WORLD OF ART EIGHTH EDITION CHAPTER 12 Sculpture World of Art, Eighth Edition Henry M Sayre Copyright © 2016, 2013, 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliates All rights reserved Learning Objectives of Differentiate among relief, sculpture in-the-round, and sculpture as an environment Describe carving as a method of sculpture and account for its association with spiritual life Account for the popularity of molded ceramic sculpture Learning Objectives of Describe the casting process, and the lost-wax process in particular Define assemblage and account for its association with the idea of transformation Compare and contrast installations and earthworks as environments Describe how the body becomes sculptural in performance art Introduction of • Sculpture employs two processes Subtractive processes are when the sculptor works with materials larger than the finished work and the mass has pieces removed until the mass achieves its final form Additive processes are when the artist builds the work from added materials Introduction of • Sarah Sze's Triple Point (Pendulum) is an additive work consisting of objects arranged in a circle and oriented like a compass A pendulum hanging from the ceiling is at the center of the work The objects create a sense of purpose and randomness simultaneously Sarah Sze, Triple Point (Pendulum) 2013 Salt, water, stone, string, projector, video, pendulum, and mixed media, dimensions variable © Sarah Sze Courtesy of Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York and Victoria Miro Gallery, The Three Forms of Sculptural Space • Sculptures intrude into the viewers' space as relief, in-the-round, and environments • Performance art can create a living sculpture from the bodies of its performers Relief of • A carved relief sculpture has threedimensional depth but is only meant to be viewed from one side, or frontally • Low (bas-) relief and high (haut-) relief are ways to describe this type of sculpture according to how shallow or deep its characteristics are carved High-relief sculptures project from their base by at least half their depth Relief of • The Parthenon frieze, called Maidens and Stewards, is considered low relief and features naturalistic figures • Two examples of high-relief sculpture were the depictions of the Sacrifice of Isaac created by Brunelleschi and Ghiberti in competition to win the commission for the baptistery doors in Florence Maidens and Stewards, fragment of the Panathenaic Procession, from the east frieze of the Parthenon, Acropolis, Athens 447–438 BCE Marble, height approx 43" Musée du Louvre, Paris Bridgeman Images [Fig 12-2] Karen McCoy, Considering Mother's Mantle, project for Stone Quarry Hill Art Park, Cazenovia, New York (detail) 1992 Gridded pond made by transplanting arrowhead leaf plants, 40 × 50' Photo courtesy of the artist [Fig 12-30] Art Parks of • Zhang Huan's Three-Legged Buddha is a recent addition to the Storm King Art Center It was conceived as a tribute to all Buddha sculptures destroyed in China's Cultural Revolution in the 60s and 70s Incense burns inside the sculpture and rises through the perforations and hatches accessible to viewers Zhang Huan, Three-Legged Buddha 2007 Steel and copper, 28' 2-1/2" × 42' × 22' 7-5/8" Storm King Art Center, Hudson Valley, New York Photograph by Jerry L Thompson © Zhang Huan Studio, courtesy of Pace Gallery [Fig 12-31] Performance Art as Living Sculpture of • Zhang Huan also explored performances before coming to America He invited immigrant workers in Beijing to stand in a pond in order to raise the water in the pond by one meter—an accomplishment the artist admitted as an "action of no avail," yet poetic justice for the government not acknowledging the needs of its people Zhang Huan, To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond August 15, 1997 Performance documentation (middle-distance detail), Nanmofang fishpond, Beijing, China C-print on Fuji archival paper, 60 × 90" Courtesy of Zhang Huan Studio [Fig 12-32] Performance Art as Living Sculpture of • Allan Kaprow "invented" Happenings, or events performed or perceived in more than one time and place He was inspired by the work of Jackson Pollock Household involved only participants, no spectators; women built a nest and licked jam off a wrecked car that men eventually destroyed with sledgehammers Allan Kaprow, Household 1964 Licking jam off a car hood, near Ithaca, New York Cornell University Library Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections Photo: Sol Goldberg [Fig 12-33] Performance Art as Living Sculpture of • Marina Abramović and Uwe Laysiepen (formerly Ulay) performed primarily using their bodies In Imponderabilia, they stood naked and less than a foot apart at the entrance to the gallery so people had to choose which body to face as they passed through • The performance was halted after 90 minutes when police arrived Marina Abramović and Ulay, Imponderabilia 1977 Performance at the Galleria Communale d'Arte Moderna, Bologna, Italy Abramovic: © 2015 Marina Abramovic Courtesy of Sean Kelly Gallery/(ARS), New York Ulay: © 2015 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/VG Bild-Kunst, Bonn [Fig 12-34] Performance Art as Living Sculpture of • Abramović has continued her performance work solo The House with the Ocean View was a living installation with three open rooms suspended feet above the gallery floor where the artist drank water, used the toilet, slept, and hummed as well as engaged in silent "energy dialogues" with the audience Marina Abramović, The House with the Ocean View—Nov 22 9:54 am, 2002 Living installation November 15–26, 2002 Sean Kelly Gallery, New York © 2015 Marina Abramovic Courtesy of Sean Kelly Gallery/(ARS), New York The Critical Process Thinking about Sculpture • Over the River by husband-and-wife duo Christo and Jeanne-Claude was proposed as a temporary 6-mile-long installation of fabric panels The work could be viewed from both sky and river level • An Environmental Impact Statement was required for this work—the first of its kind for art Christo, Over the River, Project for the Arkansas River, State of Colorado 2010 Drawing in two parts (detail), pencil, charcoal, pastel, wax crayon, enamel paint, wash, fabric sample, hand-drawn topographic map, and technical data, detail size 19 × 96" and 42 × 96" Thinking Back of Differentiate among relief, sculpture in-the-round, and sculpture as an environment Describe carving as a method of sculpture and account for its association with spiritual life Account for the popularity of molded ceramic sculpture Thinking Back of Describe the casting process, and the lost-wax process in particular Define assemblage and account for its association with the idea of transformation Compare and contrast installations and earthworks as environments Describe how the body becomes sculptural in performance art ... of Benin 18th century Brass and iron, height 13-1/8" Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Gift of Mr and Mrs Klaus G Perls, 1991.17.2 © 2015 Image copyright Metropolitan Museum of Art/ Art Resource/Scala,... Sshape Menkaure with a Woman, probably Khamerernebty, from valley temple of Menkaure, Giza Dynasty 4, ca 2480 BCE Schist, height 4'' 8" Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Boston Museum Fine Art Expedition,... 28" Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo, New York Gift of Mr and Mrs Ben Mildwoff, 136.1958.1-57 © 2015 Digital image, Museum of Modern Assemblage of • African cultures use assemblage to create