The Political Algbra of Global Value Change

ECONOMIC ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES THE POLITICAL ALGEBRA OF GLOBAL VALUE CHANGE GENERAL MODELS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services ECONOMIC ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES Additional books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova‘s website under the e-book tab ECONOMIC ISSUES, PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES THE POLITICAL ALGEBRA OF GLOBAL VALUE CHANGE GENERAL MODELS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD ARNO TAUSCH ALMAS HESHMATI AND HICHEM KAROUI New York Copyright © 2015 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher For permission to use material from this book please contact us: nova.main@novapublishers.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers‘ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN:  (eBook) Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS About This Book vii Biography of Authors xi Executive Summary Chapter Background 35 Chapter The Methodology of this Project 81 Chapter The Dark Side of Economics: Why It Is Good to Analyze World Values Survey Data on the Shadow Economy and Why Corruption Is a Development Impediment 103 Chapter The Sociological and Psychological Theories of Global Values 139 Chapter Towards a New Political Geography of Human Values 187 Chapter The Global Analysis of Feminism and Its Regional Implications for the Muslim World: Voices from Quantiative Social Science and from a Religious Muslim Viewpoint 267 Chapter Human Values and the “Arab Spring” 297 Chapter Islamic Values, Knowledge, and Morals 317 Chapter Gretchen, Permissiveness and Economic Growth 331 Chapter 10 The Implosion of “Self-expression” in the West and Further Doubts about the Correctness of Inglehart’s Theory in the Light of the New Direct Measurements of Self-expression Values from the World Values Survey, 2010-2014 343 What the Importance Given to God by Humans Does to Society (The Way Society Benefits from the Belief in God) 367 Chapter 12 Hofstede, Schwartz, Inglehart and the Future of World Development 389 Chapter 13 64 Themes for Student and Course Participants’ Essays 443 Chapter 11 vi Contents Literature and Suggested Further Readings 445 Index 493 ABOUT THIS BOOK This book should contribute to the homecoming of the ‗ilm al umran‘, the science of culture, initiated by the Arab classical thinker Ibn Khaldūn (1332-1406) to the countries of the Muslim world, and the Arab world in particular The book is intended to provide a new approach to the study of global values and global value change, based on representative international survey data, above all, the World Values Survey This theme is of growing interest not only to the international social science community, but also international policy makers and business and financial executives in the framework of international values and business studies The book grew out of lecture series I held at various academic and government education centers in Europe I have to admit that the overwhelming force of the empirics which presented themselves to me during the consecutive process of the re-analysis of the World Values Survey data base went counter to much of the post-1968 ideological consensus, which I ―inhalated‖ ever since my student days at Salzburg University in Austria from 1969 onwards Only now, I began to remember that among my teachers at Salzburg University, there was also the later Nobel laureate in economics, Friedrich August von Hayek, whose entire five semester lecture series I had the chance to attend in the early 1970s At that time, nobody as yet talked about the Nobel Prize for Hayek, and we were just ten to fifteen students in Hayek‘s classes at times I somehow relegated his teachings to my archives, only to rediscover them, 45 years later amidst the powerful statistical effects, which variables, to be associated with his theories, wield for the empirical analysis of World Values Survey data and especially for the analysis of realities in the Muslim world and in the Arab world Since the book is also designed to serve advanced graduate courses in sociology, political science and economics at Universities, government and business staff training centers, diplomatic and military academies et cetera, the book also contains themes for 10-20 minute statements (1000-2000 words) which students and course participants should be able to prepare after attending a course on global values Our work continues the very fruitful collaboration between my friend and colleague Professor Almas Heshmati at Sogang University, a Jesuit University in South Korea and Jönköping University, Sweden and myself (Heshmati, Tausch A and Bajalan 2008; Heshmati and Tausch, 2004, 2007; Tausch and Heshmati, 2004, 2009; Tausch, Heshmati and Brand, 2012) viii Arno Tausch, Almas Heshmati and Hichem Karoui It also continues my very fruitful collaboration with my friend and colleague, the French intellectual Dr Hichem Karoui, who was my former graduate student at the Sorbonne in Paris (Tausch and Karoui, 2011) Dr Karoui‘s untiring efforts to bring this project to a conclusion must be mentioned in a special way in this brief introductory note Any student of the issues of Islam and modernity will have already noticed the pathbreaking contributions by the German Jesuit father Christian W Troll (Troll, 2001a, 2001b, 2003, 2004, 2007; Troll and Bsteh, 1997, Troll and Donohue, 1998; Troll and Vahiduddin, 1986) In this context, we remind our readers also about the important and respectful insights on Islam in world society, which other Roman Catholic clerics and scholars offered to international publics for decades now (Bsteh, 1996; Bsteh and Anawati, 1978; Bsteh and Dupré, 2007; Bsteh and Khoury, 1994; Khoury, 1980, 1991, 1994, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2007a, 2007b, 2008a, 2008b; Khoury et al., 2006) These studies influenced me to a considerable degree Rethinking the relationship of Islam and modernity in the spirit of Enlightenment should also be the aim of this book I would also like to mention here in gratitude two of my late Jesuit academic teachers in Austria, Geraldo de Freitas and Julius Morel, who early on drew my attention to the necessity to study the phenomena of value differences (Karlinger and Freitas 1972; Messner and Freitas, 1988; Morel, 1968, 1972, 1977, 1980, 1986, 1997, 1998, 2003) I also received great inspiration from the life and work of the six Jesuit liberation theologians massacred on November 16, 1989 at the campus of the Universidad Centroamericana ―José Simn Cas‖ (UCA) in San Salvador, El Salvador Their rethinking of the theology of marriage (which so many in the West now consider as an outdated institution) led them to talk about the union of Adam and Eve (Book of Genesis (Gen.) 2:22) prefiguring the union of God with humanity (Sobrino and Ellacuria, 1993: 228; see also Ellacuria, 1976, 2013; Sobrino, 1990) I should also mention here the insights which I owe to Professor Bassam Tibi, whose works, especially Tibi, 1990, 1995a, 1995b, 1996, 1997a, 1997b, 1997c, 1998a, 1998b, 2001a, 2001b, 2002, 2002, 2003, 2007 have become an important guiding point in the international debate about Islam, democracy and Enlightenment Finally, I also should mention the inspiration received from Dr Gunther Hauser, senior analyst in the Austrian National Defense Academy, in the framewok of our academic cooperation now lasting for years I also mention Mr Robert Mundigl in Munich and his freely available templates to draw choropleth global statistics maps from Microsoft EXCEL formatted country data A really interesting system for choropleth maps, which we used in this book! We simply had to enter our data into the freely available EXCEL 2010/Map templates, made available at http://www.clearlyandsimply.com/clearly_and_simply/2009/10/choropleth-maps-withtableau.html To our knowledge, these are the best freely available choropleth global map templates for Microsoft EXCEL data, available today.1 We should note with apologies however that Brunei is not contained in the country list of this system Also data for Macau and Hongkong could not be handled In addition, values for Taiwan, Province of China, are listed as a separate entitity on the maps Readers, further interested in drawing such maps of their own with their own data, are kindly invited to use the templates available at https://uibk.academia.edu/ ArnoTausch/Documentation-forbooks-and-articles 506 Index Italy, 10, 17, 28, 57, 59, 63, 70, 71, 143, 146, 147, 148, 174, 176, 177, 181, 196, 210, 214, 215, 246, 248, 250, 258, 261, 272, 283, 287, 288, 290, 291, 314, 345, 347, 349, 351, 352, 354, 393, 402, 406, 461 item response theory, 462 Ivarsflaten E., 466 J Jabber P., 466 Jackson D J., 466 Jacobs A., 466 Jaeger J., 466 Jamal A., 466, 487 Janmaat J G., 466 Japan, 5, 10, 12, 43, 57, 63, 64, 70, 71, 143, 144, 146, 148, 174, 175, 177, 182, 185, 272, 283, 290, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 393, 402, 433, 434, 437, 463, 471 Java, 24, 251, 252, 289, 292, 334 Jenkins G M., 452 Jerusalem, 155, 481 Jewish, 140, 316, 445, 469 Jews, 159, 241, 304, 305, 312 Ji Y., 455 job insecurity, 25, 325, 344 Jobs scarce men should have more right to a job than women, 4, 18, 267, 269, 270, 383, 385, 386 Johanisova N., 467 Johnson N D., 467 Johnston J., 467 Johnston R., 466, 467 Jones K., 466 Jones R A., 467 Jordan, 5, 12, 14, 17, 24, 26, 29, 50, 66, 72, 116, 143, 174, 175, 176, 182, 185, 190, 196, 204, 210, 214, 216, 217, 219, 229, 247, 248, 261, 269, 272, 283, 292, 293, 294, 297, 300, 302, 308, 310, 313, 315, 316, 334, 335, 345, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 389, 391, 393, 402, 404, 405, 407, 433, 434, 437, 446, 474, 487 Judaism, 3, 28, 376, 448, 476, 490 Juergensmeyer M., 467 Jungbauer-Gans M., 467 Junttila J., 467 jurisdiction, 48 Jurkiewicz C L., 460 Justifiable avoiding a fare on public transport, 4, 37, 51, 72, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 232, 386, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404, 426, 427 cheating on taxes, 4, 37, 51, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 233, 384, 385, 386, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404, 426, 427 claiming government benefits even if one is not entitled to them, 4, 37, 51, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 232, 385, 386, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404 someone accepting a bribe, 4, 38, 51, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 232, 385, 386, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404, 426, 427 K Kääriäinen J., 467 Kalecki M., 467 Kalenborn C., 467 Kang S M., 467 Karabenick S., 474 Karoui H., 467, 486 Karstedt S., 467 Karyotis G., 467 Kastrun T., 486 Katnik A., 467 Katrň k T., 489 Kaya M K., 467 Kazakhstan, 5, 32, 355, 361, 362, 389, 433, 434, 435, 437 Kehberg J E., 468 Kentor J., 468 Keown D., 468 Kestilä E., 468, 482 Keynes, 239 Keynesian, 325 Khagram S., 491 Khoury A Th., 445, 453, 468 Kieffer K M., 468 Kilburn H W., 468 Kilian L., 456 kill, 276, 339, 340, 369, 372 Kim J -O., 469 kindergarten, 429 kinship, 48 Kirchgässner G., 458 Kirchner A., 459 Kitchin D., 478 Klausen J., 469 Klingemann H -D., 490 Knack S., 491 Knesebeck O v d., 459 Knott K., 469 Knuth M., 458 Knutsen C H., 469 Koesebalaban H., 469 Komarek L., 469 Index Komarkova Z., 449, 469 Korea, xi, 127, 143, 146, 177, 247, 254, 289, 290, 291, 463 Korea South, 143, 146 Korotayev A V., 456, 461, 464 Kotrlik J W., 450 Kposowa A., 482 Krysan M., 481 Kueng H., 469 Kuhn Th S., 469 Kuwait, 66, 137, 297, 300, 332, 355, 361, 362, 427, 433, 434, 437, 447, 469 Kuznets Curve, 197 Kuznets S., 469 Kydland F E., 456 Kyrgyzstan, 13, 19, 29, 175, 176, 177, 182, 190, 196, 210, 214, 215, 217, 247, 261, 269, 271, 272, 283, 346, 347, 348, 351, 353, 361, 362, 389, 391, 393, 402, 433, 434, 437 L labor market, 8, 95, 96, 105, 106, 128 Labor Unions, 74, 78, 386, 426, 427 labour market, 459 Lack of social capital (Most people can be trusted [highest numerical value you just can‘t be too careful]), 192, 194, 200, 208, 218 Lam P -Y., 469 Laos, 134 Latin America, 9, 10, 11, 17, 40, 50, 131, 140, 143, 144, 147, 148, 155, 159, 168, 177, 214, 215, 229, 246, 248, 265, 313, 459, 471, 477 Latvia, 13, 14, 143, 146, 174, 176, 182, 196, 204, 210, 214, 219, 229, 247, 251, 259, 261, 273, 290, 291, 345, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352, 354, 393, 402, 407 law enforcement, 115, 128 Law S H., 449 laws, 7, 26, 27, 74, 77, 103, 104, 127, 137, 141, 145, 231, 279, 280, 326, 338, 367, 368, 369, 372, 373, 375, 376 laws and regulations, 7, 103, 104, 137 lead, 41, 95, 98, 107, 113, 126, 128, 129, 132, 143, 230, 265, 278, 303, 333, 345, 371, 374, 427, 429 leadership, 281, 299, 325 Leaman O., 469 Lear J., 475 learning, 241 Least squares, 93 Lebanon, 32, 66, 300, 302, 308, 310, 315, 316, 355, 361, 362, 433, 434, 435, 437 Lee K., 469 507 Lee S., 463 legislation, 37, 125, 429 legislative authority, 303 Lehmann E L., 469 Lejour A M., 469 Lessmann C., 467 level of education, 126 Lewis B., 469, 470 Lewis J., 478 Li Q., 470 liberalism, 41, 301, 303 liberalization, 107, 112 liberation, viii, 52, 53, 198, 279, 457, 477 liberty, 369 Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, 300 Lien D., 449 life cycle, 64, 65 life expectancy, 53, 83 life satisfaction, 27, 37, 126, 367, 377, 380, 452 lifetime, 38, 39, 53 light, 5, 15, 31, 41, 48, 67, 103, 197, 229, 235, 274, 292, 301, 303, 444 Liman M W L., 470 linear function, 40, 183 linear model, 93 Linzer D., 451 Lippl B., 470 Lipset S M., 470 Lisbon Strategy, 485, 486 Listhaug O., 470, 480 literacy rates, 112 Lithuania, 13, 14, 143, 146, 174, 176, 182, 196, 204, 210, 229, 247, 259, 261, 273, 283, 345, 346, 347, 348, 351, 354, 393, 402 Lizardo O., 470 Loades A., 470 localization, 89 Lockwood B., 470 Login A., 470 Long-Term Orientation, 30, 141, 143, 145, 146, 153, 417, 419, 422, 423, 424 Louỗa F., 464 love, 142, 170, 231, 241, 276, 322, 429, 453 Lovejoy F H., 479 low risk, 239, 245 loyalty, 142 LTD, 457 Lubbers M., 454, 470 Lucas R., 460 Lugo M A., 455 Luxembourg, 134, 143, 146, 338, 458 Luxemburg, 470 Luxemburg R., 470 508 Index M Macedonia, 19, 174, 176, 182, 196, 210, 215, 217, 247, 258, 259, 261, 271, 273, 346, 347, 348, 351, 353, 393, 402, 406 Macintosh R., 470 MacKinnon J M., 455 macroeconomic models, 107 macroeconomics, 453 Maddison A., 471 magnitude, 8, 56, 99, 104, 105, 106, 112 Major Companies, 74, 78, 386, 426, 427 majority, 24, 72, 73, 79, 127, 143, 146, 155, 171, 177, 230, 276, 306, 315, 316, 318, 321, 333, 372, 426, 432 majority group, 155 Malaysia, 5, 24, 65, 66, 72, 116, 143, 145, 146, 313, 334, 336, 362, 433, 434, 437, 483 Mali, 17, 29, 70, 72, 190, 196, 211, 214, 217, 218, 247, 250, 251, 261, 269, 273, 283, 314, 389, 391, 393, 402, 406 Malta, 24, 143, 146, 331, 339, 341 management, 101, 107, 129, 449, 470 Mandel E., 471 manipulation, 51 Manji I., 471 Mann Th., 471 Mansour F., 471 manufacturing, xi, 471 mapping, 210 Marchetti C., 472 marginalisation, 486 marginalization, 40 market economy, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 29, 30, 31, 39, 84, 86, 127, 128, 188, 198, 201, 202, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 219, 228, 229, 234, 235, 237, 240, 245, 246, 248, 249, 255, 258, 260, 262, 263, 377, 389, 391, 396, 398, 400, 401, 402, 405, 412, 418, 419, 422, 423, 424 Marquart-Pyatt S., 472 marriage, viii, 19, 43, 44, 267, 270, 274, 276, 277, 279, 308, 309, 372, 429 Martens P., 457 Marterbauer M., 461, 462 Martin-Artiles A., 472 Martindale D., 472 Martínez-Herrera E., 472 Marx, 22, 26, 63, 317, 319, 333, 367, 368, 370, 373, 374 Maryland, 458 masculinity, 10, 148 Masculinity versus Femininity, 31, 141, 143, 145, 146, 417, 418, 419, 422, 423, 424 Maseland R., 472 mass, 1, 3, 190, 297, 316, 333, 391, 428 Masso A., 472 Mastekaasa A., 472 materialism, 17, 18, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 218, 226, 229, 245, 246, 248, 255, 258, 260, 262, 263, 460 materials, 17, 18, 29, 203, 248, 265, 349, 381, 382, 458 mathematics, 23, 39, 319, 446, 469, 479, 484 matrix, 30, 85, 89, 90, 187, 192, 197, 205, 206, 207, 236, 271, 397, 400, 457 Matsumoto D., 472 matter, iv, 7, 17, 46, 48, 86, 88, 90, 157, 250, 276, 281, 282, 325, 344, 474 Mau S., 472 Mauritania, 66, 297, 300, 308, 310, 315 Maxwell R., 472 McCleary R M., 450, 472 McDonald R P., 472 McKay A., 480 measurement, 7, 11, 82, 83, 91, 93, 97, 98, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, 130, 137, 140, 168, 231, 245, 345, 361, 443 media, 65, 67, 265 median, 96 medical, 98, 312, 326, 429 medical science, 429 medicine, 21, 315 Mediterranean, xi, 28, 57, 287, 292, 382, 456, 484, 486 Mediterranean countries, 28, 382 membership, 31, 320, 338, 419, 420 memory, 26, 355, 361, 481 MENA region, 306 mental capacity, 46 Meon P G., 454 merchandise, 49 methodology, 7, 26, 81, 82, 88, 100, 101, 169, 190, 345, 348, 354, 355 Methodology, v, 6, 81, 82, 443 Metz R., 473 Meuleman B., 473 Meulemann H., 473 Mexico, 10, 14, 32, 143, 146, 147, 148, 175, 181, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 247, 261, 271, 273, 283, 288, 290, 291, 314, 346, 349, 351, 354, 355, 361, 362, 393, 402, 407, 433, 434, 435, 437, 466 Meyer K., 479, 488 microeconomics, xi, 97 Microsoft, viii, 204, 287, 335, 336 middle class, 303 509 Index Middle East, ix, xi, 11, 140, 155, 159, 168, 299, 303, 305, 306, 311, 315, 318, 446, 454, 456, 462, 465, 466, 467, 469, 470, 474, 476, 477, 478, 485, 486, 487, 488 Middleton R., 473 migrants, 453, 460 migration, 36, 37, 389, 432, 463 military, vii, 1, 20, 30, 37, 46, 48, 125, 198, 213, 299, 311, 396, 430 military dictatorship, 213 Miller A., 473 Miller A S., 473 ministerial planning departments, Minkenberg M., 473 Minkov M., 463, 473 minorities, 29, 72, 269, 391, 428, 454 minority groups, 21, 297, 312 minors, 277, 420 Mislin A., 467 Moaddel M., 446, 456, 473, 474, 486, 487 model specification, 94, 128, 133, 461 models, 3, 64, 65, 81, 86, 93, 94, 116, 239 modern science, 22, 23, 318, 321 modern society, 2, 231 modernism, 41 modernity, viii, 15, 22, 26, 41, 174, 234, 235, 237, 244, 317, 318, 319, 355, 361, 487 modernization, 13, 26, 56, 171, 177, 198, 237, 239, 245, 332, 333, 344, 345, 355, 361, 392, 427, 428 modules, 474 Mogee M E., 461 Moldavia, 215 Moldova, 12, 19, 174, 176, 182, 185, 196, 211, 216, 247, 250, 254, 255, 261, 271, 273, 288, 291, 314, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 353, 393, 402 Molina O., 472 momentum, 40 Mongolia, 134 Montana, 258, 289 Montenegro, 14, 174, 176, 182, 196, 204, 211, 250, 258, 259, 273, 346, 347, 348, 351, 393, 402 Moors G., 474 moral (sexual) permissiveness (‗Permissiveness 1‘), 29, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 404, 417, 422, 423 moral behavior, 297 moral code, 326 moral standards, 279 morale, 7, 39, 53, 103, 104, 112, 137, 443, 488 morality, 3, 29, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 50, 53, 71, 279, 322, 324, 373, 375, 381, 382, 458 More than one wife, 74, 77 Morocco, 5, 10, 17, 24, 32, 50, 66, 72, 144, 145, 146, 148, 190, 196, 211, 214, 215, 219, 246, 248, 250, 251, 261, 269, 273, 283, 292, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 308, 310, 314, 316, 334, 335, 355, 361, 362, 372, 389, 433, 434, 435, 437, 487 Morselli D., 475 mortality, 65, 67 Moscow, 299, 484, 485 Moses, 240, 338 Mossialos E., 475 Moualhi D., 472 Mueller Ch W., 469 Mueller J., 475 Mueller K., 486 Mueller T., 475 Muenz R F., 475 Müller A., 475 multiculturalism, 16, 36, 240 multidimensional, 11, 82, 86, 99, 126, 128, 157 multinational corporations, 129 Multiple Linear Regressions, 93 multiple regression, 16, 81, 93, 94, 95, 235, 236 multiple regression analyses, 94 multiplication, 302 multivariate analysis, 5, 13, 8, 112, 188, 192, 195, 201, 208, 219, 269, 340, 398 multivariate statistics, 38, 483 murder, 316 musicians, 23, 318 Muslim world, vii, 3, 5, 16, 19, 20, 22, 24, 31, 32, 38, 46, 57, 65, 67, 72, 79, 144, 237, 239, 244, 245, 250, 268, 269, 274, 276, 287, 291, 292, 316, 317, 319, 333, 334, 338, 352, 389, 433, 435, 436, 443 Muslims, 19, 21, 22, 23, 27, 28, 72, 74, 75, 76, 79, 234, 240, 241, 265, 267, 275, 280, 281, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 312, 316, 317, 318, 328, 372, 374, 381, 382, 387, 444, 452, 454, 456, 461, 472, 474, 478, 486, 488, 489, 490 Myanmar, 265 N Nagayoshi K., 463 naming, 191, 193, 197 Narayan D., 490 national culture, 141, 482 national identity, 490 national security, 11, 158, 168, 198 National Survey, 453 nationalism, 41, 308, 487 nationality, 306, 320 NATO, 24, 28, 229, 306, 311, 382, 385, 386, 455, 472, 482, 484 510 Index natural laws, 370 natural resources, 7, 104, 130, 137, 444, 449 natural science, 312, 321 Navas S., 475 Nayaran S., 475 negative effects, 82 negative relation, 7, 82, 87, 104, 113, 115, 137 negotiation, 299 Neighbors Immigrants/foreign workers, 4, 38, 188, 192, 195, 200, 208, 216, 232, 313, 314 People of a different race, 4, 38, 188, 192, 195, 200, 208, 216, 232, 313, 314 People of a different religion, 313, 314 Neller K., 476 Nerlove M., 456 Netherlands, 10, 24, 32, 57, 63, 71, 134, 144, 146, 147, 148, 174, 175, 177, 181, 273, 283, 315, 331, 341, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 433, 434, 435, 437, 456, 458, 460, 461, 465, 469, 474, 476, 477 Neusner J., 476 Neuwirth E., 462 New England, 17, 255, 287 new globalization, 86, 88 New South Wales, 289, 291 New York Stock Exchange, 66 New Zealand, 10, 12, 17, 32, 63, 71, 134, 144, 146, 148, 174, 175, 177, 181, 185, 196, 211, 214, 215, 216, 218, 246, 248, 255, 261, 273, 283, 289, 291, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 389, 393, 402, 404, 406, 433, 435, 437 next generation, 462, 477 NGOs, 1, 81 Nietzsche, 22, 317, 319 Nifadkar S S., 489 Nigeria, 26, 29, 175, 176, 181, 196, 202, 204, 211, 214, 216, 217, 218, 219, 247, 252, 261, 269, 273, 283, 314, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 361, 362, 389, 391, 393, 402, 405, 406, 433, 434, 437 Nobel Prize, vii, 50 Noland M., 476 Non-parametric Indices, 83, 443 Noorbakhsh F., 476 Noordijk P., 490 Nooruddin I., 447 Nordas R., 455, 482 Noren R., 476 normal distribution, 92, 99 Norris P, 465, 466, 476 North Africa, xi, 318, 487 North America, 369, 372, 471 North Caucasus, 253 North Korea, 56 Norway, 17, 71, 134, 144, 146, 174, 175, 181, 196, 211, 214, 218, 246, 248, 255, 261, 273, 289, 290, 315, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 393, 402, 405, 406, 476 nuclear weapons, 21, 310 O Obama Administration, 452 obedience, 4, 6, 11, 13, 16, 47, 49, 50, 52, 97, 157, 158, 168, 169, 172, 188, 192, 194, 198, 201, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 218, 219, 229, 230, 231, 232, 236, 260, 262, 329, 382, 383, 384, 385, 386, 392, 394, 395, 398, 406, 417, 422, 423, 428 obstruction, 9, 125 OECD, 8, 32, 106, 107, 111, 287, 352, 435, 446, 447, 471 Oehmans S., 476 Oesch D., 476 offenders, 420 officials, 116, 298, 311, 316 Ogg J., 476 Oh J-E., 463 oil, 25, 389, 430, 431 Olofsson A., 476 Olzak S., 477 Oman, 66, 137, 297, 300 omission, 94 one dimension, 302 openness, 9, 35, 38, 39, 53, 82, 84, 100, 125 operations, 343 opinion polls, 375 opportunities, 25, 64, 82, 100, 125, 337, 344 opposition movement, 301 oppression, 46, 276, 277, 278, 279, 307 optimism, 237, 245 orbit, 287 organ, 82, 326 organize, 375 Orthodox, 10, 12, 13, 29, 148, 174, 177, 185, 212, 229, 233, 234, 271, 381, 383, 482 Oskarson M., 477 Oskarsson S., 477 Othman B T., 447 Ou A Y., 489 output per worker, 56 overproduction, 64, 65 ownership, 5, 28, 367, 382, 385, 394, 395, 397, 399, 405 Index P Pääkkönen J., 477 Pacific, 318, 463 Pack H., 476 pain, 323 Pakistan, 10, 26, 32, 50, 65, 66, 72, 144, 145, 147, 148, 175, 176, 182, 269, 273, 283, 289, 292, 293, 294, 314, 318, 345, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 361, 362, 389, 433, 434, 435, 437, 471, 483 Palestinian Authority, 297 Pape R A., 477 parallel, 2, 103, 105, 142, 239 Parametric Indices, 84, 443 parental approval of a marriage, 308, 309 parental authority, 2, 12, 169, 185 Parente S L., 453 parenthood, 19, 267, 270 parenting, 428, 429 parents, 2, 6, 50, 52, 53, 54, 55, 73, 75, 142, 170, 231, 276, 277, 280, 339, 392, 428 Parliament, 21, 74, 78, 299, 386, 426, 427 Partial Correlation Analysis, 91, 443 Passini S., 475 pathways, 132 Patrikios S., 467 Paxton P., 472 Payne J E., 448 PCA, 89 peace, xi, 21, 157, 276, 304, 306, 307, 326, 371 peace process, 21 Pearson K., 477 Peffley M., 477 Pehrson S., 477 Pelletier R., 461 Pena Lopez J A., 477 pension fund managers, Pentecostal, 212, 233 People of a different race, 32, 74, 77, 313, 314, 387, 389, 433, 434, 435 per capita income, 57, 63, 116 Pereira C., 477 Perez C., 477 performers, 14, 68, 134, 202 Perman R., 477 Permissiveness, v, 23, 29, 31, 331, 391, 395, 396, 397, 398, 400, 401, 402, 404, 405, 408, 409, 417, 418, 419, 422, 424 Perrineau P., 473 perseverance, 4, 30, 142, 188, 192, 193, 207, 233, 383, 386, 392, 394, 395, 396, 398, 400, 401, 402, 406, 414, 418, 422, 424 personal contact, 47, 82, 83 511 personal goals, 157 personal life, 28, 29, 367, 377, 381, 382 personal relationship, 306 personality, 213, 231, 389, 431, 445 Peru, 9, 63, 131, 144, 147, 175, 176, 181, 196, 204, 211, 214, 217, 247, 261, 273, 283, 315, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 393, 402, 433, 434, 437 pessimism, 14, 188, 199 Peterson L., 477 Petrella I., 477 Pettersson T., 458, 477 PEW Research Center, 478 Phalet K., 459 phenomenology, 22, 317, 319 Philippines, 9, 19, 32, 131, 144, 147, 175, 176, 181, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 247, 261, 271, 273, 283, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 361, 362, 393, 402, 404, 406, 407, 433, 434, 435, 437 phobia, 434 physics, 23, 319 Piereson J E., 483 Pieroni L., 478 Pipes D., 478 planets, 328 planned economies, 9, 129 Plato, 312, 320 Platt L., 461 plausibility, 128, 129 playing, 20, 299 pleasure, 156, 282, 325, 326, 371 pluralism, 54, 302, 488 Poland, 13, 14, 32, 33, 43, 144, 147, 175, 176, 177, 182, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 217, 219, 229, 247, 261, 271, 273, 283, 314, 347, 348, 350, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 389, 393, 402, 406, 433, 435, 436, 437 Polanyi K., 478 polar, 156, 157, 299 polarity, 461 polarization, 35, 64, 170, 172, 190 Police, 28, 74, 78, 311, 382, 384, 387, 427, 467 policy, vii, 4, 8, 20, 37, 82, 95, 96, 98, 104, 105, 106, 107, 113, 114, 115, 127, 128, 131, 132, 188, 192, 193, 200, 207, 216, 232, 239, 265, 283, 291, 306, 323, 389, 461, 464, 483 policy makers, vii, 114 policy making, 8, 95, 96, 105 policy options, 127 policymakers, 114 political conditions, 307, 308 political culture, 104, 444 political democracy, 131, 133, 138 512 Index political leaders, 171, 337 political participation, 302, 332 political parties, 74, 77, 112, 316, 387, 426, 427 political party, 316 political power, 47, 306, 375 Political system, 4, 5, 30, 74, 75, 77, 78, 188, 192, 195, 201, 208, 219, 232, 394, 395, 397, 399, 429 (It‘s very bad] having a democratic political system, 192, 195, 201, 208, 219 politicians who don´t believe in God, 73, 76 politics, 1, 12, 19, 21, 22, 54, 128, 129, 145, 170, 171, 269, 301, 306, 307, 310, 311, 315, 316, 317, 319, 325, 429, 449, 457, 488 poor performance, 32, 389, 435 Poortinga Y H., 489 population, 1, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 31, 40, 42, 43, 48, 49, 56, 57, 71, 75, 79, 92, 93, 94, 96, 98, 99, 128, 129, 132, 140, 155, 190, 192, 229, 233, 236, 239, 267, 269, 271, 297, 299, 300, 301, 306, 307, 308, 310, 313, 318, 327, 369, 391, 419, 420, 425, 428, 430, 463 population growth, 57 population size, 75, 99 population structure, 98 portfolio investment, 87 Portugal, 10, 28, 63, 144, 147, 148, 258, 289, 290, 382, 455, 472, 482 Pöschl J., 478 positive correlation, 31, 420, 432 positive relationship, 128 positivism, 22, 317, 319 Postmaterialism, 455, 457, 466 poverty, 3, 9, 36, 42, 56, 65, 67, 68, 82, 83, 86, 88, 98, 130, 131, 132, 214, 307, 325, 337, 453 Power Distance, 30, 141, 143, 145, 146, 149, 417, 419, 422, 423, 424, 430 Pratt D., 478 prayer, 73, 75, 322, 323, 327 predictability, 12, 171, 185 predictor variables, 95 pregnancy, 282 prejudice, 11, 140, 167, 168, 304, 421, 445, 477, 489 press, 16, 37, 130, 370, 445, 446, 447, 449, 450, 451, 452, 453, 454, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 472, 473, 476, 477, 478, 479, 480, 482, 487, 488, 490 press freedom, 7, 10, 104, 131, 132, 137, 444, 467 prestige, 6, 47, 49 Preston I., 454 Price A M., 473, 477, 478 principal component analysis, 82, 87 principles, 42, 81, 127, 303, 326, 327, 452, 475 private ownership, 385 privation, 6, 47, 49 privatization, 107 probability, 92, 98, 99, 115, 332 probability distribution, 92 probability sampling, 98 producers, 65, 373 production function, 56, 57 professionals, 81, 99 profit, 48, 64, 127, 132, 325, 326, 331 project, viii, 1, 3, 7, 20, 26, 36, 37, 42, 70, 71, 79, 81, 90, 129, 132, 142, 155, 212, 297, 299, 313, 334, 355, 361, 392, 443, 444, 452 proliferation, 21, 310 promax rotation, 187, 191, 197, 232 propaganda, 375, 376 property rights, 9, 24, 48, 56, 113, 125, 126, 133, 138, 331, 339, 340, 341, 444 proposition, 128, 129, 239 prosperity, 6, 9, 47, 48, 49, 63, 64, 65, 125, 172 prostitution, 71, 420 protection, 56, 280, 281, 298 Protestant, 10, 17, 26, 28, 29, 148, 212, 233, 234, 246, 248, 355, 361, 381, 382, 383, 430 Protestantism, 28, 29, 381, 382, 383 Pryor F., 478 Pryor F L., 478 psychological processes, 97 psychologist, 10, 139, 140, 155, 168 psychology, 281, 326 public debt, 7, 103, 104, 114, 115, 126, 131, 137 public finance, 107 public health, 96, 97 public housing, 429 public life, 70 public officials, 381 public opinion, 20, 43, 297, 315 public policy, 115 public sector, 106, 131 public service, 37 Puerto Rico, 12, 14, 174, 175, 181, 185, 196, 204, 211, 261, 273, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 393, 402 punishment, 8, 105 purchasing power, 24, 43, 57, 67, 334, 335, 336 purification, 23, 322, 324 Q Qatar, xi, 5, 20, 32, 33, 66, 137, 297, 299, 300, 308, 310, 315, 355, 361, 362, 389, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437 Quaisser W., 478 quality of life, 51, 52, 172, 190 quantification, 83 Index quantitative research, 302 Queensland, 291 Quenouville M H., 478 question mark, 18, 263 R Rabasa A M., 478 race, 4, 29, 32, 38, 74, 77, 132, 188, 192, 195, 200, 208, 216, 230, 232, 313, 314, 381, 387, 389, 433, 434, 435 racism, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 31, 84, 86, 167, 188, 197, 199, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 213, 214, 222, 229, 230, 234, 235, 237, 239, 244, 245, 248, 249, 255, 258, 260, 262, 263, 315, 418, 419, 422, 423, 434 Radford-Ruether R., 478 radicalism, 21, 56, 280, 311, 315 radius, 99 Ramos A., 489 RAND Corporation, 478 rape, 231 Rashed R., 479 rationality, 22, 172, 317, 319 raw materials, 63, 64 Ray J J., 479 reactions, 306 readership, 33, 229, 436 reading, 11, 140, 167, 168, 447 real income, 24, 127, 334 reality, 20, 24, 40, 291, 301, 305, 328, 331, 338, 339, 389, 421, 429, 432 reasoning, 198 recall, 36, 155, 344 reception, 10, 155, 168 recognition, 21, 310, 428 reconstruction, 89, 481 recovery, 24, 334, 444 recreation, 470 redistribution, 103, 132 reductionism, 40 Reeskens T., 464, 479 reform, 198, 445, 450, 475, 479 reformers, 337 reforms, 24, 74, 76, 128, 131, 132, 239, 245 refugees, 453 regeneration, 371 regions, 450 regions of the world, 25, 251, 252, 254, 265, 268, 287, 343, 344 regression, 81, 82, 87, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 126, 133, 134, 136, 236, 237, 345, 349, 434, 454, 482, 489 513 regression analysis, 82, 87, 92, 96, 99, 345, 449 regression equation, 95 regression line, 349 regression model, 93, 95 regulations, 106, 113, 114, 116, 125, 372 Reher S., 479 Rehm P., 479 Rejecting sexist position University is more important for a boy than for a girl, 192, 195, 200, 201, 208, 217, 218, 384, 387 rejection, 8, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 51, 52, 86, 116, 188, 198, 201, 202, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 215, 219, 228, 229, 230, 234, 235, 237, 238, 240, 244, 246, 249, 255, 258, 260, 262, 263, 280, 367, 370, 377, 379, 381, 382, 389, 392, 394, 396, 417, 418, 419, 422, 423, 433, 435 relative size, 106 relativity, 373 relevance, 32, 35, 94, 435, 485 religions, 42, 477, 488 religiosity, 27, 29, 40, 43, 53, 54, 214, 230, 234, 271, 367, 377, 381, 459, 479 religious authorities, 74, 77 religious beliefs, 5, 6, 35, 38, 39, 53, 54, 55, 370, 373 religious element, 2, 202 religious traditions, 230, 274, 292 Rennstich J., 479 rent, 130, 131, 133 replication, 96, 97 repression, 371 reproduction, 21, 312 reputation, 265 requirements, 6, 23, 49, 53, 55, 98, 322 Rescher N., 479 researchers, 7, 8, 50, 84, 85, 86, 90, 94, 103, 105, 106, 112, 114, 128, 140, 168, 171, 287 residuals, 13, 14, 85, 91, 93, 112, 134, 136, 177, 183, 184, 185, 202, 345, 349, 352 resilience, 25, 26, 55, 237, 244, 345, 349, 350, 352, 353, 354 resistance, 375 resource allocation, 8, 107 resources, 20, 66, 84, 104, 130, 137, 157, 239, 299, 327 response, 41, 44, 89, 93, 98, 157, 321, 328, 361, 465, 470 restaurants, 12, 171, 185 restrictions, 7, 87, 103, 104, 105, 129, 137 restructuring, 115 revenue, 7, 103, 104, 137 rewards, 38, 39, 53, 64, 142, 239, 276, 373 Richardson S., 479 514 Index right to life, 280 Right wing acceptance of inequality, 415 rights,9, 16, 20, 24, 125, 131, 171, 240, 274, 275, 277, 279, 280, 282, 301, 331, 339, 372, 429, 461 Ringdal K., 458, 470, 479 risk, 96, 98, 103, 114, 115, 156, 269, 443, 457 Robbins M D H., 487 Robinson R., 455 Rock M T., 479 Rodrik D., 479 Roets A., 489 Rogers H J., 462 Röhrich W., 479 Rohrschneider R., 477 Roman Catholic, viii, 10, 17, 23, 28, 40, 145, 148, 212, 233, 234, 246, 248, 250, 271, 314, 381, 382, 385, 429 Roman Catholics, 28, 234, 382 Romania, 12, 32, 43, 144, 147, 174, 175, 176, 182, 185, 196, 211, 215, 246, 250, 254, 258, 261, 271, 273, 283, 287, 288, 290, 291, 314, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 389, 393, 402, 406, 433, 434, 435, 437 Romano J P., 469 Romano O., 479 romanticism, 305 Romer D., 471 Roose J., 479 root(s), 88, 145, 311, 327, 463,482 Rose R., 476 Roshdi R., 451 rotation procedure, 82, 89 rotations, 89, 90, 456 Rozman G., 479 rubber, 328 Rubin B., 479 Rubinstein G., 479 rule of law, 9, 51, 107, 113, 134, 198, 372 rules, 12, 141, 157, 171, 185, 198, 369, 376 Rummel R J., 479 Rusby J S M., 480 Russell L M., 480 Russett B., 456 Russia, 6, 10, 12, 18, 32, 46, 48, 50, 57, 63, 70, 137, 144, 147, 148, 174, 185, 202, 214, 215, 247, 252, 253, 263, 269, 283, 345, 355, 361, 362, 433, 434, 435, 437, 454, 456, 461, 464, 484 Russian Federation, 14, 174, 176, 182, 196, 204, 211, 216, 218, 261, 273, 314, 346, 347, 348, 351, 353, 393, 402, 405 Rwanda, 32, 273, 313, 362, 389, 433, 435, 437 Rydgren J., 480 S Sacchi S., 480 sacred objects, 369 Saddam Hussein, 474 Safi M., 480 Saha S., 480 Sala-i-Martin X., 450 sample design, 98, 99 sample mean, 11, 91, 157, 453 sample survey, 96, 98 Sampling, 95, 98, 443, 462 sampling distribution, 93 sampling error, 82, 98, 443 San Salvador, viii Sanchez Santos J M., 477 Sandler T., 457 Sandovici M E., 480 Sapienza P., 462 Sardar Z., 480 Sarrasin O., 461 SAS, 96 satisfaction with your life, 5, 188, 192, 195 saturation, 64, 65 Saudi Arabia, xii, 66, 72, 134, 137, 269, 271, 273, 283, 287, 289, 293, 294, 295, 297, 300, 308, 310, 313, 447, 474 Savage T M., 480 savings, 125, 389, 431 scaling, 11, 157 Scandinavia, 10, 148, 177, 214, 215, 283 scatter, 48, 82, 90, 91 scatter plot, 82, 90 Schatz M S., 480 Schaub D., 470 Scheepers P., 453, 454, 470 Scheuer A., 456, 480 Scheuregger D., 480 Schlueter E., 480 Schmidt P., 455 Schneider F., 453, 480, 481, 488 Schneider S L., 481 Schoeller D., 445 scholarship, 9, 20, 267, 297, 299 school, 22, 25, 50, 51, 141, 143, 145, 311, 312, 317, 319, 321, 343 Schuessler-Fiorenza E., 481 Schuknecht L., 483 Schumpeter J A., 481 Schwartz S H., 455, 481 science, vii, 6, 7, 21, 22, 23, 26, 35, 36, 41, 43, 46, 52, 84, 88, 104, 134, 139, 171, 215, 229, 239, 299, Index 315, 317, 319, 320, 321, 322, 343, 367, 368, 370, 371, 373, 375, 421, 432, 460, 461, 462, 473, 479 scientific knowledge, 297, 321 Scola A., 481 second generation, 6, 47, 49, 459 Second World, 7, 90 secondary data, 81, 97, 449 sectarianism, 315 secularism, 12, 19, 20, 56, 70, 172, 174, 177, 185, 204, 206, 214, 267, 270, 271, 287, 291, 338, 350, 381, 460 Secularism, 287, 460, 470 security, 1, 11, 51, 52, 113, 126, 141, 157, 158, 168, 170, 172, 190, 198, 202, 237, 244, 277, 304, 307, 308, 309, 311, 332, 391, 427, 428, 455, 465, 472, 482, 486, 488, 489 Seleny A., 481 self-discipline, 11, 158, 168 self-expression, 3, 5, 12, 13, 25, 26, 30, 38, 39, 51, 52, 131, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 177, 180, 181, 185, 190, 202, 332, 343, 344, 345, 348, 349, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 359, 360, 361, 363, 364, 365, 389, 391, 417, 419, 427, 428, 431, 444 self-expression values, 51, 52, 170, 173, 190, 391, 428 self-improvement, 322 Semyonov M., 461 sensitivity, 86, 106, 113, 127, 128, 133, 138 September 11 (9/11), xii, 299, 474, 478, 481 Serbia, 14, 19, 144, 147, 174, 176, 182, 196, 202, 204, 211, 215, 217, 250, 258, 259, 261, 271, 273, 314, 345, 346, 347, 348, 351, 393, 402, 404 Serbia and Montenegro, 14, 174, 176, 182, 196, 204, 211, 250, 258, 259, 273, 346, 347, 348, 351, 393, 402 services, xi, 4, 18, 53, 106, 125, 188, 191, 193, 200, 207, 216, 233, 267, 269, 270, 311, 394, 395, 398, 405, 476 sex (Gender), 5, 18, 188, 192, 195, 201, 208, 219, 233, 267, 269, 270 sexism, 21, 276, 297, 312 sexual activity, 421 sexual behavior, 444 sexuality, 389, 421 shadow economy, 3, 7, 8, 14, 16, 29, 31, 37, 38, 39, 50, 51, 53, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 137, 139, 140, 173, 188, 201, 239, 355, 361, 389, 391, 392, 396, 398, 400, 401, 402, 404, 409, 418, 419, 422, 424, 430, 443, 446, 451, 453, 454, 457, 488 Shadow Economy, v, 7, 42, 103, 105, 112, 113, 457, 481 Shah T S., 481 515 shame, 276 shape, 27, 70, 90, 345, 367, 373, 377 Sheikhzadegan A., 481 Sherman S., 481 Shirkey E C., 457 showing, 19, 24, 32, 43, 88, 90, 99, 116, 182, 269, 334, 345, 435 Shrout P E., 487 Sidaway J D., 481 Sides J., 453, 457, 482 Siegel D S., 465 Sigelman L., 482 signs, 92, 127, 276, 320 silver, 323 Silver B D., 455 Silver B J., 449 Silverberg G., 482 Simiand F., 482 simple linear regression, 81 simulation, 89 Sinai, 293 Sindradottir J., 489 Singapore, 32, 137, 144, 147, 175, 176, 182, 273, 347, 349, 351, 353, 361, 362, 433, 434, 435, 437 Skaksen J R., 471 Skinner C J., 453 Skocpol Th., 482 slaves, 277 Slovak Republic, 214, 283 Slovakia, 174, 176, 181, 196, 211, 217, 229, 247, 259, 261, 273, 291, 346, 347, 349, 351, 352, 353, 393, 402 Slovenia, 144, 147, 174, 176, 181, 196, 211, 229, 247, 258, 259, 261, 273, 291, 314, 346, 347, 349, 351, 354, 355, 361, 362, 393, 402, 433, 437 Smelser N J., 482 Smith R J., 482 Smith S., 462 social attitudes, 470, 479 social attributes, 302 social behavior, 27, 40, 43, 51, 367, 376, 377 social capital, 3, 16, 28, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 51, 192, 194, 200, 208, 218, 234, 245, 248, 263, 382 social change, 41 social class, 145, 298, 373, 374 Social cohesion, 489 social conformity, 170 social development, 15, 83, 231, 236, 239, 245 social environment, 157 social exclusion, 65, 67 social expenditure, social fabric, 157 social group, 374 516 Index social indicator, 97 social institutions, 113, 337 social justice, 157 social life, 12, 21, 169, 301, 307, 309, 326 social movements, 276, 298 social norms, 143, 391, 428 social obligations, 142 social order, 11, 35, 46, 157, 158, 168 social policy, 127, 475 social problems, 232 social relationships, 11, 156, 158 social responsibility, 460 social sciences, 7, 9, 21, 27, 67, 81, 86, 116, 168, 311, 315, 316, 331, 367, 376, 443 social security, 8, 105, 106, 107, 111, 425 social security payments, 8, 107, 111 social status, 132 social structure, 280, 429 social welfare, 10, 147, 148 society, viii, 5, 6, 13, 15, 16, 18, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 70, 72, 132, 137, 141, 142, 143, 157, 169, 170, 171, 188, 190, 193, 201, 213, 231, 234, 235, 237, 239, 240, 241, 244, 245, 263, 274, 278, 279,292, 300, 301, 303, 305, 307, 320, 321, 322, 325, 332, 334, 337, 354, 355, 367, 368, 369, 370, 371, 372, 373, 375, 376, 377, 381, 385, 389, 391, 392, 396, 397, 421, 427, 429, 432, 444, 449, 452, 458, 488 socioeconomic status, 306 sociology, vii, xi, 6, 13, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 105, 134, 167, 169, 177, 326, 332, 355, 361, 381, 489, 490 Söderlund P., 482 solidarity, 6, 11, 28, 46, 47, 49, 127, 157, 158, 316, 376, 462, 472 Solomou S N., 482 Solow R M., 482 solution, 85, 157, 197 South Africa, 6, 46, 48, 70, 175, 176, 181, 196, 204, 211, 214, 247, 261, 273, 283, 314, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 372, 393, 403 South Asia, 10, 11, 140, 148, 155, 159, 168, 338, 474 South Korea, vii, 10, 32, 127, 143, 148, 174, 176, 181, 196, 211, 214, 215, 219, 229, 261, 273, 283, 313, 346, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 393, 403, 405, 407, 433, 434, 435, 437, 464 Southeast Asia, 215 sovereign state, 320 sovereignty, 303 Soviet Union, 9, 17, 128, 129, 248, 263 Spain, 14, 17, 28, 32, 33, 59, 63, 71, 144, 147, 174, 176, 177, 181, 196, 204, 211, 214, 229, 246, 250, 254, 258, 259, 261, 273, 283, 290, 291, 312, 314, 328, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354, 361, 362, 374, 389, 394, 403, 404, 407, 433, 435, 436, 437 specialization, 84, 321, 332 species, 132, 327 Spencer H., 482 spending, 9, 56, 105, 129, 130, 239 Spier T., 480 spillovers, 129 spirituality, 328 Spring, v, xii, 20, 297, 299, 301, 444, 446, 467, 484, 485 Springler E., 466 SPSS, 13, 36, 78, 81, 96, 169, 187, 188, 190, 206, 236, 237, 421, 464, 482 Sri Lanka, 63 stability, 2, 20, 133, 138, 299 stabilization, 107 Stack S., 482 standard deviation, 32, 91, 96, 212, 230, 435, 437, 440, 441 Stark R., 473, 482 state, 5, 7, 8, 10, 21, 32, 38, 46, 47, 54, 56, 57, 82, 83, 85, 103, 104, 107, 111, 112, 116, 125, 126, 128, 133, 137, 142, 147, 148, 198, 239, 245, 265, 274, 288, 315, 316, 320, 372, 373, 375, 376, 392, 394, 395, 397, 399, 405, 421, 436, 444, 448, 449, 457, 469, 471, 487 State capacity, 104, 133, 137 state intervention, 8, 116, 392 states, 6, 9, 13, 17, 18, 20, 46, 48, 50, 57, 66, 99, 112, 116, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 138, 182, 215, 248, 255, 263, 279, 280, 281, 297, 300, 324, 345, 448, 449, 453, 457, 469 Stathopoulou T., 482 statistical inference, 92 Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 482 statistics, viii, 70, 79, 88, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 106, 169, 177, 190, 237, 245, 300, 316, 343, 451, 471 Steindl J., 482, 483 Steiner J M., 458 Stemplowski R., 483 Stepwise Regression, 92, 94, 443 stereotypes, 275 Sterman J D., 483 Stichnoth H., 481 Stiglitz J., 483 stimulus, 93 stock, 49, 375, 449, 453 stock exchange, 375 stock markets, 449 Stolle D., 464 Stouffer S., 483 Index stress, 28, 54, 115, 145, 373, 376 Stroemsnes K., 483 stroke, 372 strong interaction, 8, 107, 111 structural unemployment, 325 structuralism, 22, 317, 319 structure, 8, 11, 12, 27, 30, 64, 65, 85, 87, 89, 90, 107, 113, 140, 155, 168, 177, 185, 197, 206, 244, 302, 320, 367, 376, 396, 397, 429, 471 Studlar D T., 462 style, 177, 239, 245, 328, 465 subjective well-being, 38, 39, 51, 52, 126, 170, 171, 172, 190, 391, 428, 460 Subramanian A., 479 sub-Saharan Africa, 56 substitutes, 131, 132 succession, 6, 46, 49, 302 Sudan, 66, 70, 134, 297, 300, 308, 310, 315, 316 suicide, 4, 51, 52, 170, 190, 383, 384, 385, 386, 394, 395, 399, 404, 426, 427 Sullins D P., 483 Sullivan J., 483 Sunnis, 311 supernatural, 231, 374, 375 suppression, 338 surplus, 430 Survey Analysis, 95 survival, 3, 12, 30, 52, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 185, 190, 191, 199, 365, 391, 417, 419, 428 survival value, 171, 173, 190, 191, 199 Survival values, 52, 391, 428 sustainability, 66 Sustainable Development, 487 Sweden, vii, xi, 10, 12, 17, 24, 32, 63, 71, 79, 134, 144, 147, 148, 174, 175, 177, 181, 185, 196, 211, 212, 214, 216, 218, 233, 246, 248, 253, 254, 255, 258, 261, 273, 289, 290, 315, 331, 341, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 355, 361, 362, 389, 394, 403, 404, 405, 406, 433, 435, 437 Switzerland, 10, 17, 63, 71, 130, 134, 144, 147, 148, 174, 175, 177, 181, 196, 211, 214, 215, 218, 246, 248, 261, 273, 299, 315, 347, 348, 349, 351, 352, 353, 394, 403, 404, 406, 407, 459, 461, 476 Swygert K A., 472 syndrome, 170, 332, 427 synthesis, 156, 392 Syria, 25, 134, 240, 265, 297, 299, 302, 316, 335, 473 Syrian Arab Republic, 300 system analysis, 235 T Taagepera R., 483 517 Tabachnick B G., 483 Taiwan, viii, 15, 144, 147, 174, 176, 182, 195, 204, 211, 219, 261, 273, 314, 346, 347, 349, 351, 355, 361, 362, 394, 403, 417, 433, 434, 437 Talmain G., 445 Tang C F., 483 tanks, xi, 81, 316 Tanwir F., 483 Tanzania, 12, 14, 17, 174, 175, 176, 181, 185, 190, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 246, 248, 250, 261, 273, 283, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353, 394, 403, 404, 405, 406 Tanzania, United Republic Of, 175, 176, 181, 346, 348, 350, 352, 353 Tanzi V., 483 Taoism, 459 target, 98, 107 Tashan S., 453 Tausch A., vii, 463, 483, 484, 485, 486 Tavera C., 477 tax collection, 114 tax evasion, 5, 8, 37, 38, 105, 106, 114, 115, 131 Tax morale, 443 tax rates, 7, 103, 104, 105, 124 tax system, 8, 107 taxation, 8, 37, 107, 111, 125, 126 taxes, 4, 7, 8, 27, 37, 51, 73, 75, 103, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 114, 115, 128, 137, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 233, 367, 377, 378, 384, 385, 386, 389, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404, 421, 426, 427, 432, 447, 488 taxpayers, 37, 125 Taylor, 375, 445, 457, 482, 487 Taylor A M R., 482 Taylor Ch., 487 Taylor R C., 445 teachers, vii, viii, 155, 312 techniques, 7, 63, 64, 86, 94, 95, 132, 454, 473 technology, 22, 41, 82, 83, 87, 100, 114, 129, 171, 317, 318, 319, 429, 461 television, 74, 78, 386, 426, 427 Telhami S., 487 Ten Commandments, 24, 331, 333, 338, 339, 341, 372 tension, 127, 274, 370 Teorell J., 462, 487 ter Weel B., 446 terrorism, 452, 470, 484 terrorist organization, 374 terrorists, 452 tertiary education, 19, 267, 270 tertiary sector, 244 Tessler M., 466, 487 518 Index Thailand, 9, 14, 17, 131, 144, 147, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 216, 217, 219, 247, 250, 254, 262, 273, 314, 394, 403, 404, 406, 407 The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 468 The Church of Sweden, 212, 233 The Press, 4, 74, 78, 188, 191, 193, 200, 207, 217, 233, 387, 426, 427 theoretical approaches, 10, 139 theoretical assumptions, 189 Third World, 65, 70, 316, 345, 459 Thissen D., 472 Thomas G., 452 Thompson B., 487 Thompson W R., 487 threats, 198, 463 Thum M., 451 Tibi B., 487, 488 Tiemann T., 454 time series, 25, 67, 90, 92, 97, 106, 116, 127, 343, 344, 450, 451, 459, 473, 478 Torgler B., 447, 488 Torres A., 452 total factor productivity, 114 trade-off, 40, 43, 111, 112, 133, 137, 234, 237, 244, 263 traditional gender role, 12, 170, 171, 185, 428 traditional religion, 13, 14, 188, 198, 200, 201, 202, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 216, 221 traditional values, 169 traditionalism, 15, 174, 234, 235 traditions, 17, 21, 43, 53, 129, 139, 169, 201, 246, 248, 297, 312, 328, 338 training, vii, 23, 311, 322, 323 traits, 5, 35, 38, 39, 53 traits in a woman, 73, 75, 76 trajectory, 13, 15, 16, 18, 21, 47, 72, 188, 198, 199, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 263, 315, 335, 336 transactions, 106, 113 transcendence, 140 transformation, 72, 83, 89, 213, 338, 374, 467 transformation processes, 213 transition economies, 8, 103, 106, 107, 113, 443 translation, 312, 456 transnational corporations, 36, 81 transparency, 107 transport, 4, 37, 51, 71, 72, 73, 76, 79, 188, 192, 194, 200, 208, 215, 232, 376, 386, 389, 394, 395, 397, 399, 404, 421, 426, 427, 432 Transue J., 483 Trappers A., 464 treatment, 241, 326, 373, 472 Trebbi F., 479trial, 329 Trinidad and Tobago, 32, 144, 147, 196, 204, 211, 217, 218, 247, 262, 273, 315, 362, 389, 394, 403, 433, 435, 437 Tripp Ch., 488 tropical forests, 327 Trust, 112, 113, 445, 447, 451, 452, 463, 464, 466, 467, 470, 479, 482, 483, 490, 491 trustworthiness, 96, 97 Tunisia, 5, 24, 32, 35, 66, 275, 297, 298, 300, 302, 303, 306, 307, 308, 310, 315, 316, 334, 336, 355, 361, 362, 389, 433, 434, 435, 437 Tunisian revolution, 307, 309 Turkey, 5, 6, 13, 17, 24, 26, 28, 29, 32, 46, 48, 50, 59, 65, 66, 72, 144, 145, 147, 159, 175, 176, 177, 182, 190, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 247, 248, 251, 254, 255, 258, 259, 262, 265, 269, 271, 273, 283, 287, 290, 292, 293, 314, 334, 336, 337, 338, 345, 347, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 355, 361, 362, 382, 389, 391, 394, 403, 404, 433, 434, 435, 437, 447, 450, 453, 457, 459, 460, 464, 467, 469, 478, 486, 490 Turkmenistan, 134 Turks, 305 Turner B S., 489 U Ueberla K., 489 Uganda, 26, 29, 175, 176, 181, 190, 196, 204, 211, 214, 217, 218, 247, 251, 252, 262, 269, 273, 283, 347, 348, 350, 352, 353, 354, 389, 391, 394, 403, 405, 406 Ukraine, 12, 14, 174, 176, 182, 185, 196, 204, 211, 247, 250, 253, 254, 262, 273, 283, 314, 345, 346, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 394, 403, 433, 434, 437 Uncertainty Avoidance Index, 31, 141, 143, 145, 146, 152, 418, 419, 422, 423, 424 unemployment rate, 97, 425 UNESCO, 466, 485 United Arab Emirates, 66, 137, 300, 332, 427 United Kingdom (UK), 10, 24, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 70, 144, 147, 148, 177, 283, 289, 291, 306, 333, 334, 345, 354, 461, 465, 469, 473, 489, 491 United Nations, 74, 77, 83, 427, 471, 489 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 6, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 32, 40, 65, 67, 68, 70, 81, 82, 83, 84, 188, 198, 234, 235, 237, 238, 239, 240, 244, 245, 250, 297, 300, 389, 430, 433, 435, 489 United States (USA), 5, 10, 12, 14, 17, 20, 24, 28, 33, 43, 57, 63, 64, 66, 70, 71, 79, 144, 147, 148, 174, 175, 177, 181, 185, 196, 204, 211, 214, 229, 246, 248, 262, 271, 273, 283, 287, 303, 306, 307, 311, 519 Index 315, 316, 331, 339, 341, 345, 346, 348, 349, 351, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 394, 403, 406, 428, 433, 436, 437, 447, 448, 453, 454, 458, 466, 478, 487 Universalism and Benevolence, 140 universality, 127, 373 universe, 320, 329, 369, 370 universities, 311, 319 university, vii, xi, 5, 16, 18, 21, 29, 38, 42, 74, 77, 155, 167, 188, 192, 193, 233, 235, 236, 267, 269, 270, 315, 370, 381, 445, 447, 448, 449, 450, 452, 453, 455, 457, 458, 459, 460, 462, 463, 464, 465, 467, 468, 469, 470, 471, 476, 477, 479, 481, 482, 484, 486, 487, 488, 490 university education, 195 University is more important for a boy than for a girl, 5, 18, 38, 74, 77, 188, 192, 233, 267, 269, 270 Uras B R., 457 urban, 6, 22, 46, 48, 49, 244, 298, 317, 319 urbanization, 53, 311 Ursúa J F., 450 Uruguay, 10, 17, 32, 63, 134, 144, 147, 148, 175, 176, 181, 196, 211, 214, 215, 219, 246, 248, 250, 254, 262, 273, 283, 315, 346, 349, 351, 353, 355, 361, 362, 389, 394, 403, 407, 433, 435, 437 USSR, 9, 10, 13, 20, 63, 66, 131, 147, 148, 177, 214, 471 Uzbekistan, 5, 32, 33, 134, 362, 389, 433, 434, 435, 436, 437 V Vahiduddin S., 488 Vala J., 477, 489 van der Meer T., 489 Van Ewijk C., 489 Van Hoorn A., 472 van Ingen E., 489 van Tubergen F., 489 van Zanden J L., 452 vandalism, 306 variations, 19, 86, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 103, 116, 269, 466 varimax rotation, 52, 187, 191 Vatican, 17, 246, 248 vector, 85 Veira A., 458 velvet, 324 Venetoklis T., 458 Venezuela, 9, 10, 56, 63, 131, 144, 147, 148, 175, 177, 181, 196, 211, 214, 247, 262, 273, 283, 314, 345, 346, 348, 350, 352, 354, 394, 403 Vergolini L., 489 Vernon R., 489 victims, 316, 374 Viet Nam, 15, 175, 176, 181, 196, 204, 211, 217, 262, 273, 313, 347, 349, 351, 353, 394, 403, 404, 407 Vietnam, 17, 50, 144, 147, 214, 246, 248, 250, 251, 253, 254 violence, 145, 420, 488 vision, 22, 132, 265, 317, 324, 326, 337 visions, 132 Voas D., 489 Vogelsang T J., 489 voicing, 429 voiding, 16, 245, 248, 263 volatility, 445 vote, 74, 78, 130, 306, 307, 309, 464 voters, 265 voting, 426, 432, 466, 480 Voulgaris Y., 490 W Wagar W., 490 wages, 279 Wagner U., 480 Walterskirchen E., 461, 462 Wang J., 491 war, 48, 232, 304, 316, 333, 428, 447, 451, 470, 486, 488 war crimes, 316 War on Terror, 466 Warner C M., 490 Washington, 447, 460, 465, 471, 476, 478, 479, 480, 486, 487, 490 Washington Consensus, 479 waste, 327, 328 watches, 280 weakness, 232 wealth, 31, 65, 66, 126, 145, 156, 157, 190, 280, 325, 326, 389, 433, 435, 452 weapons, 21, 46, 52, 53, 299, 316 Weber M., 490 Weber R P., 490 Weede E., 490 Weil D N., 471 Weinberg R A., 462 Weldon S A., 490 welfare, 8, 105, 127, 157, 172, 373, 459, 472, 476 welfare state, 127, 172, 472 well-being, 48, 57, 83, 85, 103, 126, 127, 142, 156, 170, 190, 444 Welsch R E., 489 Welzel A., 490 Welzel C., 447, 465, 466, 476, 490 520 Index Wenner M W., 490 West Bank, 302 West K D., 453 Western Australia, 291 Western countries, 3, 19, 25, 26, 30, 32, 36, 38, 39, 65, 70, 71, 79, 144, 177, 185, 230, 267, 270, 289, 303, 306, 343, 355, 361, 365, 373, 389, 397, 436, 443 Western Europe, 144, 448, 449, 454, 455, 466, 468, 470, 472, 476, 477, 487, 490 Western Siberia, 252 Widenfalk O., 478 William James, 370, 371 Williams G., 452 Wind S L., 490 Wolf S., 467 Woman as a single parent, 5, 269, 270 Wood S., 478 Woolcock M., 490 Wooldridge J M., 490 work ethic, 5, 35, 38, 39, 53 workers, 4, 16, 29, 32, 38, 74, 77, 188, 192, 195, 200, 208, 216, 232, 240, 301, 302, 313, 314, 381, 387, 389, 433, 434, 435 working class, 373, 453 World Bank, 2, 9, 51, 65, 67, 70, 97, 134, 391, 429, 445, 471, 479, 490 world economy, 2, 6, 24, 35, 39, 48, 63, 64, 333, 334, 471 world order, 26, 50, 355, 361, 464 World Values Survey, v, vii, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 18, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 42, 43, 44, 50, 51, 52, 55, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75, 78, 79, 81, 86, 90, 97, 103, 104, 113, 116, 128, 129, 142, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 180, 185, 187, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 195, 198, 205, 206, 212, 231, 233, 237, 244, 250, 255, 267, 268, 269, 297, 311, 313, 314, 315, 331, 338, 339, 343, 344, 355, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 367, 381, 382, 385, 389, 390, 392, 395, 396, 398, 400, 401, 417, 420, 421, 426, 427, 432, 433, 435, 438, 439, 440, 441, 443, 444, 466, 470, 475, 484, 485, 486, 488 World War I, 315 X xenophobia, 12, 21, 140, 167, 168, 297, 312, 313, 314, 315, 345, 463 Xiao F., 470 Y Yale University, 469 Yemen, 5, 32, 297, 298, 299, 300, 308, 310, 315, 316, 362, 433, 434, 435, 437 Yesilada B., 445, 490 Yoo S H., 472 You J., 490, 491 You J -S., 491 Yugoslavia, 459, 463 Z Zak P J., 491 Zakaria F., 491 Zambia, 17, 196, 211, 214, 215, 247, 250, 252, 254, 262, 271, 273, 283, 314, 394, 403, 404 Zarigil Z., 491 Zen, 459 Zhao R., 453 Zhu A., 470 Ziegler V H., 469 Zimbabwe, 175, 176, 177, 182, 196, 204, 211, 214, 215, 218, 219, 247, 251, 252, 254, 262, 273, 283, 345, 347, 348, 350, 352, 354, 355, 361, 362, 394, 403, 404, 405, 406, 433, 437 Zingales L., 462 Zink L., 458 Zinkin J., 452 Zinnes C., 457 Zivot E., 491 Zuk L G., 487 ... 10 The Implosion of “Self-expression” in the West and Further Doubts about the Correctness of Inglehart’s Theory in the Light of the New Direct Measurements of Self-expression Values from the. .. of the shadow economy, contemporary sociological WVS research has failed hitherto to integrate the shadow economy into general theories of values and value change The data base of the World Values... Schumpeter and his hypothesis about the waning of family values and the capitalist family enterprise as the basis of the crisis of capitalism, we re-discover the positive contribution of religion for