business english 2e by mary chapter 02

2 Sentences MARY ELLEN GUFFEY AND CAROLYN M SEEFER BUSINESS ENGLISH 12e â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Valeri Potapova/Shutterstock L E A R N I N G O U T C O M E S ▶ Recognize basic sentence elements including subjects and predicates ▶ Differentiate among phrases, dependent clauses, and independent clauses ▶ Understand how to use simple, compound, complex, and compoundcomplex sentences ▶ Identify four basic sentence patterns ▶ Punctuate statements, questions, commands, and exclamations ▶ Use techniques to avoid three basic sentence faults: fragments, comma splices, and run-on sentences â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Sentence Elements â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Sentence Sentence: A group of words that:    Contains a subject Includes a predicate Expresses a complete thought Sentence Subject Elements Predicate Completeness © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Sentence Elements Subject Simple subject: a noun or a pronoun that tells who or what the sentence is about Complete subject: includes all modifiers â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Four Tips for Locating Subjects To locate a sentence subject, ask Who or what is being discussed? The manager hires all new employees Who is being discussed? Training programs educate new employees What is being discussed? © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Four Tips for Locating Subjects Ignore prepositional phrases The manager of the program for all new hires in our division called a meeting Who is being discussed? Where are the prepositional phrases? Sentences may have multiple subjects The president, controller, and supervisor gave their approval Who is being discussed? © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Four Tips for Locating Subjects Reword inverted sentences to locate the subject Sitting in the front row is Rachel Who is being discussed? Reword: Rachel is sitting in the front row Did any other candidates qualify? Who is being discussed? Reword: Other candidates did qualify? â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock Sentence Elements Predicate Simple predicate: a verb or verb phrase that tells or asks what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject Complete predicate: includes modifiers, objects, and complements â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL In this sentence what is the Simple subject? Complete subject? Simple predicate? Complete predicate? manager (simple subject) A manager from ComStar (complete subject) has been calling (simple predicate) has been calling you (complete predicate) A manager from ComStar has been calling you â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 10 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL What is this group of words? Prepare for your interview by practicing success stories Name the subject  Statement  Question  Command  you (implied)  Exclamation © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 33 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL What is this group of words? I wonder about the validity of the proposal Name the subject  Statement   Question Command Exclamation â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 34 Sentence Faults © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 35 Three Fragment Sentence Comma Faults Splice Run-on Sentence â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 36 Sentence Faults Fragment Fragment:   An incomplete sentence Should not be punctuated as if it were complete  May be broken off from a preceding or following sentence â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 37 Sentence Faults Comma Splice Comma Splice: when two complete sentences are incorrectly joined with a comma â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 38 Sentence Run-on Sentence Faults Run-on Sentence: when two complete thoughts are run together © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 39 Fixing Sentence Faults Fragment Fragment Because we have all come to depend on texting That’s why we must find a solution Remedy Because we have all come to depend on texting, we must find a solution â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 40 Fixing Sentence Faults Comma Splice Comma Splice Text messaging is popular, it’s even used in offices Remedies Text messaging is popular It’s even used in offices Text messaging is popular; it’s even used in offices Text messaging is popular, and it’s even used in offices © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 41 Fixing Sentence Run-on Sentence Faults Run-On Text messaging was once used by teenagers now it’s also used by business professionals Remedies Text messaging was once used by teenagers; now it’s also used by business professionals Text messaging was once used by teenagers Now it’s also used by business professionals Text messaging was once used by teenagers, but now it’s also used by business professionals â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 42 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL Identify any faults in this sentence and suggest remedies Remedy: Unless I hear from you to the contrary I’ll assume you agree with me Unless I hear from you to the contrary, I'll assume you agree with me  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 43 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL Identify any faults in this sentence and suggest remedies Remedy: No stock market prices were available, the market was closed for the holiday No stock market prices were available; the market was closed for the holiday  Fragment  Comma splice   Run-on © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 44 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL Identify any faults in this sentence and suggest remedies Remedy: The report you said you would finish by yesterday It’s still lying on your desk The report you said you would finish by yesterday is still lying on your desk  Fragment   Comma splice Run-on â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 45 TRY TRY YOUR YOUR SKILL SKILL Identify any faults in this sentence and suggest remedies Remedy: Some employees work Sunday other employees come in early Monday Some employees work Sunday; other employees come in early Monday  Fragment  Comma splice  Run-on © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 46 “Of all the arts in which the wise excel, nature’s chief masterpiece is writing well.” – André Breton, French writer/poet (1896-1966) © 2017 Cengage Learning® May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website or school-approved learning management system for classroom use management system for classroom use © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 47 © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock ... Pattern No 1:  This is the most basic sentence pattern Subject-Verb  The subject is followed by its verb EXAMPLES Charlie called She is working All employees work â 2017 Cengage Learningđ May... © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 18 Pattern No 2:  Subject-Action Verb-Object The subject is followed by an action verb and its direct object  The object usually answers the questions What? and Whom?... Ray/Shutterstock © Larysa Ray/Shutterstock 19 Pattern No 3: Subject-Linking Verb-  The subject is followed by a linking verb and its complement Complement Complement  Noun, pronoun, or adjective that renames