see m3/hr INDEX APPENDICES D.2 Conversion From English ToSI Factor Units of Mass (Weight) kilograms 0.4536 pounds force tons (short) kilograms 907.185 Units of Pressure pounds force/sq in (psi) feet of water (39°F)( 0C) atmosphere (sea level) inches of mercury (32°F)(0°C) 6.8948 kPa (kilopascals) 2.989 kPa 101.325 kPa 3.386 kPa Units of Energy, Work, or Heat kilogram-calorie 0.252 BTU BTU: heat 1055.06 3.3239X 10-4 Foot-pounds Joules 1.3558 Foot-pounds Joule kilogram-calories Units of Power or Rate of Doing Work water horsepower (Pw) pump BHP (Pp) pump motor kW (PkW) 0.746 0.746 kilowatts kilowatts 1.0 kilowatts mW 22.59697 foot-pounds/min Linear Velocity feet per second 0.3048 meters/sec feet per minute miles per hour 0.00508 1.609 meters/sec kilometerslhr Linear Acceleration feetlsec2 universal constant, g Density 0.3048 meters/sec2 9.805 meters/sec2 or MasslUnit Volume 16.02 Ib/ft3 kilograms/m3 Units of Torque pound-force 1.356 ft Specific Heat 4.184 BTUllb/oF Newton-meter kilojoules Temperature (OF - 32) X Fahrenheit (OF) Celsius (0C) Viscosity kinematic in ft /sec 929.03 cm2/sec Abbreviations and symbols, , A.3-A.6 Accuracy of instrumentation, 23.1 Accuracy of pump head-flow curves, 24.8 Activated sludge control, 20.10 Activated sludge, 20.4 Adaptive control, 11.34 pump transition, 19.14 and transition points, 19.16 Additional reading for pumps, 5.59 Advantage of variable speed, 4.22 Affinity laws, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 9.8 and constant head, 11.15 and constant speed, 11.13 with constant system head, 11.15 of pumps, 8.33 speed, 11.8 use with constant speed, 11.13 Agricultural pumps, 17.1 Air effects on pump performance, 6.30 Air entrainment and vortexing, 6.26, 6.27, 6.29 Air sources, 6.29 Alignment of pumps and drivers, 22.12 All friction, water system, 10.13 Allowable motor starts per hour, 8.10 Alternation, 25.9, 25.10 American Society of Plumbing Engineers, 15.3 Analog signal, 23.2 Animal waste disposal pumps, 17.15 Annual energy losses, 9.7 ANSI/HI 9.8-1998,12.1 ANSI/HI American Standards, 6.37 ANSI/HI Listing of Standards, 6.38 Anti-vortex plates, 5.49 Archimedes screw-type pump, 4.3, 7.1, 7.5, 7.7, 7.8,7.9 As-built drawings, 1.7 Auto transformer starters, 8.6 Automatic air vents for pumps, 5.58 Axial flow impeller classification, 5.47 Axial flow pump, 4.4, 4.5, 4.9, 5.16, 5.33 bowls, 5.34 classification, 5.15 components, 5.33, 5.34 Axial flow pump (Cont.): heads, 5.33, 5.39, 5.40, 5.41, 5.42, 5.43 horizontal types, 5.35 for irrigation, 17.1 shafting, 4.20 Axial flow, multistage pumps, 5.37, 5.38 Axial forces on double suction pumps, 5.2 Axial thrust, 4.6, 5.2 for axial flow pumps, 5.5 in vertical turbine pumps, 5.2 in volute pumps, 5.4 and wear rings, 5.4 Back wall clearances, 12.6 Balance valve use, 11.3 Balance valves on pump discharges, 5.59 Basic elements of physical design, 5.1 Basics of centrifugal pump application, 11.1 Bernoulli Theorem, 3.5 Best efficiency curves for small pumps, 6.24 Best efficiency point of pump curve, 4.7 Best efficiency point, 4.20, 6.2, 5.7, 6.11 Books for further reading, 4.29 Bowl (axial pump casing), 4.4 Bowl assembly for axial flow pumps, 5.16 Bowl vanes, 4.4 Brake horsepower curves, 6.17, 6.18 Bypass water, 4.22 Calculation of flows and head, 1.7 Calculation of system efficiency, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6 Can pumps, 5.49, 5.52 Capacities of actual piping, 3.3 Carry out, 4.7 Case wear rings, 4.8 Casing (volute), 4.4 Casing ring, flat type, 5.\0 Casing ring clearances vs efficiency, 5.12 Casing rings, L type, 5.10 Casing rings, hook type, 5.10 Categorization of water systems, 9.10 Cavitation, 4.22, 4.23, 6.28 Center pivot irrigation, 17.3, 17.5, 17.6 1.1 1.2 Central water treatment plant pumps, 13.3 Centrifugal force, 4.4, 4.10 Centrifugal pumps, 4.3 efficiency, 11.12 efficiency curves, 11.12 impeller design, 4.10 performance, 6.1 vector diagram, 4.11 Certified testing, 4.9 Changing to variable speed, 27.6 Checking pump performance, 25.4 Chutn,4.7 Class I Group D motor enclosures, 8.9 Classification of centrifugal pumps, 4.5 Clear service, 4.7 Clear service pump wet wells, 12.3 Clear service type pumps, 5.10 Clear service, volute pumps, 5.17, 5.18 Clear water pumping, 13.1 Clear water service, 4.11 Clearances between rings, 4.9 Closed impellers, centrifugal pumps, 4.17 Coating bowls and volutes, 6.5 Coddetters for electric motors, 8.3 Cold water piping materials, 15.6 plumbing piping diagram, 15.5, 15.8 plumbing systems, 15.1 system head curves, 15.14 Column assemblies for axial flow, 5.39, 5.40, 5.46 Column for axial flow pumps, 5.46 Computer-aided calculations, 1.3 Computer-aided drafting, 1.3 Configuration of typical water systems, 10.13 Configuring a pumped water system, 10.1 Conservation factors in design, 11.3 Conservation of water, 9.3 Constant and variable speed pumps, mixing, 11.21 Constant head, 10.3 Constant pressure, 10.4, 10.5 Constant speed head-flow curves, 6.10, 6.12 6.13 pump selection, 11.2, 11.4, 11.5 pump use, ILl versus variable speed, 25.2 Constant volume and head systems, ILl Constant wet-well level control, 19.7, 19.8, 19.11 Constant wet-well level transition speeds, 19.11 Contingencies of a water system, 1.7 Contractor pumps, 21.4, 21.5 Control for variable speed lift station, 19.6 1.3 INDEX INDEX Control signals for pump speed control, 25.8 Control valves, 23.14 Control wiring, 23.14 Controller quality, 23.14 Controllers, electronic, 23.13 Conversion factors for SI, D.I, D.2 Copper fittings, 3.88 Copper pipe and tubing, 3.42 Coupling guards, 5.58 Critical speed and line shafting, 4.19, 4.20 Critical speed design, 4.20 Critical speed for centrifugal pumps, 4.17 Critical speed of centrifugal pumps, 4.19 Cross flow under pumps, 12.8 Cycle times for sewage lift stations, 19.4, 19.5 Cyclone separator, 5.9 Darcy-Weisbach equation, 3.7, 10.3 use of, 3.11 Databasing, 1.5 Dead band, 23.2 Decreased pump speed, 11.9 Decreases design pump speed, 11.9 Deep well pumps, 5.49, 5.50 Demand weight of plumbing fixtures, 15.2 Desalination of water, 13.3, 13.11 Design rules suggestions, 9.10, 9.12 Deviation, 23.2 Diagrams of centrifugal pump impellers, 4.17,4.18,4.19 Diaphragm pump performance, 18.14 Diaphragm pumps, 7.13, 7.14,18.12 Diesel engines, 8.1 Differential pressure transmitters, 23.9 Diffuser pumps, 5.15, 5.33 Diffuser type pumps, 4.4 Digester sludge, 20.4 Digital control of municipal water, 14.1 Digital control systems, 1.3 Digital electronics, 1.7 Digital electronics and water pumps, 1.3 Digital.signal,23.2 Discharge vector diagram, 4.12 Diversity, 10.7 Diversity of a water system, 1.5 Domestic water pump head calculations, 15.7 Double suction fire pumps, 16.5 Double suction impellers, 5.17 Double suction pumps, 4.8, 5.27, 5.28, 5.29, 5.30,5.31,5.32 Double volute construction, 5.5 Double volute pumps, 5.7 Dripproof motor enclosures, 8.9 Driving forces of product design, 4.11 Drooping characteristic of pump curves, 4.7 Drooping head-flow curve, 6.12 Dynamic forces on centrifugal pumps, 5.1 Dynamometer tests, 6.11 Early variable frequency drives, 8.12 Eddy current couplings, 8.10 Efficiency curve, certified, 6.14 Efficiency of a pumping system, 11.21 Efficiency of variable speed drives, 8.10 Efficient selection of water pumps, 25.1 Electric motors, 8.1 bell curve of efficiency, 8.8 construction, 8.8 efficiency, 8.7 enclosures, 8.7, 8.8 performance curves, 8.5 power, 6.34 power factor, 8.7 torque and horsepower, 8.4 Electric power in foreign countries, 8.1 Electric power in United States, 8.1 Electrical connections for pump motors, 22.11 Electrical frequency variation, 8.2 Electrical provisions for pumps, 22.11 Electronic commissioning, 1.7 Electronic communication, 1.6 Electronic control of pumping systems, 1.6 Electronic design of piping, 1.6 Electronic design of water systems, 1.5 Electronic design, speed and accuracy, 1.5 Electronic selection of pumps, 1.6 Electronic speed control, 1.7 Electronics and variable speed, 1.7 Elevated tank near pump station, 14.3 Enclosed impellers, 4.9 Enclosed line shafting, 5.44 Energy consuming devices, 9.3 Energy consumption and water use, 9.10 Energy gradients, 1.4 Energy lost to mechanical devices, 9.7 Energy Policy Act of 1992, 8.8 Energy reduction, 9.3 Energy savings from constant wet-well, 19.7, 19.9, 19.10 Engine driven pumps, 6.35, 8.39, 8.40 efficiency of, 8.41 Engine sizes and types, 8.41 Entrance velocities in tanks, 6.28 Equation Glossary, C.I-C.l3 Equation solutions by computer, 1.5 Equivalent head-flow point, 11.8 Equivalent pump operating point, 11.14 Evaluation of piping design, 9.8 Evaporation temperature for water, 4.22 Existing operating procedure evaluation, 27.4 Existing pump and motor evaluation, 27.7 Existing pump control, 27.8 Existing pumping system graphics, 27.2, 27.3 Existing system head calculations, 27.3 Expansion provisions at pumps, 22.10 Expansion tanks for hydraulic shock, 14.11 Extended line shafting, 4.20 Factory-assembled control centers, 26.3, 26.10 Factory-assembled pumping systems, 26.1, 26.2, 26.3, 26.5 Factory-assembled sewage pumps, 26.9 Factory-assembled municipal station, 26.13, 26.14,26.15 Factory assembly, advantages of, 26.8 Factory assembly, testing of, 26.19 Factory assembly, code compliance, 26.17 Factory assembly, components, 26.17 Factory mutual, 16.1 Factory tests of pumps, 24.8 Family of pump curves, 4.10 Farm domestic water, 17.15 Fear offailure, 11.16 L Feet of head equation, 4.7 Feet of head per pound of pressure, 4.6 Field testing fire pump installations, 16.17 Field testing of pumps, 24.6 Fifty hertz electric power, 8.1 Fire pumps, 16.1 accessories, 16.6 capacities, 16.4, 16.7 diesel engines, 16.16 diesel fuel piping, 16.17 drivers, 16.14 electric motors, 16.14 electric power supply, 16.15 fittings, 16.9 for diesel engines, 16.11, 16.13 for electric motors, 16.10, 16.12 house, 26.11, 26.12 installations, 16.1 performance, 16.8 pipe sizes, 16.14 rated flows, 16.9 systems, factory assembled, 26.7, 26.8 water source, 16.4 Fitting fabrication, 3.87 Fitting test data summary, 3.85 Fittings closely connected, 3.86 Fittings testing by laboratories, 3.91 Flexible liner pumps, 7.2, 7.3 Flexible member pumps, 7.2, 7.3 Float switch assembly, 21.9 Floor clearances, 12.6 Flow, 4.6 Flow equation, 11.2 Flow meters, 23.3 accuracy of, 23.4 calibration of, 23.4 electronic, 23.4 full-throated magnetic, 23.5 head loss of, 23.3 insertion type, 23.6 installation of, 23.7 propeller type, 23.3 selection of, 23.8 Fluid coupling drives, 8.1 Foam pump piping for fire protection, 16.2 Forces and leakages in turbine pumps, 5.3 Forces on centrifugal pumps, 5.2 Free-surface vortices, 12.2, 12.3 Friction analysis, general, 3.5 Friction loss in municipal water systems, 14.9 Friction loss tables for copper pipe, 3.65-3.78 for HOPE plastic pipe, 3.43-3.64 for steel and cast iron, 3.12-3.33 Froude number, 12.10, 12.11 Full load current of motors, 8.6 Full load torque, 8.5 Gear pumps, 7.4, 7.5, 7.5 General pump information, 4.28 Golf course irrigation, 17.4 Graphic observation of pump operation, 25.6 Graywater, 15,22 Grinder pump installations, 19.25, 19.26 Grinder pumps, 19.22, 19.23, 19.24 Hazen-Williams Hazen-Williams INDEX INDEX 1.4 C factors, 3.8 formula, 3.7 use of, 3.13 Head-flow curves, 4.6, 6.15, 6.16, 6.17 for five-pump system, 10.8 rotary vs centrif., 18.4 speed variation, 23.7 for three pumps, 6.25 High capacity pumps, 4.3 High head plumbing pumping system, 15.9 High specific speed head-flow curves, 6.13 High specific speed impellers, 6.5 High specific speed pumps, 4.7 High static system, variable suction, 10.15 High static water system, 10.14, 10.16 Hollow shaft type motors, 5.37 Horizontal multistage, volute pumps, 5.26 Horizontal split case pumps, 5.15 Horsepower definition, 8.4 Hose pump performance, 18.12 Hose pumps, 7.3, 7.4 HOPE plastic pipe pressure ratings, 3.42 HOPE plastic pipe, 3.37 Hunter's curve, 15.1, 15.3 Hydaulic gradient diagrams, 1.4 Hydraulic coverage, 4.10 Hydraulic gradient diagrams, 1.4, 3.90 Hydraulic gradients, 10.20, 10.21,10.22, 10.23, 10.24 Hydraulic Institute, 4.29, 5.59 Hydraulic losses in pumps, 4.8, 4.9 Hydraulic shock, 14.9 Hydraulic shock from long force mains, 19.24 Hydraulic shock waves, 14.10 Hydro-pneumatic tank location, 15.11 Hydro-pneumatic tank sizing, 15.10, 15.12 Hydrostatic tests, 24.2 IEEE, 8.1 Impeller at maximum horsepower, 11.11 Impeller diameter at maximum BHP, 11.11 Impeller diameter increase, 11.10, 11.11 Impeller diameter range, 11.11, Impeller internal passages, 4.11 Impeller profiles and specific speed, 4.14, 6.10 Impeller shaft stiffness, 4.20 Impeller smoothness, 6.2 Impeller types and specific speed, 4.15 Impeller vanes, 4.4, 4.12 Incorrect point of selection, 11.2 Incorrect system design, 1.7 Increased pump diameter, 11.10, 11.11 Increasing impeller diameter, 11.9, 11.10, 11.11 Increasing pump design speed, 11.6, 11.7, 11.8 Indicators, 23.12 Inducer for low NPSHR, 4.27 Induction motors, 8.2 Inefficient use of energy, 9.4 Inertia of pump-motor rotor, 8.5 Initial operation of pumps, 22.12 Inlet bell design diameter, 12.2 Inlet vector diagram, 4.12 In-line pumps, 5.20, 5.22, 5.23 In-line, volute type fire pumps, 16.7 In-line circulators, 5.1 Installation of water pumps, 22.3 Instrument accuracy, 24.6 Instrument calibration interval, 24.7 Instrument engineers handbook, 23.15 Instrument installation, 24.7 Instrumentation for kW input, 11.29 Instrumentation for pumping systems, 23.1 Instrumentation for wire-to-water efficiency, 11.28 Intake structure remedies, 12.12 Intake structure testing, 12.12 Intake structures, 12.1 circular, 12.6 for sewage, 12.10 summary, 12.15 trench type, 12.9 Intermeidate draw-off, 14.5, 14.6 Inverter filter commutated thyristor, 8.16, 8.19 loadcommutated, 8.16, 8.17 MV current fed GTO, 8.16, 8.18, 8.19, 8.20, 8.21 neutral-point-clamped, 8.16, 8.22, 8.23, 8.24, 8.25 Irrigation system capacity, 17.7 Irrigation, 17.1 closed.pipe, 17.1 open channel, 17.1 Jet pump for domestic water, 17.16, 17 17 Jockey pump selection, 11.21, 11.22 Jockey pumps, 11.21 Jockey pumps for fire pumping, 16.8 Kinetic energy of water, 1.4 kW input and pump programming, 11.32, 11.33 kW input calculations, 11.30, 11.31, 11.32 kW input curves, 11.33 sewage pumps, 19.15 variable speed, 19.10 kW input data for sewage pumps, 19.14 kW input for a pumping system, 11.28, 11 29 kW input for programming pumps, 11.32 kW input with small lead pump, 11.35 kW/mgd, 9.6, 9.7 KW/mgd formula, 14.5 Lagoon aerator, 17.19 Lateral setting for axial flow pumps, 5.37 Leakage, 4.9 Leakage control, centrifugal pumps, 5.7 Leakage in axial flow pumps, 5.37 1.5 Leakage losses, 4.9 Leakage losses in pumps, 4.8 Leakage vs efficiency, 4.9 Leakages in centrifugal pumps, 5.1 Level transmitter, bubbler type, 23.12 Level transmitters, 23.10, 23.11 Load range for a water system, 9.8 Lobe pump performance curves, 18.7 Lobe pumps, 7.5 Local codes for fire protection, 16.1 Location of figures, xxv Location of pressure sensors, 15.19 Locked rotor torque, 8.5 Low-head, high-flow system,S pumps, IU8 Low rise cold water systems, 15.16, 15.17 Lubrication for enclosed line shaft, 5.46, 5.47, 5.48 Maintaining high pump efficiency, 25.10 Maintenance schedules, 25.11 Materials of pump construction, 5.57 Maximum rates of flow, 15.6 Mechanical devices for pumps, 5.58 Mechanical drives, 8.10 Mechanical losses in pumps, 4.8 Mechanical seal, 5.7, 5.8, 5.10 Medium voltage drive comparison, 8.29, 8.30 Metals for centrifugal pumps, 4.29 mgd definition, 9.6 Minimum flow, centrifugal pumps, 4.22 Minimum speed, centrifugal pumps, 4.21, 4.22 Mist pump piping for fire protection, 16.3 Mixed flow impellers, 4.4 Mixed flow pumps, 5.49 clear service,S 49, 5.54 solids handling, 5.55 Mixed flow type impellers, 5.47 Mixed speed pump operation, 11.19 Mixing constant/variable speed pumps, 11.18, 11.19, 11.20,11.21 Modeling a water system, 10.2 Moody diagram, 3.8, 3.9, 3.10 Motor currents, 8.6 Motor information, sources, 8.32 Motor nameplate voltages, 8.1 Motor output ratings, 8.3 Motor sizing for water pumps, 8.9 Motor specification for size, 8.9 Motor speed, 8.3 and pump curve, 8.4 Movement of Water, 9.3 Mufflers, engine, 6.36 Multiple pumping stations, 14.7 , 1.7 INDEX INDEX 1.6 Multistage, horizontal pumps, 5.22 Municipal water distribution, 14.1, 14.8 Municipal water system, no storage, 14.7 Natural Natural NEMA NEMA frequency and noise, 4.17 frequency of rotation, 4.17 designs for motors, 8.4 Standard 12, Method B tests, 8.8 NEMA,8.1 Net positive suction head required, 4.23 NFP A 20 for fire pumps, 16.1 NFP A standards for fire protection, 16.7, Noise in pumping systems, 6.35, 6.36 Nominal full-load motor efficiencies, 8.8 Non-clog, 4.7 Non-uniform loading of a water system, 10.11 NPSHA equation, 4.26 NPSHR calculations, 4.24, 4.25 curves, 4.23, 4.24 at maximum flow, 4.26 tests, 24.5 NSF International, 13.3 Number of poles in electric motors, 8.3 Number of pumps evaluation, 27.7 Number of pumps in parallel operation, 11.15, 11.16 On-line data services, 1.8 Open bottom intakes, 12.4 Open impellers, 4.9 Open impellers, centrifugal pumps, 4.17 Open-line shafting, 5.43, 5.44 Operation of two 50-percent flow pumps, 11.4 OSHA requirements for pumps, 5.58 Overpressure reduction, 11.1 Overshoot, 23.2 Packing for centrifugal pumps, 5.7 Part-winding starters, 8.6 Percent head-flow curves, 11.17 Percentage capacities of pumps, 19.19 Performance of centrifugal pumps, 4.7 Performance tests of pumps, 24.3, 24.4 Peripheral turbine pumps, 4.10 Physical description of centrifugal pumps, 5.10 Physical design discussion, purpose of, 5.1 Physical design of centrifugal pumps, 4.4, 5.1 P-l control, 23.2 P-I-D control, 23.2 Pipe aging effects, 15.20 Pipe and fitting specifications, 3.5 Pipe fitting losses, 3.42 Pipe friction, 1.3 Pipe friction tables, 3.35 Pipe friction tables, cast iron and steel, 3.36 Pipe velocity, designer's decision, 3.4 Piping connections to pumps, 22.8 Piping for seal flushing, 5.9 Piping network analysis, 3.91-3.95 Piston pumps, 7.11 Pitless adapter, 13.10 Plastic pipe, 3.36 fittings for, 3.88 friction, 3.36 reducers for, 3.89 Plumbing system with roof tank, 15.11 Plumbing system with storage tanks, 15.10 Plumbing system with suction tank, 15,14 Plumbing system, factory-assembled, 26.3, 26.4, 26.6 Plunger pumps, 7.12 Point of selection, centrifugal pumps, 11.2 Polishing and filing impellers, 6.2, 6.4 Portable pumps, 17.2, 17.3 Positive displacement pump performance, 18.3 Positive displacement pumps, 4.3, 7.1 Power balance diagram, 4.8 Power factor and VFDs, 8.7 Power factor correction, 8.7 Power losses in centrifugal pumps, 4.9 Power pump performance, 18.13 Preinstallation procedures for pumps, 22.3 Pressure gauge for pump performance, 25.5 Pressure gradient, pump suction, 4.25 Pressure gradients, 10.21, 10.22, 10.23 Pressure losses in plumbing piping, 15.3 Pressure reducing valves, 5.59 Pressure regulating stations, 14.7 Pressure transmitters, 23.9 Pressure-temperature chart for pumps, 5.58 Primary pumping stations, 14.1 Primary sludge, 20.4 Priming means, 5.59 Priming time for self-priming pumps, 24.5 Process as a control term, 23.2 Progressive cavity pump flow range, 18.11 Progressive cavity pumps, 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 18.8,18.\1 Propeller pump, below base discharge 5.56 Propeller pumps, 5.49 Propeller type impellers, 4.5, 5.47 Pump addition and subtraction points, 19.11,19.13 Pump and pumping system bases, 22.4, 22.5 Pump base installations, 22.7 Pump brake horsepower, 6.32, 11.9 Pump check valves, 9.11 Pump control valves, 14.9 Pump design, 4.3 Pump drivers, 8.1 Pump duty, 4.7 Pump efficiencies, 4.9, 6.2, 6.3, 6.5 Pump efficiency curves, 11.12 Pump fitting arrangement, 22.10 Pump fitting losses, 11.23 Pump fitting sizing, 22.8 Pump head, 4.6 Pump head calculations, cold water, 15.6 Pump head-flow curves, 6.1, 6.2, 6.11 Pump houses, factory-assembled, 26.6 Pump hydraulic losses, 6.2 Pump intake quality, 4.12 Pump interior inspection, 6.2 Pump internal losses, 6.2 Pump kW equation, 10.1 Pump leakage losses, 6.2 Pump losses, 4.8 Pump mechanical losses, 6.2 Pump operating point, 11.3 Pump operating point calculations, 11.14 Pump operation at shut-off head, 25.6 Pump operation, graphically, 25.7, 25.8 Pump packing and experience, 5.7 Pump performance, 4.3 Pump performance summation, 6.36 Pump physical arrangement, 4.3 Pump quality, 6.2 Pump recirculation losses, 6.2 Pump runout, 11.3 Pump speeds, 6.17 Pump suction and discharge fittings, 9.9 Pump suction design, 4.13 Pump suction limitations, 4.22 Pump testing, 12.1 Pump vibration, 25.6 Pump-down control, 19.3 Pumping energy, hp, 6.29 Pumping energy, kW, 6.34 Pumping system base installation, 22.6 for cold water, 15.5 efficiencies, 28.1 evaluation, 27.1 fitting losses, 10.7 with five pumps, 11.18 losses, 10.5, 11.23 Pumping systems for golf courses, 17.8, 17.9,17.10 Pumping World, 9.1 Pumps for domestic water, 15.7 Pumps for plumbing systems, 15.1 Pumps for sewage collection, 19.1 Purpose of efficiency equations, 28.1 PVC and CPVC plastic pipe, 3.37, 3.38, 3.39, 3.40,3.41 PWM drives, 8.12, 8.14 Quality of centrifugal pumps, 4.9 Radial forces, 5.2 Radial impellers, 4.4 Radial thrust, 4.6 Radial thrust reduction, 11.1 Radial thrusts and volute design, 5.6 Range of capacity, centrifugal pumps, 5.1 Rate of response for variable speed, 14.3 Rate of rise control for wet-wells, 19.27, 19.28 Recharge charge schematic, 20.12 Recharge, 13.12,20.11 Reciprocating power pumps, 7.11 Reciprocating pump definitions, 7.13 Reciprocating pump performance, 18.12 Reciprocating pumps, 7.1 ' Recirculation losses in pumps, 4.8 Rectangular intake structures, 12.6, 12.7, 12.8 Reduced voltage starters, 8.6 Reducing couplings and flanges, 9.8 Reducing elbow friction losses, 3.84 Redundancy in number of pumps, 11.16 Regenerative turbine pump, 4.4, 5.16, 5.57 Relief valve with surge anticipation, 14.13 Repeatability, 23.2 Response time, 23.2 Retrofitting existing pumping systems, 27.1 Return activated sludge, 20.4 Reynolds number, 3.8 Reynolds number chart, 3.34 Rising characteristic of pump curves, 4.7 River water post-filtration process, 13.7 River water treatment, 13.4, 13.5 Rotary pumps, 7.1 definitions, 7.8 performance, 18.4 • pumping chamber, 7.8 relief valve, 7.11 rotor, 7.11 timing gear, 7.11 types, 18.6 1.8 INDEX INDEX Rotary screw pump performance, 18.4, 18.5 Rotary vs centrifugal efficiencies, 18.6 Rotating element, 4.6 Rotation direction of pumps, 22.12 Rotational force, 4.10 Run out, 4.7,11.3 Running limit of VFDs, 6.9 Safety controls for pumps, 22.11 Safety relief valve location, 14.12 Safety relief valves, 14.11 Screens, 12.12, 12.14 Screw pump flow range, 18.8, 18.1 Screw pump vs dry pit pump, 18.9 Screw pumps, 7.6 high volume, 7.5 Archimedes principle, 18.5 Secondary pumping systems, 14.4 Seismic installations of pump bases, 22.8, 22.9 Selecting impeller at maximum diameter, 11.11 Selection and operation of variable speed, 25.3 Selection of well pump, 17.13 Self-priming pump for clear service, 5.23 5.27 for solids handling, 5.27, 5.28 Sequencing and alternation, 25.9 Series-parallel pump operation, 6.19, 6.20, 6.21,6.22 Setpoint, 23.2 Setting lateral for axial flow pumps,S 13 Setting the lateral, 4.9, 5.9 Sewage ejector installation, IS 23 Sewage ejector packaged pump system, 15.24 Sewage ejectors, IS 21 Sewage lift station configuration, 19.1 constant speed type, 19.1 multiple type, 19.17, 19.18 pump types, 19.20, 19.22 pump type, 19.4 types, 19.1, 19.2 variable speed type, 19.6 Sewage plant effluent use, 17.16 Sewage plant main flow pumps, 20.3 Sewage plant types, 20.1, 20.2, 20.3 Sewage pump comparison, 19.21 Sewage pump impeller design, 4.11 Sewage pump NPSHR control, 19.17 Sewage pump performance, 19.12, 19.13 Sewage station friction loss, 19.20 Sewage treatment plant hydraulic gradient, 20.1, 20.2 Sewage treatment plant (Cant.): pumps, 20.1 types, 20.1 Sewage wet-well special controls, 19.26 Shaft couplings for axial flow pumps, 5.45 Shaft sleeves,S Shop testing of fire pumps, 16.16 Short set vertical turbine pumps,S 49 Shutoff head, 4.7 Single pump, variable speed diagram, 6.26 Single suction impellers, 5.17 Sizing centrifugal pumps, 4.28 Sludge and grit pumps, 20.4 Sludge diagram for a sewage plant, 20.9 Sludge service applications, 20.6, 20.7 Sludge system head curves, 20.8 Small lead pump use, 11.35 Smoothness of pump internals, 4.11 Software, 1.3, 1.4 Solid state starters, 8.6 Solids handling, 4.7 Solids handling, horizontal pumps, 5.21 Solids handling, volute pumps, 5.17, 5.19, 5.20,5.22 Solids handling type pumps, 5.10 Sources of pump information, 6.37 Span, 23.2 Special motor windings, 8.7 Special pump speeds, 11.5, 11.7 Specific gravity for steam, 4.23 Specific speed, 4.8, 4.9, 4.14 of axial flow pumps, 5.49 of centrifugal pumps, 4.12 change with diameter, 6.8, 6.9 formula, 4.14 and impeller profiles, 6.1 and pump efficiency, 4.16 and pump head, 4.16 and pump power, 4.16 range, 4.17 Specific weight of liquid, 4.7 Speed and accuracy of design, 1.5 Sphere size for centrifugal pumps, 5.13 Static head, 10.4, 10.5 Static pressure, 10.13 Steam turbines, 8.1 Steel and cast iron pipe fittings, 3.79, 3.80, 3.81,3.82 Steep vs flat pump curves, 6.17, 6.18, 6.19 Storm water below-ground stations, 21.5, 21.10 Storm water design parameters, 21.1 Storm water flood plain stations, 21.4 Storm water flow, calculation, 21.2 Storm water for buildings, 15.22 Storm water intake structure, 21.8 Storm water kW input calculations, 21.12,21.13 Storm water kW input curves, 21.14 Storm water maximum flow, 21.1 Storm water multiple pump station, 21.8 Storm water pump head, 21.4 Storm water pumps, 21.1, 21.3 Storm water run-off coefficients, 21.3 Storm water sources, 21.2 Storm water station discharge pipe, 21.7 Storm water station elevation, 21.6 Storm water station system head area, 21.11 Strainers, 12.12, 12.13 Submergence, 4.27, 4.28,12.2,12.10 Submersible pump for domestic water, 17.18 Submersible pumps, 5.19 Sub-surface vortices, 12.2, 12.3 Suction can classifications, 12.5 Suction intakes, formed, 12.6, 12.8 Summary of water system energy, 28.1 Sump clearances, 12.8 Sump depth, 12.6 Sump length, overall, 12.6 Sump volume requirements, 19.5, 19.7 Sump width, 12.6 Surface water, 17.1 Surface water treatment plants, 13.4 Sustained system efficiencies, 28.1 Synchronous electric motors, 8.2 Synchronous motors, 8.16 System and pump variables, 6.35 System friction head, 10.3, 10.4 System friction, 3.1 System head areas, 10.7, 10.8, 10.9, 10.12 actual, 27.10 comparison, 27.11 generation, 27.9 no static head, 15.21 System head curve components, 10.3 coordinates, 10.6 design and actual, 11.3 equation, 10.3 exponents, 10.3 and fitting losses, 10.9 high static system, 14.4 for primary pumping 14.2 small cold water, 15.17 variable pressure, 15.18 1.9 Table of symbols and terminology, xxiii TEFC motor enclosures, 8.9 Temperature detectors for pumps, 5.59 Temperature indicators and transmitters 23.9 Terms and nomenclature, B.I-B.8 Test instrumentation, 24.6 Test reports and records, 24.7 Testing fire pumps and their installation, 16.16 Testing procedures, 24.5 Testing pump objective, 24.1 Testing water pumps, 24.1 Three-pump variable speed diagram, 6.28 Throat bushing, 5.8 Thrust bearings, 5.4 Thyristers (SCR), 8.11 Top drive nut position, 5.13 Torque flow pumps, 5.27, 5.29 Torque, current, and speed curves, 8.5 Total kW input for a pumping system, 11.28, 11.29 Total owning cost, 3.1 Transmitters, 23.3 Trashracks, 12.12, 12.14 fish escapes, 12.15 Trench type intake structures, 12.1, 12.2, Trench type intakes for sewage, 12.10 Trimming pump impeller, 27.4, 27.5 Turbine impellers, enclosed, 5.48 Turbine pumps, 5.15, 5.49 Turbine type impellers, 5.47, 5.48 Two-piece top shaft, 5.37 Two-pump variable speed diagram, 6.27 Two-speed motors, 8.9 Types of centrifugal pumps, 4.4, 5.13 Types of electric motors, 8.3 Types of fire pumps, 16.4 Types of pump tests, 24.2 Types of rotary pumps, 7.2 Typical head-flow curve, 4.6 Underfiling impeller vanes, 6.2 Underground water treatment plants, 13.6 Underwriters Laboratories, 16.1 Underwriters of Canada, 16.1 Unequal pump operation, 6.21, 6.22 Uniform loading of a water system, 10.10 Uniformly loading a water system, 10.2 Useful consumption of pumping energy, 9.3 Useful energy determination, 9.3 Vane pumps, 7.2 7.3 Variable frequency drives, 1.7,8.10 1.10 INDEX Variable impeller diameter performance 6.7,6.8 Variable speed booster pumps, 14.1 Variable speed drives, 8.1 for pumps, 8.10 in sewage plants, 20.6 sewage plants, 20.5 skip frequencies, 4.20 Variable speed performance, 6.5 Variable speed pump head-flow curves, 6.22, 6.23 Variable speed pump selection, 11.4, 11.5 Variable speed pump use, 11.1 Variable torque, 6.5 Variable volume and head systems, 11.1 Vector diagrams, 4.10 Velocity head, 1.4 Velocity head, v2/2g, 6.14 Velocity head not included, 10.3 Vertical motor enclosures, 8.9 Vertical mount clear service pumps, 5.20, 5.23 solids handling pumps, 5.22, 5.24, 5.25 Vertical pump with submersible motor, 5.51 Vertical pumps, 5.15 Vertical turbine fire pumps, 16.6 Vertical turbine pump, 5.2, 5.53 Vertical turbine pump in clear well, 14.2 Vertical, hollow shaft motors, 8.9 Vertical, solid shaft motors, 8.9 VFDs accessories, 8.37 advantages, 8.32 air conditioners, 8.35, 8.36 application, 8.35 bypass starters, 8.37 certification, 8.37 and chemical attack, 8.35 cleanliness, 8.35 clean power type, 8.15 control, 8.39 cycloconverter, 8.16, 8.27, 8.28 enclosures, 8.35, 8.36, 8.39 and harmonics, 8.29, 8.31 heat expended calculation, 8.35 instrumentation, 8.39 location, 8.37 maximum temperature, 8.35 medium voltage type, 8.15 multilevel series cell, 8.16, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27 multipulse input circuits, 8.15 power supply, 8.37 running limit, 8.33 six pulse, 8.13 VFDs (Cant.): sizing, 8.32 as starters, 8.6 starting, 8.37 12 and 18 pulse, 8.15 ventilation, 8.35 Vibration detectors, 5.59 Viscosity, Voltage imbalance, phase power, 8.2 Voltage imbalance, derating factors, 8.2 Voltage source drives, 8.12 Voltage variation, 8.2 Volute pump classification, 5.14 Volute pump discharge connection, 4.10 Volute pumps, 4.4, 4.5, 5.16 Vortex breakers, 6.28 Vortex pump, 5.29 Vortex suppression, surface, 6.32 Vortex suppression, underwater, 6.33 Vortexing, 6.28 Vortexing in open tanks, 6.31 Vortices, 12.2 Water from wells, 17.7 Water horsepower, 6.29, 31 Water loads, 1.3 Water pump operation and maintenance, 25.1 Water reuse sources, 20.8, 20.9 Waterreuse, 13.11,20.5,20.6 Water reuse, sources, 20.8 Water system configuration, 3.91 Water system design, 1.8 Water system efficiencies, 28.2 Water system maximum pressure, 3.91, 3.92 Water system tracking, 1.8 Water system with high supply pressure, 10.17 Water system with two subsystems, 10.15, 10.17 Water system with variable supply, 10.18, 10.19, 10.20 10.21 Water treatment plant pumps, 13.6 Water treatment plant summary, 13.12 Water treatment plant types, 13.3 Wear ring arrangements, 5.6 Well cross-section, 13.9 Well design criteria, 17.11 Well design flow rate., 17.15 Well development, 17.12 Well development for irrigation, 17.7, 17.8 Well development tests, 17.14 Well drilling, 17.11 Well field and treatment plant, 13.8 ... Design of the Piping and Accessories Electronic Selection of Water Pumping Equipment Electronic Control of Water Pumping Systems Electronics and Water Pumping Systems Electronics and Variable-Speed... cold water plumbing systems Materials for cold water pumping systems / 15.6 Pumps for domestic water / 15.7 Cold water system configuration / 15.8 Sizing the hydro-pneumatic tank / 15.10 Cold water. .. ELECTRONICS SYSTEMS AND WATER PUMPING How all of these electronic procedures relate to water pumping systems? Efficient pump selection and operation depend on the accurate calculation of a water system's