World off art 8th edtion by henry m sayre chapter 14

WORLD OF ART EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 14 Architecture World of Art, Eighth Edition Henry M Sayre Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates All rights reserved Learning Objectives Describe the relationship between architecture and its environment Outline the architectural technologies that predate the modern era Describe the technological advances that have contributed to modern and contemporary architecture Describe how the idea of community serves as a driving force in architecture Introduction • American architect I M Pei won the commission for a plan to expand the Louvre Museum  This resulted in the underground center topped with a now-iconic glass pyramid • The "look" of buildings depends on two factors: environment and technology (materials and methods available to a culture) I M Pei, Glass Pyramid, Cour Napoléon, Louvre, Paris 1983–89; in front of the 17th-century Denon wing of the museum Pyramid height 69', width 108' © Tibor Bognar/Corbis [Fig 14-1] Environment • A building's form may echo or contrast the world around it, or respond to climate • The significance of the pyramids of Egypt may rely upon the image of the god Re, symbolized by rays of sun descending to the earth Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu Pyramids of Menkaure (ca 2470 BCE), Khafre (ca 2500 BCE), and Khufu (ca 2530 BCE) Original height of Pyramid of Khufu 480', length of each side at base 755' © Free Agents Limited/CORBIS Photo: Dallas and John Heaton [Fig 14-2] The Impact of Climate of • The View of Mulberry House and Street shows slaves' houses, which featured steeply pitched roofs in a style similar to the thatched-roof houses found in West Africa at the time  Since the climate was similar, it made sense; the design allowed warm air to rise in the interior so cool air could be trapped beneath it Thomas Coram, View of Mulberry House and Street ca 1800 Oil on paper Gibbes Museum of Art, Charleston, South Carolina Carolina Art Association, 1968.18.0001 © Image courtesy of the Gibbes Museum of Art/Carolina Art Association [Fig 14-3] The Impact of Climate of • The Spruce Tree House at Mesa Verde in Colorado reflects the relationship of the Anasazi people to their environment  The cave provided security  A kiva was a round, covered hole in the center of the communal plaza where all ceremonial life took place • It featured horizontally laid logs built up to form a dome with an access hole Spruce Tree House, Mesa Verde ca 1200–1300 CE Courtyard formed by restoration of the roofs over two underground kivas Photo: John Deeks/Photo Researchers, Inc [Fig 14-4] Community Life of • Rather than a symbol of community, the skyscraper grew to become a symbol of human anonymity and loneliness • Richard Meier's Atheneum was built on the site of two of America's great utopian communities  It serves as the Visitors Center of historic New Harmony Richard Meier, Atheneum, New Harmony, Indiana 1979 Digital imaging project Photo © Mary Ann Sullivan [Fig 14-51] Community Life of • New York's Central Park was an attempt to put city dwellers more in touch with nature  Frederick Law Olmstead modeled the design after eighteenth-century gardens of English country estates  It features "gracefully curved lines" that contrast the sharp cornered buildings of the surrounding city Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux, Central Park, New York City 185787 â Ball Miwako/Alamy [Fig 14-52] Suburbia Olmstead also designed Riverside, Illinois as one of the first suburbs of Chicago • Growth in the suburbs exploded around the 1920s, with growth rates doubling that of the central cities  This led to the development of a highway system, but also the collapse of the financial base of the urban center Olmsted, Vaux & Co., General plan of Riverside, Illinois 1869 Courtesy of United Stated Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Frederick Law Olmsted National Historic Site [Fig 14-53] Los Angeles Freeway Interchange © Chad Ehlers/Alamy [Fig 14-54] Infrastructure of • Cities were faced with urban decline and the demise of infrastructure, or systems that deliver services to people  Detroit has yet to recover from 1967 riots and loss of jobs in the auto industry Infrastructure of • The attack on the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 greatly damaged New York's infrastructure  An architectural competition for rebuilding called for addressing urban planning as well as the site's significance  Calatrava's plan is based on a drawing of a child's hands releasing a bird into the air Santiago Calatrava, Port Authority Trans Hudson (PATH) station, World Trade Center site 2004 Digital three-dimensional model © 2015 Santiago Calatrava/Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VEGAP, Madrid [Fig 14-55] The Critical Process Thinking about Architecture • The needs of humans to dwell in suitable habitats and congregate in livable communities remains much the same across history, despite architectural advances • Moshe Safdie's Habitat was based on modular designs and recalls the living structures of the Taos Pueblo people Multistory apartment block, Taos Pueblo, New Mexico Originally built 1000–1450 © Karl Weatherly/Corbis [Fig 14-56] Moshe Safdie, Habitat, Montreal, Canada 1967 © Michael Harding/Arcaid/Corbis [Fig 14-57] Thinking Back of Describe the relationship between architecture and its environment Outline the architectural technologies that predate the modern era Thinking Back of Describe the technological advances that have contributed to modern and contemporary architecture Describe how the idea of community serves as a driving force in architecture ... significance of the pyramids of Egypt may rely upon the image of the god Re, symbolized by rays of sun descending to the earth Pyramids of Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu Pyramids of Menkaure (ca 2470... Thomas Coram, View of Mulberry House and Street ca 1800 Oil on paper Gibbes Museum of Art, Charleston, South Carolina Carolina Art Association, 1968.18.0001 © Image courtesy of the Gibbes Museum... Denon wing of the museum Pyramid height 69', width 108' â Tibor Bognar/Corbis [Fig 14- 1] Environment A building's form may echo or contrast the world around it, or respond to climate • The significance