1 A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called: 1 _______ A median midsagittal E produces heat 6 Which system covers the external
Trang 21) A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called: 1) _ A) median (midsagittal)
E) produces heat
6) Which system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures vitamin D: 6) _ A) endocrine system
Trang 3E) nervous system - responsiveness
9) Which of the following elements of a control system detects a change: 9) _ A) receptor
Trang 4C) efferent pathway
Trang 523) The ovary is part of which of the following two systems: 23) A) digestive and respiratory systems
Trang 6B) respiratory system
Trang 738) In describing the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions: 38) A) the patellar region is lateral to the popliteal region
Figure 1.1
Using Figure 1.1, identify the following:
Trang 845) The abdominal cavity has quadrants and regions. 45) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
47) is the process of breaking down ingested food in preparation for absorption. 47) _
Trang 9
Figure 1.1
Using Figure 1.1, identify the following:
Trang 10
52) Groups of cells that have a common function are termed . 52) _
Figure 1.1
Using Figure 1.1, identify the following:
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
54) The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the . 54) _
57) The thoracic cavity is to the abdominopelvic cavity. 57) _
58) The system is composed of kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra. 58) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
59) The ability to sense changes and react to them is termed or . 59) _
Trang 1166) The cranial and spinal cavities are subdivisions of the cavity. 66) _
67) The function of the system is to control body activities via hormones. 67) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
68) refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body. 68) _
Trang 12
Figure 1.2
Trang 13Figure 1.2
Using Figure 1.1, identify the following:
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
Trang 14mechanism.
77) _
83) The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into four quadrants and nine regions. 83)
84) As body temperature drops below normal, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body
proteins begin to break down.
84)
86) The hypogastric region is directly superior to the umbilical region. 86)
87) There is no physical structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity. 87)
88) The highest level of structural organization in humans is the organ level. 88)
89) Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback reactions. 89)
Trang 15point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
111) _
Trang 16
128) List and explain the five survival needs of humans.
Trang 1743) epigastric
44) homeostasis
45) 4; 9
46) ventral or anterior 47) Digestion
48) hypogastric
49) spinal
50) pelvic
51) anterior
Trang 19Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
120) 1. Maintenance of boundarieskeeps the internal environment distinct from the external environment; membranes perform this function at the cellular level and skin performs this function for the organism.
5. Scratching continues until the itch goes away. The brain shuts off the effector once homeostatis is restored. 122) The effector is the control centerʹs output and response to the stimulus. The effectorʹs job is to cancel or shut off the control mechanism.
Trang 202. Frontal (coronal)cut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.
3. Transverse (cross-section)cut is made along the transverse (horizontal) plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
125) Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts work or function.
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressurethe force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air; is essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing.
Trang 211) Ninety-six percent of the human body is composed of the elements: 1) _ A) carbon, calcium, sodium, and oxygen
and insulate body organs; they are the major source of stored energy in the body D) are found in the cell membrane and participate in the transport of lipids in plasma; they
are also abundant in the brain and in nervous tissue where they help to form insulating white matter
E) include lipoid substances such as fat-soluble vitamins (e.g., vitamins A, E, and K),
prostaglandins, and lipoproteins
4) The simplest atomcontaining one proton, one electron, and no neutronsis: 4) _ A) hydrogen B) nitrogen C) carbon D) sodium E) oxygen
Trang 22particles:
8) _ A) protons are positively charged, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons are neutral
B) electrons; atomic numbers
Trang 23Figure 2.2
Trang 2525) A solution with a pH of 7: 25) A) releases more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions into solution
Trang 2636) Carbohydrates are built up from their basic building blocks by the: 36) A) removal of a carbon atom
Trang 2852) Isotopes differ from each other only in the number of they possess. 52) _
54) An acid is a molecule that releases (donates) . State the answer in two ways. 54) _
58) The building blocks of nucleic acids are called . 58) _
Figure 2.1
61) Glycogen and starch are examples of a specific category of carbohydrates called
.
61) _
Trang 2963) Enzymes are examples of proteins. State the answer in two ways. 63) _
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1
Trang 3072) Atoms are the smallest particles of a compound that still retain the properties of that compound. 72)
77) When a solution produces equal numbers of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, it is said to be neutral. 77)
Trang 32Trang 33
117) Describe the difference between a polar and a nonpolar covalent bond. Give and explain an example of each type of bond.
118) Name this type of reaction and briefly explain what is happening in this reaction:
glucose + fructose → water + sucrose
Trang 36107) Denaturation results when the three-dimensional shape of a protein is destroyed. The function of a protein depends
on its structure. The presence of an active site on the surface of a protein that interacts with other molecules must be intact for the enzyme to work properly.
108) Exzymes, like other proteins, have active sites on their surfaces that chemically interact with other molecules of complementary shape and charge. These active sites must ʺfitʺ with the substrate. Enzymes bind to the reacting substrates and structural changes result in a new product.
109) 1. LocationDNA is located inside the nucleus of the cell; RNA is located inside and outside the nucleus of the cell.
2. Role(s)DNA undergoes replication prior to cell division to pass on heredity information, and provides
instructions for the building of all protein; RNA carries out the orders for protein synthesis issued by DNA.
3. Number of chainsDNA consists of a double chain of nucleotides in the form of a double helix; RNA is a single chain of nucleotides.
like structure, and each rung is formed by two joined bases; in RNA, a base projects from each sugar-phosphate unit in the chain of nucleotides.
4. Arrangement of nucleotidesDNA consists of sugar and phosphate molecules that form uprights of a ladder-5. Sugarthe sugar in DNA is deoxyribose; the sugar in RNA is ribose.
6. Basesin DNA the bases are adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C); in RNA the bases are adenine (A), uracil (U), guanine (G) and cytosine (C).
110) Molecules are formed when two or more atoms of the same element combine chemically. Compounds result when two or more different atoms bind together to form a molecule.
111) In a dehydration synthesis reaction, a more complex molecule is formed from two simpler ones, and a water
molecule is lost as each bond forms. An example of dehydration synthesis is seen when a disaccharide is formed from two monosaccharides. Hydrolysis is the breakdown of a more complex molecule into its building blocks. A water molecule is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and simpler molecules are formed. In the process, water
is split into a hydrogen ion and a hydroxyl ion. An example of hydrolysis is seen when a disaccharide is broken down into two monosaccharides.
112) 1. It has a high heat capacity, and absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably. Therefore, it helps maintain homeostatic body temperature.
2. Because of its polarity, it is an excellent solvent in which electrolytes can ionize. Nutrients, respiratory gases, and wastes can dissolve in water, thereby allowing water to act as a transport and exchange medium in the body. Water
is also used as a solvent in specialized molecules that lubricate the body, such as mucus that eases the movement of feces in the digestive tube, saliva that moistens food and prepares it for digestion, and synovial fluids that lubricate bone ends.
3. Water is a reactant in some types of chemical reactions, such as digestion and the breakdown of large biological molecules. Water is added to the bonds of the larger molecules in specific reactions termed hydrolysis reactions.
4. Water serves a protective function by forming a watery cushion (e.g., cerebrospinal fluid cushions the brain and amniotic fluid cushions the fetus).
113) Water molecules are added to the bonds of large organic molecules. When water is added to each bond, the bond is broken, and the molecule is broken down.
Trang 373. a phosphate group
117) 1. In polar covalent bonds, electrons are not shared equally. For instance, water is an example of a polar covalent bond. The electron pairs shared in water spend more time with the oxygen atom causing that end of the molecule to become slightly negative and the hydrogen end to become slightly positive.
2. In nonpolar covalent bonds, electrons are shared equally. For example, the electron pairs in carbon dioxide orbit the entire molecule.
118) Glucose and fructose are two monosaccharides. Sucrose is a disaccharide. Glucose and fructose are combining to form sucrose. This is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction. A water molecule is lost from the two simple sugars as the bond forms to create the double sugar.
Trang 38B) smooth muscle
C) skeletal muscle
D) cardiac muscle
E) both cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle
Trang 40C) osseous tissue
D) adipose tissue
E) reticular connective tissue
Trang 42C) osmosis
D) filtration
Trang 43C) cytokinesis
D) interphase
E) telophase
Trang 45Trang 46
53) The illustration of cardiac muscle tissue is . 53) _
54) The type of connective tissue that contains fat stored in adipocytes is called . 54) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
55) The membrane connections that prevent the leaking of fluid between cells are called
.
55) _
59) The phospholipid tails are , which make the plasma membrane impermeable
to water.
59) _
Figure 3.1
Using Figure 3.1, match the following:
60) The illustration of stratified squamous epithelium is . 60) _
61) List, describe, and state the functions of the three types of membrane junctions. 61) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
62) The specialized cellular compartments within the cytosol of the cell are collectively call ed .
Trang 47
Figure 3.1
Using Figure 3.1, match the following:
64) The illustration of simple squamous epithelium is . 64) _
65) The illustration of skeletal muscle tissue is . 65) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
66) The step, during protein synthesis, of assembling proteins by decoding the information
in messenger RNA is called .
66) _
70) Epithelial tissue consisting of one layer of cells flattened like fish scales is called a
epithelium.
70) _
71) The movement of substances through the cell membrane against their concentration
gradient is called .
71) _
Trang 48.
73) _
Figure 3.2 74) The cell shown in Figure 3.2 has been placed into a(n) solution. 74) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
75) In cell division, the term that refers to division of the cytoplasm is . 75) _
76) The period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its metabolic activities is
.
76) _
77) The type of tissue consisting of cells embedded in an extracellular matrix is
tissue.
77) _
78) The network of nuclear threads, composed of DNA and protein, that condense to form
chromosomes during mitosis is called .
78) _
Trang 4979) The illustration of simple cuboidal epithelium is . 79) _
Fill in the blank or provide a short answer:
80) The nucleoplasm and cytosol make up the fluid. 80) _
81) This type of epithelial tissue found lining organs of the digestive system such as the
small intestines is the .
81) _
82) tissue contains cells called fibroblasts that make fibers such as collagen. 82) _
83) Tendons and ligaments are common to this type of connective tissue called . 83) _
TRUE/FALSE. Write ʹTʹ if the statement is true and ʹFʹ if the statement is false.
84) When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution it will swell and may rupture. 84)
85) Stratified epithelium consists of one layer of epithelial cells. 85)
90) The movement of substances from an area of higher hydrostatic pressure to an area of lower
hydrostatic pressure is called diffusion.
90)
Trang 5092) The four primary tissue types are epithelium, muscle, cutaneous, and connective. 92)
93) Anaphase is the stage of cell division when the cleavage furrow first appears. 93)
Match the following:
substances
102) _
structures