Physiology of behavior 11th ed carlson pearson,

Why Do You Need this New Edition? If you’re wondering why you should buy this new edition of Physiology of Behavior, here are several good reasons: • • • • • • Over 400 new research references Biopsychology as a field evolves rapidly, with new research methods applied every year The new research reported in this edition reflects the enormous advances made in research methods Instructors will include this new material in your exams Updated illustrations The author has revised existing art and prepared new art to illustrate research that is described for the first time in this edition The result is a set of up-to-date, clear, consistent, and attractive illustrations NEW Review Questions are included at the end of each chapter so you can check your understanding of the chapter’s content Updated Section Summaries with Thought Questions Summaries appear at the end of each major section so you have the chance to stop and review several times in each chapter Section Summaries now include Thought Questions so you can test your understanding of the material NEW MyPsychLab combines original online learning applications with online assessments to help you engage in learning, assess your progress, and help you succeed For each chapter of the text, MyPsychLab has a pre-test, post-test and chapter exam so you can get immediate feedback on your progress You will receive a personalized study plan to help you succeed MyPsychLab also contains an eText so you can access your textbook anytime, anywhere, including listening online NEW feature: Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab This feature appears at the end of every chapter and directs you to relevant content in the Virtual Brain application in MyPsychLab Virtual Brain is an interactive 3D application which allows you to take tours through different sections of the brain while using real life scenarios to explain behavior This page intentionally left blank eleventh edition Physiology of Behavior Neil R Carlson University of Massachusetts, Amherst Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Craig Campanella Editor in Chief: Jessica Mosher Acquisitions Editor: Amber Chow Senior Sponsoring Editor: Amber Mackey Editorial Assistant: Diane Szulecki Director of Marketing: Brandy Dawson Senior Marketing Manager: Nicole Kunzmann Senior Managing Editor: Maureen Richardson Project Manager: Annemarie Franklin Senior Operations Supervisor: Mary Fischer Operations Specialist: Diane Peirano Creative Director: Blair Brown Art Director Cover: Leslie Osher Cover Designer: Joseph DePinho Project Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Cenveo Publisher Services/Nesbitt Graphics Cover Art: iStock Photos Media Editor: Michael Halas Printer/Binder: Courier/Kendallville Cover Printer: Lehigh-Phoenix Color/Hagerstown Text Font: ITC New Baskerville Std Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007, 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data available upon request 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Student Edition: ISBN-10: 0-205-23939-0 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23939-9 Instructor’s Review Copy: ISBN-10: 0-205-23948-X ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23948-1 A la Carte: ISBN-10: 0-205-23981-1 ISBN-13: 978-0-205-23981-8 Brief Contents Chapter     1 Introduction 1 Chapter     2 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System  27 Chapter     3 Structure of the Nervous System  66 Chapter     4 Psychopharmachology 99 Chapter     5 Methods and Strategies of Research  130 Chapter     6 Vision 164 Chapter     7 Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses  207 Chapter     8 Control of Movement  255 Chapter     9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms  288 Chapter 10 Reproductive Behavior  323 Chapter 11 Emotion 359 Chapter 12 Ingestive Behavior  393 Chapter 13 Learning and Memory  434 Chapter 14 Human Communication  479 Chapter 15 Neurological Disorders  516 Chapter 16 Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders  552 Chapter 17 Anxiety Disorders, Autistic Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Stress Disorders  584 Chapter 18 Drug Abuse  614 v This page intentionally left blank Contents Introduction  Understanding Human Consciousness: A Physiological Approach  Blindsight 4 Split Brains  Unilateral Neglect  Perception of Self  ■ Section Summary  The Nature of Behavioral Neuroscience  The Goals of Research  10 Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience  10 ■ Section Summary  14 Evolution of the Human Species  16 Evolution of Large Brains  19 ■ Section Summary  21 Ethical Issues in Research with Animals  22 Careers in Neuroscience  26 ■ Section Summary  24 Strategies for Learning  25 Review Questions  26 Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab  26 Natural Selection and Evolution  14 Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits  14 Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System  Cells of the Nervous System  29 Neurons 29 Supporting Cells  36 The Blood–Brain Barrier  39 ■ Section Summary  40 Communication Within a Neuron  41 Neural Communication: An Overview  41 Measuring Electrical Potentials of Axons  43 The Membrane Potential: Balance of Two Forces  45 The Action Potential  46 Conduction of the Action Potential  49 ■ 27 Activation of Receptors  56 Postsynaptic Potentials  57 Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials  58 Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration  60 Autoreceptors 60 Other Types of Synapses  61 Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication  62 ■ Section Summary  63 Review Questions  65 Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab  65 Section Summary  50 Communication Between Neurons  51 Structure of Synapses  52 Release of Neurotransmitter  54 vii viii Contents Structure of the Nervous System  Basic Features of the Nervous System  67 An Overview  70 Meninges 70 The Ventricular System and Production of CSF  71 ■ 66 The Peripheral Nervous System  93 Spinal Nerves  93 Cranial Nerves  93 The Autonomic Nervous System  94 ■ Section Summary  98 Section Summary  74 The Central Nervous System  74 Review Questions  98 Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab  98 Development of the Central Nervous System  74 The Forebrain  80 The Midbrain  88 The Hindbrain  89 The Spinal Cord  91 ■ Section Summary  92 Psychopharmacology  Principles of Psychopharmacology  101 Pharmacokinetics 101 Drug Effectiveness  103 Effects of Repeated Administration  104 Placebo Effects  105 ■ Section Summary  106 Sites of Drug Action  106 Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters  107 Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters  108 Effects on Receptors  108 Effects on Reuptake or Destruction of Neurotransmitters  110 ■ Section Summary  110 99 Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators  111 Acetylcholine 111 The Monoamines  114 Amino Acids  121 Peptides 123 Lipids 124 Nucleosides 125 Soluble Gases  126 ■ Section Summary  127 Review Questions  129 Explore the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab  129 Contents Methods and Strategies of Research  Experimental Ablation  132 Section Summary  144 Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity  146 Recording Neural Activity  146 Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity  149 Stimulating Neural Activity  151 ■ ■ Section Summary  159 Genetic Methods  160 Twin Studies  160 Adoption Studies  161 Genomic Studies  161 Targeted Mutations  161 Antisense Oligonucleotides  162 ■ Section Summary  162 Review Questions  163 Vision  164 The Stimulus  166 Anatomy of the Visual System  167 The Eyes  167 Photoreceptors 169 Connections Between Eye and Brain  171 Section Summary  173 Coding of Visual Information in the Retina  174 Coding of Light and Dark  174 Coding of Color  176 ■ Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals 156 Localizing Particular Receptors  157 Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain  158 Section Summary  154 ■ 130 Neurochemical Methods  156 Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage  132 Producing Brain Lesions  132 Stereotaxic Surgery  134 Histological Methods  135 Tracing Neural Connections  139 Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain  142 ■ ix Section Summary  180 Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Striate Cortex  181 Anatomy of the Striate Cortex  181 Orientation and Movement  181 Spatial Frequency  182 Retinal Disparity  184 Color 184 Modular Organization of the Striate Cortex  185 ■ Section Summary  186 Analysis of Visual Information: Role of the Visual ­Association Cortex  187 Two Streams of Visual Analysis  187 Perception of Color  190 Perception of Form  191 Perception of Movement  198 Perception of Spatial Location  201 ■ Section Summary  204 Review Questions  206 Exploring the Virtual Brain in MyPsychLab  206 736 Subject Index Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopdin (NpHR), 153–154, 153f Natural selection, 15, 15 Navigational tasks, 469–470 ncRNA See Non-coding RNA (ncRNA) NE See Norepinephrine Neanderthals, 18 NEAT (nonexercise activity thermogenesis), 422 Negative afterimage, 179, 179, 180f Negative feedback, 395, 395 Negative reinforcement, 620, 620–621 and drug addiction, 620–621 vs punishment, 620 Negative symptoms of schizophrenia, 554, 554–555, 555t, 559 PCP abuse and, 565–566, 566f relation with positive symptoms, 565–567 Neocortex, 84, 84 Neomycin, and auditory hair cell damage, 216 Neostigmine, 113, 113, 127t Neostriatum, 115, 454, 455f Neoteny, 20, 20–21 in evolution of human skull, 21f Nerve(s), 30, 31f doctrine of specific energies, 13 and message transmission, 12–13 interpretation of, 12–13 speed of conduction through, 13–14 Nerve cells See Neurons Nervous system, 66–98 basic features of, 67–74 descriptive terms of, 68–69 development of, 75f, 76f directional terms of, 68–69 major divisions of, 70t relation to rest of body, 71f Nesting behavior, 353, 353f Neural activity recording, 146–151 stimulating, 151–154 Neural adhesion protein, 529, 529 Neural communication, 41–43 within neuron, 41–43 between neurons, 51–63 nonsynaptic, 62–63 synaptic, 51–62 Neural connections, tracing, 139–142, 140f anterograde labeling method, 140, 140f, 141f, 142f retrograde labeling method, 141–142, 142f Neural integration, 60, 60, 61f Neural tube, 75, 75, 75f Neuraxis, 68, 68 Neurinoma, 518t Neurodegenerative disorders, 531–548 Neurofibrillary tangles, 540, 540–541, 541f Neurogenesis, 79, 79 in adults, 475–476, 476f in depression, 577–578, 579f effect of learning on, 79 exercise and, 578, 579f hippocampal, in memory consolidation, 475–476 Neuroglia, 35–39 development of, 77 Neurological disorders, 516–550 Neurology, 24 Neuromagnetometers, 149 Neuromodulators, 62, 62, 110–113 localizing, 156–158 measuring, 158–159 nucleoside, 125–126 Neuromuscular junction, 258, 258 Neurons, 29–35 basic structure of, 29–31, 30f bipolar, 30, 30f communication See Neural communication and inclusion bodies, 539 internal structure of, 31–35, 32f interneurons, 29, 29–30 migration of, 77f motor, 28 multipolar, 30, 30f internal structures of, 32f regenerative properties of, 39 scanning-electron micrograph of, 138f sensory, 28 stroke’s effect on, 524 supporting cells of, 35–39 unipolar, 30, 30f Neuropeptide Y (NPY), 416, 416–417, 418, 428t multiple effects of, 417 role in anorexia, 430 Neuropeptide Y neurons connections of, 418f leptin receptors in, 420f Neuropeptides, involved in eating, 428t Neuropsychology, experimental, 24 Neuroscience behavioral, 9–14, 24 See also Behavioral neuroscience careers in, 24 historical perspective of, 11–14 cognitive, 24 Neurosecretory cells, 87, 87, 88f Neurotransmitter(s), 31, 31.See also specific neurotransmitters in addiction, 637 amino acids, 120–123 autoreceptors for, 60–61 in brain, 110–123 localizing, 156–158, 157f measuring, 158–159 drugs affecting, 107f, 112–113 lipid, 124–125 localizing, 156–158, 157f measuring, 158–159 peptide, 123–124 involved in eating, 428t release of, 54–55, 54f regulation of, 60, 61f reuptake of, 58, 59f drugs affecting, 107f, 110 soluble gases, 126 supersensitivity to, 558 Neurotransmitter-dependent ion channels, 56, 56–579, 56f major types of, 57–58, 58f Newborns, face recognition by, 196–197, 196f Nicotine, 127t, 627–631 addiction, treatment for, 639–640, 640f Nicotine maintenance therapy, 639–640 Nicotinic receptors, 113, 113, 629, 637 Night terrors (pavor nocturnus), 297 Nightmares, 293–294 Nigrostriatal system, 115, 115 overactivity of neurons in, 557 in Parkinson’s disease, 534, 534f, 535 Nissl, Franz, 137 Nissl substance, 137 Nitric oxide (NO), 126, 126 Nitric oxide synthase, 126, 126, 445, 445 Nitroglycerine, administration of, 102 NMDA, effect on glutamate receptors, 128t NMDA receptors, 121, 121, 121f, 442 and classical conditioning, 453 disruption of, and schizophrenia ­symptoms, 565–566 and long-term depression, 447–448 and long-term potentiation, 442f in long-term potentiation, 442, 443 NO (nitric oxide), 126, 126 Nociceptors, 235 Node of Ranvier, 37, 37, 37f Nonclassical congenital adrenal ­hyperplasia (NCAH), 341 Non-coding RNA (ncRNA), 34 in protein synthesis, 33f, 34 Noncompetitive binding, 108, 108, 109f Nondeclarative learning task, slow-wave sleep and, 302, 302f Nondeclarative memory, 463, 463 REM sleep and, 302 Nondeclarative memory tasks, examples of, 463t Nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT), 422 Non-REM sleep, 292, 292 Noradrenalin See Norepinephrine (NE) Noradrenergic neurons, 118–119, 118f and arousal, 306, 306f drugs affecting, 128t and REM sleep, 147, 306, 306f Noradrenergic receptors, 118–119 Norepinephrine (NE), 111, 117, 117–119 and arousal, 306 biosynthesis of, 114, 114f and REM sleep, 306 secretion of, 96 as stress hormone, 602 Nouns, anomia for, 493 nPGi See Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) NPY See Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Nucleolus, 32, 32 Nucleosides, 125–126 Nucleus (cell), 32 median preoptic, 309 of neuron, 32, 32f sublaterodorsal, in REM sleep, 312 Nucleus accumbens (NAC), 115, 455, 455–456, 456f dopamine release by cocaine/amphetamine and, 627, 627f nicotine and, 628–629, 629f opiates and, 625 THC and, 633, 634f in drug addiction, 618–619 electrical stimulation of See also Deep brain stimulation (DBS); Electrical brain stimulation maternal behavior and, 355–356, 357f nicotine receptors in, 628–629 and reinforcement, 455–456 in reinforcement, 458 in schizophrenia, 557 Nucleus basalis, and emotional, response, 362f Nucleus of the solitary tract, 246, 246 and hunger signals, 414, 414f Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi), 348, 348 and male sexual behavior, 348, 349f Subject Index Nucleus raphe magnus, 240, 240 Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis, and emotional response, 362f Nucleus/nuclei (collection of neurons), 86, 86 See also specific nuclei of amygdala, 362f cerebellar, 282–283, 283f hypothalamic, 87f thalamic, 86–87, 278, 279f Nystagmus, 228 ob mouse, 412–413, 413f Obesity, 421–427 addictive eating and, 424 in Pima Indians, 423 possible causes of, 421–423 prevalence of, 421, 422f treatments for, 424–427 Object recognition, visual word-form area in, 508–509, 508f, 509f Obsessions, 588, 588–589 Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 588, 588–592 and autism, 597 causes of, 589–590 treatment of, 590–592 Obstetric complications, schizophrenia and, 561–562 Obstructive hydrocephalus, 73, 73 surgical correction of, 73, 74f Occipital lobe, 81, 81–82, 83f seizure impact on, 521 OCD See Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) Ocular dominance, 185, 185–186 orientation sensitivity and, 185–186, 185f Oculomotor nerve, 95f Odor(s) perception of, 250–253, 251f as pheromones, 335–338, 343 Odorants, 248 OFC See Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) Olds, James, 455 Olfaction, 248–253 anatomy of olfactory apparatus, 248–249 coding of, 250–251, 252f and maternal behavior in rat, 355, 356f scent-tacking behavior and, 248, 249f and sexual behavior, 335–338 split brain and, 6, 7f stimulus for, 248 transduction of olfactory information, 250 Olfactory bulb, 94, 94, 249, 249, 250f neurogenesis in, in memory ­consolidation, 475–476 regions of, 251–252, 252f Olfactory epithelium, 248, 248–249 Olfactory glomerulus, 249, 249, 251f odor masking and, 253 and perception of specific odors, 250–253 Olfactory nerve, 95f Oligodendrocytes, 37, 37, 37f, 38f Oligonucleotides, antisense, 166 Olivocochlear bundle, 214, 214 Onychophagia, 591 Operant conditioning See Instrumental conditioning Ophthalmoscope, 13 Opiate(s), 123, 128t, 625–626 addiction, treatment for, 638–639 effects of, neural basis of, 625 lipid solubility of, 103 reinforcing effects of, 625 withdrawal effects of, 625–626 Opiate blockers, 625–626 Opiate receptors, 625, 626f alcohol craving and, 633, 634f Opioids See Endogenous opioids Opponent colors, 176 Opponent-color system, 178–179 Opsin, 170, 170 Optic chiasm, 87, 87, 87f, 172, 172, 173f Optic disk, 168, 168 Optic flow, 198, 198–199 Optic nerve, 95f, 168f Oral administration, 102, 102 Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), 249 effect of PYY on, 419, 420f in obsessive-compulsive patients, 590 Orbits, 167 Orexigenic neurons, role in sleep, 310–311, 310f Orexigenics, appetite and, 426–427 Orexigens, 415–416 Orexin, 296, 296, 307, 415, 415–416, 428t in addiction, 619–620, 631 and arousal, 307–308 in smoking, 631 Orexin neurons connections of, 416f inhibition of, CART and, 419 location of, 416f Organ of Corti, 210, 210, 211f scanning electron photomicrograph of, 213f Organic senses, 231, 231 Organizational effect (of hormone), 325 on aggressive behavior, 371–373, 372f on sexual behavior, 334, 335f testosterone, 372f Organizational effects, 325, 325–326 Organophosphates, effects on sleep, 156 Organum vasculosum of lamina terminalis See OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis) Orientation sensitivity, 181–182, 182f, 185 and ocular dominance, 185–186, 185f Orlistat, for weight loss, 426 Orthographic dysgraphia, 512, 512, 512f, 514t Oscilloscope, 43 Osmometric thirst, 397, 397–400 control of, 398–400 food-related, 398 Osmoreceptors, 398, 398 hypothetical action of, 399, 399f Osmosis, 397 Ossicles, 209, 209–210, 210f Osteoporosis, in anorexics, 429 Otoconia, 229, 229f Oval window, 209, 209, 210f, 212f Ovarian follicles, 332, 332 Ovaries, 326f Overeating, as addiction, 424 Overtones, 219, 219 OVLT (organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis), 398, 398–400, 398f, 402 osmoreceptors in, 398–400 Ovulation, 332 Oxidative stress, sleep deprivation and, 300 Oxytocin, 88, 330t, 333, 333 and autism, 596 and male sexual behavior, 333 737 in pair bonding, 351 and paternal behavior, 357 p75 neurotrophin receptor, 542 Pacinian corpuscles, 231, 231–232, 232f, 232t in muscle, 257f PAG See Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) Pain, 234–235 endogenous modification of, 240, 240f perception of, 237–243 Pair bonding, 350–351 Pallidotomies, 536 Panic disorder, 586, 586, 586–588, 588f Papillae, tongue, 244, 244f Parabelt region, 215, 215, 216f Parabrachial nucleus, and emotional response, 362f Paradoxical sleep See REM sleep Parahippocampal cortex, 464, 464, 464f Parahippocampal place area (PPA), 195, 195, 195f and object-memory retrieval, 451 Parasympathetic division, of ANS, 95, 96, 96–98, 97f Parasympathetic ganglia, 98 Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus, 415f, 417 and emotional response, 362f and glucocorticoid secretion, 602 and seasonal rhythms of sleep, 320 Parental behavior, 352–357 Paresis emotional facial, 385, 385f volitional facial, 385, 385f Parietal lobe, 81, 81–82, 83f functions of, 239, 269 seizure impact on, 521 Parietal reach region, 275, 275f Parkin gene, 534, 534, 535f Parkinson’s disease, 115, 115, 280–281, 533–538 cause of, 86, 280–281 causes of, 534–535 dopamine transporters in, 627, 628f dopaminergic neurons in, 534 gene therapy for, 538, 539f Lewy body in, 534, 534f parkin gene in, 534, 535f pathophysiology of, 534–535, 534f, 535f PET imaging in, 159f symptoms of, 86, 280, 533–534 treatment of, 25, 115, 281, 535–538 Partial agonist, 567, 567 effects of, 567f Partial seizures, 520, 520, 520t Partial sleep deprivation, for depression, 580 Parturition, 353, 353 Parvocellular layers/system, 171, 171, 172f, 189–190, 379–380 in communication of emotion, 379–380, 380f properties of, 190t Patellar reflex, 261 Paternal behavior, neural control of, 356 Pattern recognition, 223 Pavlov, Ivan, 363 Pavor nocturnus (night terrors), 297 p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), 119, 119 effects on serotonergic synapses, 128t 738 Subject Index PCP (phencyclidine), 122, 122, 625 abuse of, relation with negative ­symptoms, 565–566 and schizophrenia symptoms, 565–566 site of action of, 565–566 PCPA See p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) Pelvic thrusting, 332, 333 Penile erections, during REM sleep, 292–293, 314 Peptide(s), 62, 62 involved in eating, 428t localization in brain, 156, 157f neurotransmitters, 123–124 Peptide YY3-36 (PYY), 411, 411, 428t effect on orbitofrontal cortex, 419, 420f effects on hunger, 411f effects on hypothalamus, 419, 420f per proteins, 319 Perception basic function of, 9–10 brain areas responsible for, 84 spatial, and learning, 469–470, 470f Perceptual learning, 435, 435, 438f, 449–452 and broken drawing task, 461, 461f function of, 449 Perforant path, 439 Perfusion, 136, 136 Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), 89, 89, 90f, 348, 348 and aggressive behavior, 365, 366f and emotional response, 365 and female sexual behavior, 349, 350f maternal behavior and, 355, 356f Peribrachial area, firing on REM-ON cell in, 311f REM sleep and, 311–312 Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 29, 29, 92–96 autonomic, 94–96, 97f major divisions of, 70t, 98t regenerative properties of, 39 somatic, 94 supporting cells of, 35–39 Peripheral peptides, involved in eating, 428t Peripheral vision, 174, 174f Perirhinal cortex, 464, 464, 464f Peritoneal cavity, 101 Persecution, delusions of, 554 Persistent Müllerian duct syndrome, 328, 328 PET (positron emission tomography), 150, 150–151, 159f Petit mal seizures, 521 PGi See Nucleus paragigantocellularis (nPGi) Phagocytosis, 36, 36–37 PHA-L, 140, 140, 141 in tracing of efferent axons, 140f, 141, 141f Phantom limb, 239, 239 Pharmacokinetics, 101, 101–103 Pharmacology, 99–129 See also Drug(s) Phase advance, in seasonal affective ­disorder, 581, 581f Phase delay, in seasonal affective disorder, 581, 581f Phase differences, 219–220, 220 localization of sounds through, 220f Phencyclidine (PCP), 625 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 529, 529–530 Pheromones, 249, 335–338 and aggressive behavior, 372 Phonagnosia, 497 Phonetic reading, 503, 503, 504–505 vs whole-word reading, 504–505, 505f Phonological dysgraphia, 512, 512, 512f, 514t Phonological dyslexia, 504, 504–505, 504f, 514t Phonological loop, 493 Photopigments, 170, 170 Photoreceptors, 168, 168, 169–171, 169t, 170f absorption characteristics of, 176–177, 177f Photosensitive proteins, 153–154, 153f Photostimulation, 153–154, 153f Phototherapy, 581, 581–582 Physiological psychology, 24 See also Behavioral neuroscience on mind-body question, research goals in, 11 Pia mater, 70, 70, 71f, 94f Picrotoxin, 122–123 Pigment mixing, 176, 177f Piloerection, 96 Pima Indians, obesity in, 423 Pineal body, Descartes’s theory of, 11, 12f Pineal gland, 320, 320, 320f and seasonal rhythms, 319–320 Pinealona, 518t Pinna, 209, 210f sound localization by means of, 221–228 Piriform cortex, 252 Pitch, 209, 209, 209f anatomical coding of, 216f place coding of, 216–218 rate coding of, 218 Pituitary adenoma, 518t Pituitary gland, 88f anterior, 87–88, 88f posterior, 88, 88f PKM-zeta in long-term potentiation, 446–447, 446f, 453 in memory, 458 in reinforcement, 458 PKU (phenylketonuria), 529, 529–530 Place cells, 470 in hippocampal formation, 468, 470–472, 471f spatial learning and, 471f, 473f Place coding, of pitch, 216, 216–218 Placebo, 105, 105 effects of, 240–241, 240f, 241f Plants, evolution of, 17 Plasminogen, 524 PNS See Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Polio (acute anterior poliomyelitis), 549 Polygraph, 147–148, 149f Polysynaptic reflexes, 263–264 Pons, 90, 90, 90f Pontine nucleus, 282, 282 Pontine tegmental reticular nucleus, 283f Population EPSP, 439, 439 Positive reinforcement, and drug ­addiction, 616–620 Positive symptoms of schizophrenia, 554, 554–555, 555t, 559 drugs producing, 557–558 Positron emission tomography (PET), 150, 150–151, 159f Posterior, 68, 68, 68f Posterior language area, 489, 489f Posterior parietal cortex, 189, 189, 189f anatomy of, 201–202, 201f Posterior pituitary gland, 88, 88, 88f Postganglionic neurons, 96, 96 Post-partum depression, 578 Postsynaptic membrane, 52, 52–53, 53f Postsynaptic potential(s), 51, 51, 57–60, 61f effects of, 60 excitatory, 57, 61f inhibitory, 57–58, 61f Postsynaptic receptor, 56, 56 drugs affecting, 107f Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 606, 606–609 Posture, control of reflex, 261, 262f reticular formation and, 285 Potassium channels, 57, 58f Potassium ions (K+), 45–46, 46f Potential(s) electrical See Electrical potentials receptor, 166 Potentiation, long-term See Long-term potentiation PPA See Parahippocampal place area (PPA) Prader-Willi syndrome, 407 Predation, 365, 365 neural control of, 365, 366f Prefrontal cortex, 84, 84 in addiction, 619, 621 in autistic disorder, 600, 601 damage to, 369–370 effects of, 565–568 in depression, 576–577 emotional recognition and, 378–381 hypoactivity of, 565–566 and impulsivity, 619 medial cocaine and, 622 cocaine intake and, 622f moral judgments and, 369–370 in posttraumatic stress disorder, 608, 609f in reinforcement, 458 in short-term memory, 451, 452 Prefrontal lobotomy, 585 Preganglionic neurons, 96, 96 Pregnancy complications of, schizophrenia and, 561–562 substance abuse in, schizophrenia and, 561 Premotor cortex, 265f, 266, 266, 272–273, 455f See also Motor association cortex and learning, 454 major connections of, 537f and movement, 266 rubber hand illusion and, ventral, writing and, 511, 511f Prenatal stress, 604–605 Preoptic area medial See Medial preoptic area (MPA) role in sleep, 309, 309f ventrolateral, 309 Preoptic nucleus, median, 398f, 401, 401–402 Presenilin, 542, 542–543 Pressure, sensitivity to, 232, 233 Prestriate cortex See Extrastriate cortex Pre–supplementary motor area (pre-SMA), 271–272 Presynaptic facilitation, 61, 61 Presynaptic heteroreceptors, 108, 108, 109f effects of drugs on, 109f Presynaptic inhibition, 61, 61 Presynaptic membrane, 52, 52, 53f fusion of synaptic vesicles with, 56–57, 56f Subject Index Primary auditory cortex, 80, 80, 82f and basilar membrane, 213, 215 and pattern recognition, 223 regions of, 215–216, 216f Primary colors, 176 Primary gustatory cortex, 246–247, 247f Primary motor cortex, 13, 81, 81, 82f, 265–266, 265f, 455f body parts controlled by, 265f major connections of, 537f and primary somatosensory cortex, 266 seizure and, 521, 521f stimulation of, 266f Primary sex characteristics, 328 Primary somatosensory cortex, 80, 80, 82f major connections of, 537f and pain perception, 238, 238f and primary motor cortex, 266 Primary visual cortex, 80, 80, 82f, 172, 173f, 449, 450f See also Striate cortex Primary visual pathway, 173f Primates, evolution of, 17–21, 19f Prion(s), 532, 532, 544 and memory, 532 Prion protein diseases, 531–533, 532f, 533f Proceptivity, 334 Progenitor cells, 76, 76, 78, 79 Progesterone, 330t, 332, 332 and female sexual behavior, 334, 348–349 and maternal behavior, 354, 355f Progesterone receptors, estrogen priming and, 348, 350f Projection fibers, 86, 86 Prokineticin 2, 317 Prolactin, 88, 330t, 354 and maternal behavior, 354, 355f and paternal behavior, 357 Proprioception, 231, 231 Prosody, 481, 496, 496–497, 497f Prosopagnosia, 193, 193–194 phonagnosia and, 497 visual object agnosia without, 193, 194f Prostate, 326f Protanopia, 177, 177–178 Proteasomes, 534, 534 Protein(s) in cytoskeleton, 35 enzymes, 32–33 in membrane of neuron, 32–33 neural adhesion, 529 photosensitive, 153–154, 153f synthesis of, 32–33, 33f and long-term potentiation, 446 tau, 541, 543 Prozac See Fluoxetine Pruritus, 235 Pseudopodia, 36 Pseudorabies virus, 141, 141 Psychic seizure, 520t Psychobiology, 24 Psychological stress, colds and, 611–612, 611f Psychoneuroimmunology, 609, 609–612 Psychopharmacology, 99–132, 101 See also Drug(s) Psychosis See also Schizophrenia and marijuana, 635 Puberty, 328–330 schizophrenia onset during, 568 Punishing stimuli, 437, 437 Punishment, vs negative reinforcement, 620 Pupil, 168, 168f Pure alexia, 501, 501–503, 502f, 514t in multiple sclerosis, 502, 502f Pure word deafness, 378, 486, 486–488, 500t case example of, 488 lesions causing, 486, 486f, 487, 487f Pursuit movement, of eyes, 168, 168 Putamen, 86, 277, 278, 278, 279f, 454, 455f in autistic disorder, 601 degeneration of, 280–281 in drug addiction, 618 in Huntington’s disease, 538 major connections of, 537f PVN See Paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of hypothalamus Pylorus, 407–408 Pyramidal cells dendritic spikes in, 442, 443f spatial receptive fields and, 470–471, 472 Pyramidal tracts, 267, 267 Pyridoxine dependency, 530, 530 PYY See Peptide YY3-36 (PYY) Quadrigrams, 507 Rabies, 549, 549 Radial glia, 77, 77, 77f Radiation treatment, of tumors, 518 Radio frequency (RF) lesion, 132, 133f Raphe nuclei, 119, 120f, 306, 306–307 serotonergic neurons of, 306–307 and REM sleep, 307f Rapid eye movement See REM sleep Rate coding, of pitch, 218, 218 Rate law, 49, 49, 50f Reaching and grasping, 275–276 Reading in aphasia, 500 audition and, 505–506, 506f phonetic, 503, 503, 504–505, 505f whole-word, 503, 503, 504–505, 505f Reading comprehension aphasia and, 500 audition and, 505–506, 506f disorders of, 503–510 See also Dyslexia processes involved in, 502–503, 503f pure alexia, 502f sounding out in, 503, 503f two routes for, 10 word recognition in, 503, 503f Reading disorders, 500–510, 514t developmental dyslexias and, 509–510 Rebound phenomenon, 301, 301 after REM sleep deprivation, 301 Receptive aphasia, 486 Receptive fields, 174 spatial, pyramidal cells and, 470–471, 472 of visual system neurons, 174, 174f color-sensitive ganglion cells, 179f Receptivity, 334 Receptor(s), 52, 63 activation of, 56–57, 56f binding site of, 52 drug effects on, 108–110, 109f for hormones, 63 ionotropic, 56, 56f localization in brain, 157–158, 158f metabotropic, 57, 57f for osmometric thirst, 398–399, 399f postsynaptic, 56 sensory, 165–166 gustatory, 246–247 739 olfactory, 249–251, 250f stretch, 258–259, 261 thermal, 234t for volumetric thirst, 400 Receptor blocker, 108, 108 Receptor potentials, 166, 166 Reconsolidation, memory, 474, 474–475, 474f, 475f Red nucleus, 89, 89, 90f, 284f, 293f 5α Reductase, 327 Reduction, 10, 10 Reflex(es), 11, 11, 11f, 261–264 clasp-knife, 264 monosynaptic stretch, 261, 262f patellar, 261 polysynaptic, 263–264 vestibulo-ocular, 230 withdrawal, 42, 42f Refractory ion channels, 48 Refractory period, 333, 333 hormonal control of, 333 Regulatory mechanisms, example of, 395f Reinforcement, 455–458 conditioned, 457–458 endogenous opioids and, 625 immediacy of, importance of, 617 negative, and drug addiction, 620–621 neural circuits involved in, 455–458 positive, and drug addiction, 616–620 synaptic strengthening in, 458 Reinforcing stimuli, 437, 437 detecting, 457–458 Reinstatement model, craving and, 621, 621f Relapse, drug abuse and, 621–623 Relational learning, 438, 469–477 hippocampus and, 469–476 in laboratory animals, 469–476 Release zone, of synapse, 53, 53 REM sleep, 133, 291f, 292, 292–293 amount per night, 292, 292f and brain development, 301–302 in depression, 578–579, 579f effect of serotonergic and noradrenergic neurons on, 147 eye movements during, 293 functions of, 301–302 and learning, 302–303, 302f mental activity during, 293 muscular paralysis during, 292, 313, 2991 neural control of, 311–314, 313f principle characteristics of, 293t problems associated with, 297 and slow-wave sleep, relationship between, 305–306, 307f REM sleep behavior disorder, 297, 297 REM sleep deprivation, 301–302 in depression, 578–579, 579–580, 579f REM-ON cell, 311–312 firing potential of, 311f Renin, 400, 400 food ingestion and secretion of, 400 Renin-angiotensin system, 400, 401f Reproductive behavior, 324–357 effect of pheromones on, 335–338 hormonal control of, 331–346 Reptiles, 17 Research, 130–163 animal, ethical issues in, 21–23 careers in, 24 genetic methods, 160–162, 160t, 163t goals of, 11 740 Subject Index Research (continued ) lesion method (experimental ablation), 132–145, 145t–146t neurochemical methods, 156–160, 160t recording and stimulating of neural activity, 146–155, 155t–156t Reserpine, 116, 116 effect on dopaminergic synapses, 127t effect on noradrenergic synapses, 128t effect on serotonergic synapses, 128t Response strategy, spatial memory and, 468–469, 469f Resting potential, 44, 44 Resting tremor, 280, 534 Reticular formation, 89, 89, 90f, 268 motor functions of, 285 Reticulospinal tract, 268, 268, 269f, 270t Retina, 168, 168, 168f center of, receptive field in, 174, 174f and circadian rhythms, 316 coding of visual information in, 174–180 color, 178–179, 179f light and dark, 174–175, 175f, 176f layers of, 169, 170f melanopsin-containing cells in, 317f neural circuitry in, 170f, 171f, 173 periphery of, receptive field in, 174, 174f Retinal, 170, 170 Retinal disparity, 184, 184 Retinitis pigmentosa, 154 Retinohypothalamic pathway, 316 Retrograde, 35 Retrograde amnesia, 459, 459, 460f declarative memory and, 466–467 hippocampal damage and, 466, 466f Retrograde axoplasmic transport, 35 Retrograde labeling method, 141, 141–142, 142f Rett’s disorder, 593 Reuptake, 58, 58, 59f drug effects on, 107f, 110 Reversible brain lesions, 134 RF (radio frequency) lesion, 132, 133f Rh incompatibility, and risk of schizophrenia, 562 Rhodopsin, 170, 170 Ribonucleic acid (RNA) See Messenger RNA (mRNA); Noncoding RNA (ncRNA); RNA editing Ribosomes, 32, 32, 34 Riluzole, 545–546 Rimonabant, 125, 125, 128t for smoking cessation, 629, 634, 640 for weight loss, 426 Risk-taking behavior, serotonin and, 366–367, 366f Ritalin See Methylphenidate (Ritalin) RNA editing, in amyotrophic lateral ­sclerosis, 545 Ro15-4513, 633, 633f Rods, 168, 168, 169t, 170f RORA gene, in depression, 571 Rostral, 68, 68, 68f Round window, 210, 210, 210f Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 425, 425f, 426f Rubber hand illusion, 8, 8f Rubella, prenatal, 523 autism and, 595 Rubrospinal tract, 268, 268, 269f, 270t Ruffini corpuscles, 231, 231–232, 232f, 232t Saccadic movements, of eyes, 167, 167 Saccule, 228, 228, 228f, 229f Sacral vertebrae, 91, 91f SAD See Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) Sagittal sections, 69, 69, 69f Salt, craving for, 401 Salt appetite, hypovolemia and, 398 Saltatory conduction, 50, 50, 50f Saltiness receptors for, 243 transduction of, 247f Satiety, 395, 395, 395f adenosine and, 311f adipose tissue and, 412–413 eating, 410–413 force feeding effects and, 412, 412f gastric factors for, 410 head factors for, 410 insulin and, 412 intestinal factors for, 410–411 liver factors for, 411–412 long-term, 412–413, 412f orexigenic neurons and, 311, 311f Saturation, 167, 167 SC (subcutaneous) injection, 102, 102 Scanning electron microscope, 137, 137 Scent-tacking behavior, 248, 249f Schizophrenia, 554, 554–569 age of onset of, 564, 564f brain damage in, 559–564 causes of, 560–564 evidence for, 559f and cannabis use, 635 cognitive symptoms of, 554, 555, 555t comorbidity in, 622 dopamine hypothesis of, 117, 556–558 environmental factors and risk for, 560–561 epidemiology of, 560–561 gray matter volume in, comorbidity and, 622, 623f heritability of, 555–556 incidence of, seasonality effect in, 560–561, 560f influenza and, 560 long-term drug treatment of, consequences of, 557–558 negative symptoms of, 554–555, 555t, 559 PCP abuse and, 565–566 as neurological disorder, 559–568 obstetric complications and, 561–562 overview of, 554–555 positive symptoms of, 554–555, 555t, 559, 627 drugs producing, 557–558 relation with negative symptoms, 565–567 prenatal factors in, 561–562 seasonality effect in, 560, 560 smoking and, 561, 622, 623f susceptibility hypothesis of, 555, 556f viral hypothesis of, 560–561 Schwann cells, 38f, 39, 39 Sclera, 167, 168f Sclerotic plaques, 546 SCN See Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus Scrapie, 531–533, 533f Scratching, itch sensation and, 235 SDN (sexually dimorphic nucleus), 347, 347 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 580, 580–582 phase delay and advance in, 581, 581f Seasonality effect depression and, 571 schizophrenia and, 560–561, 560f, 571 Second messengers, 57, 57 Secondary sex characteristics, 328 Secretases, 541, 541, 542f Seizure(s), 122 See also Epilepsy alcohol withdrawal and, 632 causes of, 522 complex partial, 520 generalized, 520 partial, 520 primary motor cortex and, 521, 521f simple partial, 520 stages of, 521 surgery for, 522 treatment of, 522 Seizure disorders, 519, 519–522 classification of, 520, 520t treatment of, 522 Selective advantage, 16, 16–17 Selye, Hans, 603 Semantic agraphia, 513 Semantic dementia, 467, 467 symptoms of, 467–468 vs anterograde amnesia, 468 Semantic memories, 467–468, vs episodic memories Semicircular canals, 228, 228, 228f Seminal vesicles, 326f Sensitization, 104 drug, 104, 105 early androgenization and, 372 Sensory association cortex, 82, 82, 83f columnar arrangement of, 235–236 damage to, 82, 236–237 in short-term memory, 451 Sensory information, crossed brain ­representation of, Sensory neurons, 28, 28 Sensory processing, visual and auditory, 223–224, 223f Sensory receptors, 165, 165–166 Sensory seizure, 520t Sensory transduction, 166, 166 Serial functions, of left hemisphere, 84 Serial reaction time task, 461–462, 462f Serotonergic neurons, 120, 120f and arousal, 307, 307f drugs affecting, 119–120 functions of, 306–307 and REM sleep, 147, 307, 307f Serotonin (5-HT), 119, 119–120 and aggression, 365–371 in animals, 365–366 in humans, 366–371 and arousal, 306–307 biosynthesis of, 119, 119f in depression, 575–576 effects of, 111, 306–307 risk-taking behavior and, 366–367, 366f and sleep, 307 Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), 572, 572 effects of, 575 Serotonin promoter, in depression, 575–576 Serotonin transporter in depression, 575–576, 576f promoter region of, 575–576 Subject Index Set point, 395, 395 Sex chromosomes, 325, 325 Sex hormones See also specific hormones activational effects on sexual behavior, 338–340 classification of, 330t and gender development, 326–328, 329f and maternal behavior, 353–354, 355f, 356f organizational effects on sexual behavior, 334, 335f and reproductive behavior, 331–346 and sexual maturation, 328–330 and sexual orientation, 340–346 Sex organs development of, 325–328 external, 328, 328f internal, 326–328, 326f hormonal control of, 329f Sexual behavior analgesia and, 241 effect of androgens on, 334, 335f effect of pheromones on, 335–338 female hormonal control of, 338–339 during menstrual cycle, 338–339 neural control of, 350f hormonal control of, 331–346 human, 338–340 male hormonal control of, 339–340 neural control of, 349f neural control of, 346–352 pair bonding and, 350–351 Sexual changes, during REM sleep, 292–293 Sexual development, 325–331 Sexual dimorphism, of brain, 342–344 Sexual identity, 343 Sexual maturation, 328–330, 329f Sexual orientation, 340–345 brain and, 342–344 heredity and, 344–345 prenatal androgens and, 340–342 Sexually dimorphic behavior, 325, 325 Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN), 347, 347 SFO (subfornical organ), 398, 398–399, 398f, 401–402 Sham lesions, 133, 133–134 Sharp-wave-ripple complexes (SWRs), 473, 473–474 Shift work, 320 Short-term memory, 451, 451–452 conversion into long-term memory, 460–461, 461f perceptual, 451–452 Sibutramine, for weight loss, 426 Sign blindness, 503 Sign language, 494–496, 496f inability to comprehend, 503 Sildenafil, 126, 128t Simple cells, 182, 182, 182f Simple partial seizures, 520, 520, 520t Simulated emotions, feedback from, 390–391 Simulationist hypothesis, 383 Sine-wave gratings, 182, 182, 182f Single-unit recording, 147, 147 Sirtuins, 637 Sites of action, drug, 101, 101, 106–110, 109f affinities for, 104 multiple, 105 Skeletal muscles, 256, 256–260 anatomy of, 257–258, 257f Skin anatomy of, 231–232, 232f mechanoreceptors in, 232, 232t Skull, neoteny and, 20–21, 21f SLD (sublaterodorsal nucleus), in REM sleep, 312, 312 Sleep, 288–321 brain areas in, 89, 90 chemical control of, 304–305 in depression, 578–580, 579f, 580f depression and, 578–580, 579f, 580f disorders of, 294–298 and eating, 416 effects of exercise on, 301 effects of mental activity on, 301 functions of, 299–303 melatonin and, 581, 581f mental activity during, 293 neural control of, 308–314 allostatic, 308, 311 circadian, 308, 311, 315–319 homeostatic, 308, 311, 316 physiological and behavioral description of, 289–293 REM See REM sleep slow-wave See Slow-wave sleep stages of, 290–293, 291f, 292f temperature and, 319 Sleep apnea, 295, 295 Sleep attack, 295, 295 Sleep deprivation, 295, 299–301 animal studies, 300–301 in depression, 578–580, 579f, 580f human studies, 299–300 intermittent, 580 partial, 580 REM, 301–302, 578–579, 579f slow-wave, 579–580, 579f total, 580, 580f Sleep paralysis, 295, 295–296 Sleep phase syndrome advanced, 319 delayed, 319 Sleep spindles, 290, 291f Sleeping medications, 294–295 Sleep-related eating disorder, 298, 298 Sleep-waking cycle acetylcholine and, 305f flip-flop circuitry and, 309–314, 309f, 312f Sleep-walking (somnambulism), 297–298 Slow-wave sleep, 291, 291 amount per night, 292f, 305 in depression, 579–580, 579f effects of exercise on, 301 effects of mental activity on, 301 exercise and, 301 functions of, 299–301 and learning, 302–303, 303f mental activity during, 293 neural control of, 308–311 principle characteristics of, 293t problems associated with, 297–298 and REM sleep, relationship between, 305–306, 307f Slow-wave sleep deprivation, for ­depression, 579–580, 579f SMA See Supplementary motor area (SMA) Small intestine, satiety receptors in, 410–411 741 Smile, muscle activation and, 384–385 Smoking See also Nicotine heritability of, 637f in pregnancy, schizophrenia and, 561 and schizophrenia, 622, 623f treatment for, 639–640, 640f Smoking cessation, 629–631 deterrents to, 630–631 and insula damage correlation, 630, 630f treatment for, 639–640, 640f Smooth muscle, 94 SNRIs See Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Social anxiety disorder, 586, 586–588 treatment of, 588f Social norms, violation of, humor and, 386, 386f Social stress, and cocaine intake, 622–623, 623f SOD1 (superoxide dismutase 1), 545 Sodium in cell death, 524 in fluid balance, 400 Sodium channels, 57, 58f and taste perception, 244–245 Sodium ions (Na+), 45–46, 46f Sodium-potassium pump, 46, 47f Sodium-potassium transporters, 46, 46, 47f importance of, 49 location of, 50 during stroke, 524 Solitary tract, nucleus of See Nucleus of the solitary tract Soluble gases, as neurotransmitters, 126 Solutes, 397 Soma, 29, 29, 30f synapse on, 31f Somatic nervous system, 94, 94, 98t Somatosensation, 166, 231–243 neural pathways for, 235–237, 236f perception of cutaneous stimulation, 232–235 skin anatomy, 231–232, 232f stimuli for, 231 Somatosensory association cortex, 82, 83f damage to, 82, 236–237 Somatosensory cortex See Primary somatosensory cortex; Somatosensory association cortex Somatotopic organization, 265, 265 Somatotropic (growth) hormone, 88 Somnambulism (sleep-walking), 297–298 Sound, perceptual dimensions of, 209, 209f Sound waves, 209, 209f analyzing, 218–219, 219f arrival times of, 219–220 localization by means of, 219–221 responses to, 210, 212f Sourness receptors for, 243, 245f transduction of, 245, 247f Spatial frequency, 182–184, 183, 183f Spatial learning, 438 hippocampus and, 469–470 prion role in, 532 Spatial location, perception of auditory system and, 219–223 visual association cortex and, 201–203 Spatial memory, 468–469 Spatial receptive fields, pyramidal cells and, 470–471, 472 742 Subject Index Spatial strategy, memory and, 468–469, 469f Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 572, 572 effects of, 575 Speech, 480–500 See also Language apraxia of, 484 articulation of, control of, 484, 484f brain lateralization in, 6, 13, 13f, 480–481 brain mechanisms involved in, 480–500 comprehension of, 487f disorders of, 485–494 feedback in, 487–488 mirror neurons in, 487–488 vs recognition, 489 production of, 480–485, 484f disorders of, 481–485 self-monitoring in, 488 prosody of, 481, 496–497, 497f and signing, 496f Speech sounds, analysis of, 486–488 Spelling, 511–513 irregular, developmental dyslexias and, 510 Spelling dyslexia, 514t Sperm, 324–325 Spinal accessory nerve, 95f Spinal cord, 91, 91–92, 91f and control of sexual responses, 346 Spinal ejaculation generator, 346, 348 Spinal foramens, 91, 91f Spinal nerves, 71f, 92, 92 Spinal roots, 91, 91 Split brain, 5–6 and olfaction, 6, 7f Split-brain operation, 5, 5, 5f Spongiform encephalopathies, ­transmissible, 531, 531–533 Sporadic disease, 532, 532 Square-wave gratings, 182, 182f Squid giant axon, 43 SQUIDS (superconducting quantum ­interference devices), 149 S-R (stimulus-response) learning, 436, 436, 438f Sry gene, 325, 325 SSRIs See Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) Staining, 136–137, 137f Stanislavsky, Constantin, 384 Stapes, 209, 209, 210f Status epilepticus, 521, 521 Stem cell transplant, for multiple sclerosis, 546–547 Stent placement, 525–526, 525f Stereopsis (stereoscopic vision), 79, 184 Stereotaxic apparatus, 135, 135, 135f Stereotaxic atlas, 134, 134–135, 135f Stereotaxic surgery, 134, 134–135 on human patient, 136f Stereotyped behavior, in autism, 597, 597f Steroid psychosis, 603 Steroids, 63, 63, 63f STG (superior temporal gyrus), and speech comprehension, 486 Stimuli, learning to recognize, 449–451 Stimulus-response (S-R) learning, 436, 436, 438f Stomach, and satiety signals, 404, 410 Stress, 601, 601 See also Posttraumatic stress disorder and brain damage, 604–606, 605f, 606f caretaker, 604 central nucleus of amygdala and, 362 depression and, 575–576, 576f effect on brain, 604–606 effect on immune function, 609–612, 611f effects on immune system, 608–612 and hypertension, 603, 603f and infectious diseases, 611–612, 611f long-term, health effects of, 603–604, 605f, 606f prenatal, 604–605, 605f, 606f and schizophrenia, 561–562 and wound healing, 603f, 604 Stress disorders, 601–612 Stress hormones, 602 secretion of, 602–603, 604f Stress response, 601, 601 physiology of, 602–603 Stretch receptors, 258–259, 261 Stretch reflex, monosynaptic, 261, 261, 262f role in postural control, 261, 262f Striate cortex, 172, 172, 173f, 188f See also Primary visual cortex anatomy of, 181, 181f and color sensitivity, 184–185 and depth perception, 184 modular organization of, 185–186 and orientation sensitivity, 181–182, 182f, 185 and spatial frequency, 182–184 Striated muscle, 258, 258 See also Skeletal muscles Stripes, of CO-rich neurons, 185, 185f, 189f Stroke See Cerebrovascular accident Structure from motion, perception of, 199–200 Strychnine, 123, 123, 128t STS See Superior temporal sulcus (STS) Studying, strategies for, 24–26 Stuttering, 497–498, 498f Subarachnoid space, 70, 70, 71f, 94f Subcortical region, 80, 80 Subcutaneous (SC) injection, 102, 102 Subfornical organ (SFO), 398, 398–399, 398f, 401–402 Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex, 577f deep brain stimulation of, 573, 576–577, 577f in depression, 576–577, 576f, 577f, 578f Sublaterodorsal nucleus (SLD), in REM sleep, 312, 312 Sublingual administration, 102, 102 Submissive behaviors, 365, 365 Substance abuse, in pregnancy, schizophrenia and, 561 Substantia nigra, 89, 89, 90f, 278, 456f and Parkinson’s disease, 534f in Parkinson’s disease, 534 Subthalamic nucleus in deep brain stimulation, 537–538 major connections of, 537f in Parkinson’s disease, 538 Subventricular zone, 78 Suction embolectomy, 524 Suicide depression and, 570 serotonin and, 576, 576f Sulcus (sulci), 80, 80, 81f in Alzheimer’s disease, 540, 541f anterior, 206 in autism, 595, 596f central, 82f intraparietal, spatial perception and, 201 Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDS), 149 Superior (term), 69 Superior colliculi, 88, 88, 90f Superior longitudinal fasciculus, in ­short-term memory, 452 Superior olivary complex, 214, 214–215, 215f Superior sagittal sinus, 72f, 73, 73 Superior temporal gyrus (STG), and speech comprehension, 486 Superior temporal sulcus (STS) in autism, 595, 596f perception of direction of gaze and, 381–382 Superoxide dismutase (SOD1), 545 Supersensitivity, 558, 558 Supplementary motor area (SMA), 265f, 266, 266, 269–272, 455f behavioral experiment and, 269–272, 271f and learning, 454 major connections of, 537f in movement, 266 neuron firing patterns in, 271, 271f Supporting cells, 35–39 Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus, 316, 316f activity cycles of neurons in, 318–319, 318f biological clock in, nature of, 318–319 circadian rhythms in, 316–319, 318f, 319f and seasonal rhythms, 319–320 sexual dimorphism and, 343 synaptic connections with retina, 316 Surface dyslexia, 503, 503, 504f, 514t VWFa lesion causing, 508 Surgery for atherosclerotic plaque, 525–526, 525f for obesity, 425, 425f, 426f for seizure disorder, 522 stereotaxic, 134–135 Sutures, 134 Sweetness receptors for, 243 transduction of, 245–246, 246f, 247f Symmetrical division, 76, 76 Sympathetic division, of ANS, 95, 95–96, 97f Sympathetic ganglia, 96, 96, 97f Sympathetic ganglion chain, 96, 96 Synapse(s), 29, 29 axoaxonic, 52, 52f axodendritic, 52, 52f axosomatic, 52, 52f dendrodendritic, 61–62 effects of drugs on, 106–110, 107f electrical, 62f, 624 excitatory, 41, 42f, 61f inhibitory, 41–43, 42f, 61f integration of excitatory and inhibitory, 60, 61f locations of, 31, 31f serotonergic, drugs affecting, 119–120 structure of, 52–53, 52f, 53f Synapsids, 17, 18f Synaptic cleft, 52, 52, 53f Synaptic plasticity and learning, 439–448 mechanisms of, 443–447, 444f Synaptic strengthening in addiction, 618 postsynaptic, 444, 444f in reinforcement, 458, 618 Subject Index Synaptic transmission, 51 Synaptic vesicles, 52, 52–53, 53f docking of, 54, 54f fusion with presynaptic membrane, 56–57, 56f norepinephrine synthesis in, 118 Synchrony, neural, 290 Synthesis, in right hemisphere, 84 α-Synuclein, 534, 534, 536 System variable, 395, 395 Tactile agnosia, 236, 237f Tactile apraxia, 237 Tardive dyskinesia, 558, 558 Target cells, 63, 63 Targeted mutations, 161, 161–162 Taste neural coding of, 246–247 qualities of, 243 transduction of, 244–246, 246f, 247f Taste buds, 244, 244f Tau protein, 541, 541, 543 Tay-Sachs disease, 530, 530 TBI (traumatic brain injury), 526–527 TE area, 192 Tectoral membrane, 210, 210, 211f Tectospinal tract, 268, 268, 269f, 270t Tectum, 88, 88–89 Tegmentum, 89, 89 Telencephalon, 75, 76f, 76t, 80–86 Temperature sensation of, 234 and sleep, 319 Temporal lobe, 81, 81–82, 83f damage to, and anterograde amnesia, 460 seizure impact on, 521 Tendon receptors, responses of, 260f Tendons, 256 TEO area, 191, 192 Terminal buttons (terminals), 30–31, 31 autoreceptors on, 60–61 neurotransmitter release and, 62f structure of, 52f, 53f Testes, 325, 326f hormones secreted by, 327 Testosterone, 327, 327 and aggression, 371–373, 372f and autism, 597 effects of, 330t and female sexual behavior, 340 levels of, winning or losing and, 374 and male sexual behavior, 333, 339–340 organizational effects of, 371–373, 372f on sexual behavior, 334, 335f Tetanus (lockjaw), 123 Tetrahydrocannibinal (THC), 124, 124–125, 128t, 633–635, 635f Tetrodotoxin (TTX), 443 Thalamus, 85f, 86, 86–87, 86f nuclei of, 86–87, 278, 279f ventral anterior nucleus of, 278, 279f ventrolateral nucleus of, 278, 279f Thalidomide, autism and, 595 THC (tetrahydrocannibinal), 124, 124–125, 128t, 633–635, 635f Theory of mind, autism and, 594, 595, 596f Therapeutic index, 103, 103–104 Therapsids, 17, 18f Thermal receptors, mammalian, 234t Theta activity, during sleep, 290, 290, 291f Third ventricle, 72, 72–73, 72f Thirst, 397–402 definition of, 397 food-related, 398 neural control of, 401–402 osmometric, 397–400 volumetric, 400–401 Thoracic vertebrae, 91, 91f Thoracolumbar system See Sympathetic division, of ANS Threat behaviors, 365, 365 Threshold of excitation, 44, 44 Thrombus, 523, 523, 523f stroke and, 522–526 Tic disorders, 589–590 Timbre, 209, 209, 209f perception of, 218–219 sound localization by means of, 221–223, 222f Tip links, 212, 212, 214f ion channels at, 212–213, 214f movement of cilia and, 212 regulation of tension of, 212–213, 214f Tip of tongue (TOT) phenomenon, 485 T-lymphocytes, 610, 610, 610f TMS See Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Tolerance, drug, 104, 104–105 negative reinforcement and, 620 neural basis of, 625–626 Tongue, anatomy of, 244, 244f Tonic phase, 521, 521 Tonic-clonic seizure, 520t Tonicity, 396 Tonotopic representation, 215, 215 Topical administration, 102, 102 TOT (“tip of tongue”) phenomenon, 485 Total sleep deprivation, for depression, 580, 580f Touch, 232–233 Tourette’s syndrome, 589, 589–590 Toxic chemicals, in developmental ­disorders, 528 Toxic gain of function mutation, 534, 534 Toy preference in girls with CAH, 341 sex-typical, 341f tPA (tissue plasminogen activator), 524 Tranquilizers, therapeutic index for, 104 Transcortical sensory aphasia, 489, 489, 489f, 500t vs direct dyslexia, 509 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 154, 154, 154f, 199, 573 for addiction, 639 for posttraumatic stress disorder, 608–609 short-term memory and, 451 Transducin, 245 Transduction of auditory information, 211–213, 214f of gustatory information, 244–246, 247f sensory, 166 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, 531, 531–533 Transmission electron microscope, 137, 137 Transmitter substance See Neurotransmitter(s) Transneuronal tracing methods, 141–142 Transplant, fetal tissue, 536 Transplantation disease transmission via, 532 stem cell, for multiple sclerosis, 546–547 743 Transsexuals, 343 Traumatic brain injury (TBI), 526–527 in Alzheimer’s disease, 543, 544 Traumatic events, effects of exposure to, 606–609 Treatment-resistant depression, 572, 572–573 electrical brain stimulation for, 573 Trichotillomania, 591 Trichromatic theory, of color vision, 176 Tricyclic antidepressants, 571, 571–572 Trigeminal facial motor nuclei, and emotional response, 362f Trigeminal nerve, 95f, 235 Trigeminal nerve ganglia, 549 Triglycerides (fats), 404, 404 Tritanopia, 178, 178 Trochlear nerve, 95f TRP thermoreceptor channels, 234, 234t TRPM8 receptor gene, 234 Tryptophan, 119, 119f Tryptophan depletion procedure, 575, 575 TTX (tetrodotoxin), 443 Tuberomammillary nucleus, 120 of hypothalamus, 307, 307 Tuberous sclerosis, autism and, 595 Tumor(s), 517, 517–519 benign, 517 encapsulated, 517 growth of, 517–518 malignant, 517 metastasizing, 517 types of, 518t Tumor initiating cells, 518, 518 Tuning curves, 217–218, 218f Turner’s syndrome, 328, 328 Twin studies, 161, 344 of addictive disorders, 637 of aggression, 367 of alcoholism, 637 of autistic disorder, 594 of posttraumatic stress, 607, 608f of schizophrenia, 555, 563, 563f of seasonal affective disorder, 580 Tympanic membrane, 209, 209, 210f Tyrosine, 114, 114f Ubiquitin, 534, 534–535 Umami, 243, 243, 246f, 247 Uncinate nucleus, 343 Unconditioned response (UR), 436, 436 Unconditioned stimulus (US), 436, 436 Unilateral neglect, 6, 6–8, 7f Unipolar neurons, 30, 30, 30f Up state, in slow-wave sleep, 291, 291 Upper respiratory infections psychological stress and, 611–612 stress and, 611–612, 611f Uterus, 326f Utricle, 228, 228, 228f, 229f V1 area, 192 V4 area, 192 and movement perception, 198 neuron response in, 198f V5 area location of, 199f and movement perception, 198 neuron response in, 198f Vaccines, autism and, 593 Vagina, 326f 744 Subject Index Vagus nerve, 94, 94, 95f, 246 dorsal motor nucleus of, and emotional response, 362f Vagus nerve stimulation, for depression, 573 Valium See Diazepam Vampire bats, 524 Vandenbergh effect, 335, 335 Varenicline, for smoking cessation, 640, 640f Variable, system, 395, 395 Varicosities, axonal, 118 Vasopressin, 88 in pair bonding, 351 Ventral, 68, 68, 68f Ventral anterior nucleus, of thalamus, 278, 278, 279f Ventral corticospinal tract, 267, 267, 267f, 270t Ventral intraparietal sulcus (LIP), 201, 201f Ventral roots, 91, 91, 91f Ventral stream, 189, 189, 189f Ventral tegmental area (VTA), 455, 456f and drug addiction, 618, 623 and emotional response, 362f and maternal behavior, 355, 357f nicotine receptors in, 628–629 in reinforcement, 455, 457, 458 Ventricles, brain, 11, 72, 72–73, 72f, 76t development of, 75 in schizophrenic patients, 559–560, 559f, 563, 563f Ventricular zone, 76, 76, 79 Ventrolateral nucleus, of thalamus, 87, 87, 278, 278, 279f Ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG), in REM sleep, 312, 312 Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA), 309, 309 role in sleep, 309, 309f, 310 Ventromedial group, of descending motor tracts, 267, 267, 268, 269f, 270t Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), 350f, 415f eating behavior and, 414–420, 415f receptor localization in brain and, 157–158 role in female sexual behavior, 157–158, 350f stimulation experiment, 152 study of, 139–142 Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus, 348 role in female sexual behavior, 348–350 Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), 363, 363, 367–371, 367f damage to, 368, 368f effects of, 385–386 and emotional reactions, 367–371 Verbal communication, 480–500 See also Language; Speech Verbs, anomia for, 494 Vergence movements, of eyes, 167, 167 Vermis, 282, 282, 283f Vertebrae, 91, 91f Vertebral column, 91 Vertebrates, evolution of, 17–21, 18f Vesalius, Andreas, 3f, On the Workings of the Human Body Vesicles See Synaptic vesicles Vestibular ganglion, 230, 230 Vestibular nerve, 228f Vestibular sacs, 227, 228, 228f receptive tissue of, 229f Vestibular system, 228–230 anatomy of, 228–229, 228f neural pathway of, 229–230 receptor cells of, 229 Vestibulo-ocular reflex, 230 Vestibulospinal tract, 268, 268, 269f, 270t Vibration, sensation of, 232 VIP (peptide), 124 Viral infections, prenatal exposure to, and schizophrenia, 560–561 Vision, 164–206 analysis of visual information, 189f striate cortex and, 181–182 visual association cortex and, 187–205 anatomy of visual system, 167–169 binocular, 184 coding of light and dark, 174–175 color, 176–180 evolutionary advantage of, 17 striate cortex and, 184–185 visual association cortex and, 190–191 foveal (central), 174, 174f mammalian system of, 4–5 peripheral, 174, 174f primitive system of, 4–5 and recognition of emotions, 378–381 stereoscopic, 79, 184 stimulus for, 166–167 Visual agnosia, 192, 192–195 without prosopagnosia, 193, 194f Visual angle, spatial frequency and, 183, 183f Visual association cortex, 83f, 187–205, 189f and color perception, 190–191 damage to, 82, 192–193 dorsal stream of, 189, 189f, 202–203, 202f, 449, 450f and form perception, 191–197 and movement perception, 198–201 regions and their functions of, 203t–204t in short-term memory, 451 and spatial perception, 201–203 two streams of analysis in, 189f ventral stream of, 189, 189f, 202–203, 202f, 449, 450f Visual cortex See also Primary visual cortex; Visual association cortex major divisions of, 449, 450f Visual short-term memory, 451–452 Visual stimuli, fMRI study of, 193, 193f Visual word-form area (VWFA), 505, 505–508, 505f effects of lesions in, 508, 508f evolution of, 508–509 in object recognition, 508–509, 508f, 509f word recognition in, 506–509, 507f, 508f Vitreous humor, 168, 168f vlPAG (ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter), in REM sleep, 312, 312 vlPOA See Ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) VMH See Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) vmPFC See Ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) Voice recognition, 497 Volitional facial paresis, 385, 385, 385f Voltage-dependent ion channels, 48, 48 Volumetric thirst, 400, 400, 400–401 Vomeronasal organ, 249, 335, 335–337, 336f in humans, 337–338 and intermale aggression, 372 Von Békésy, Georg, 210, 216 Von Economo, Constantin, 308–309 VTA See Ventral tegmental area (VTA) VWFA See Visual word-form area (VWFA) Waking (wakefulness) EEGs patterns during, 290–292, 291f neural control of, 305–308 Walker, Mary, 59–60 Warmth, sensation of, 234 Water, body loss of, 397, 397f Weight See Body weight Wernicke’s aphasia, 387, 485–489, 500t prosody in, 496 reading and writing in, 500 Wernicke’s area, 482f, 485, 485 connection to Broca’s area, 489, 489f, 492–493 White matter, 80, 81f and multiple sclerosis, 546 in spinal cord, 91–92 Whitten effect, 335, 335 Whole-word reading, 503, 503 vs phonetic reading, 504–505, 505f Wiesel, Torsten, 181 Willis, Thomas, 59 Withdrawal reflex, 42, 42f Withdrawal symptoms, 105, 105, 620 alcohol and, 632 antagonist-precipitated, 626 caffeine and, 126 as negative reinforcement, 620 neural basis of, 625–626 nicotine and, 629–630 opiates and, 625–626 Wolffian system, 326, 326–327, 326f Women See Females Word(s) content, 481 function, 481 irregular, developmental dyslexias and, 510 meaning of, 490–491 Word blindness, 501–503 Word recognition differences in, 507f in visual word-form area, 506–509, 507f, 508f Working memory in attention deficit/hyperactivity ­disorder, 599 COMT effect on, 600, 600f Wound healing, stress and, 604, 604f Writing in aphasia, 500 aphasia and, 500 development of, 508–509 processes involved in, 511–512 ventral premotor cortex and, 511f Writing disorders, 511–513, 512–515, 514t X chromosomes, 325 XBD173, 587 Y chromosomes, 325 Sry gene on, 325 Yohimbine, and panic attacks, 587 Young, Thomas, 176 Zeitgebers, 315, 315–316, 319 ZIP, in memory, 458 Credits Figure and Table Credits Chapter p 8, Figure 1.6: Illustration by Taina Litwak adapted from Science, (2004), 305, 782–783 Reprinted by permission of Litwak Illustration Studio p 17, Figure1.14: Adapted from Carroll, R., Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution New York: W H Freeman, 1988 p 19, Figure 1.16: From Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 5th ed by Roger Lewin Copyright © 2004 Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd p 19, Figure 1.17: Illustration, p 75 by Laurie Grace from “Genes, Peoples, and Languages” by L L Cavalli-Sforza, Scientific American, November 1991 Copyright © 1991 Reprinted by permission of Laurie Grace p 20, Figure 1.18: From Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 5th ed by Roger Lewin Copyright © 2004 Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd p 21, Figure 1.19: From Human Evolution: An Illustrated Introduction 5th ed by Roger Lewin Copyright © 2004 Reprinted by permission of Blackwell 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Devanandan, et al., Journal of Physiology (1965), 178, 359–367 Copyright © 1965 Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd p 266, Figure 8.10: Reprinted from M S A Graziano et al., Neuron (2007), 56(2): 239–251 Copyright © 2007 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 271, Figure 8.14: Adapted from Chen, Y C., Thaler, D., Nixon, P D., et al Experimental Brain Research, 1995, 102, 461–473 p 278, Figure 8.22: As depicted in Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology by B Kolb & I Q Whishaw New York: W H Freeman, 1980 Chapter p 302, Figure 9.8: Adapted with permission from Macmillan Publishers Ltd., Nature Neuroscience (2003), 6, 697–698 Copyright © 2003 Reprinted by permission of Nature Publishing Group p 303, Figure 9.9: Adapted from Tucker, et al., Neurobiology of Learning and Memory (2006), 86 (2): 241–247 Copyright © 2006 Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 305, Figure 9.11: Adapted from F Marrosu, et al., Brain Research (1995), 671(2): 329–332 Copyright © 1995 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11.21: Adapted from Perrett, D I., et al., International Journal of Comparative Physiology (1990), 4, 25–55 Copyright © 1990 Reprinted by permission of International Society for Comparative Physiology p 386, Figure 11.26: Data from Goel, V., and Dolan, R J Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 2007, 19, 1574–1580 Chapter 12 p 399, Figure 12.7: Adapted from “Actin Filaments Mediate Mechanical Gating during Osmosensory Transduction in Rat Supraoptic Nucleus Neurons” by Z Zhang, N N Kindrat, R Sharif-Naeini, & C W Bourque, Journal of Neuroscience (2007), 27: 4008-4013 Copyright © 2007 by Society for Neuroscience Reprinted by permission of Society for Neuroscience p 402, Figure 12.10: Adapted from “Role of Forebrain Circumventricular Organs in Body Fluid Balance” by T N Thrasher, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (1989), 136, 141–150 Copyright © 1989 Reprinted by permission of Blackwell Publishing Ltd p 407, Figure 12.13: Adapted from Cummings, et al., Diabetes (2001), 50: 1714–1719 Copyright © 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by permission of the publisher p 447, Figure 13.15: Adapted from “Homosynaptic Long-Term Depression in Area CA1 of Hippocampus and Effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Blockade” by S Dudek & M F Bear, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1992), 89, 4363–4367 Copyright © 1992 by National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A Reprinted by permission of S Dudek p 450, Figure 13.17: Adapted from Kourtzi & Kanwisher, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (January 2000), 12(1): 48–55 Copyright © 2000 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reprinted by permission of The MIT Press Journals p 456, Figure 13.20: Redrawn from Brain Maps: Structure of the Rat Brain by L W Swanson New York: Elsevier, 1992 p 456, Figure 13.21: Adapted from A G Phillips, et al., Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (1992), 654: 199–206 Copyright © 1992 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc p 461, Figure 13.25: Adapted from E S Gollin, “Developmental Studies of Visual Recognition of Incomplete Objects”, Perceptual and Motor Skills (1960), 11: 289–298 Copyright © 1960 Reprinted by permission of Ammons Scientific, Ltd p 466, Figure 13.30: Data from Bayley, Hopkins, and Squire, 2006 p 467, Figure 13.31: Data from Smith and Squire, 2009 p 469, Figure 13.32: From “Gray Matter Differences Correlate with Spontaneous Strategies in a Human Virtual Navigation Task” by V D Bohbot, J Lerch, B Thorndycraft, G Iaria, and A P Zijdenbos, Journal of Neuroscience (2007), 27, 10078–10083 Copyright © 2007 by Society for Neuroscience Reprinted by permission of Society for Neuroscience p 470, Figure 13.33: Adapted from Eichenbaum, H Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 2000, 1, 41–50 Data from Eichenbaum et al.,1990 p 473, Figure 13.38: Adapted from E R Wood, et al., Neuron (2000), 27(3): 623–633 Copyright © 2000 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 475, Figure 13.41: Based on data from Debiec, J., Diaz-Mataix, L., Bush, D E A., et al., Nature Neuroscience, 2010, 13, 536–537 Chapter 14 p 481 excerpt “The dots…”: Excerpted from p 41 in Language and the Brain by L K Obler and K Gjerlow, Cambridge University Press, UK, 1999 p 483 excerpt “Picture of a boy…”: Excerpted from pp 229 & 234 in “Evidence from aphasia: Isolating the components of a production model” by E M Saffran, M F Schwartz, and O S M Marin in Language Production ed by B Butterworth Academic Press, London, 1980 p 485 excerpt “Examiner: What kind…”: Excerpted from p 73 in “Anatomy of Jargon” by A Kertesz in Jargonaphasia ed by J Brown, Academic Press, New York, 1981 p 494, Figure 14.16: Adapted from O Hauk, et al., Neuron (2004), 41(2): 301–307 Copyright © 2004 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 495, Figure 14.18: Adapted from M Gentilucci, European Journal of Neuroscience (2003), 17: 179–184 Copyright © 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc p 501, Figure 14.23: From Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction by R A McCarthy & E K Warrington Copyright © 1990 by Academic Press Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 507, Figure 14.31: Adapted from J T Devlin, et al., Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ( June 2006), 18(6): 911–922 Copyright © 2006 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reprinted by permission of The MIT Press Journals p 508, Figure 14.35: Adapted from M Szwed, et al., Vision Research (2009), 49(7): 718–725 Copyright © 2009 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 509, Figure 14.36: Figure from “The Structures of Letters and Symbols throughout Human History Are Selected to Match Those Found in Objects in Natural Scenes” by M Changizi, et al (2006), The American Naturalist, 167(5), E117–E139 Copyright © 2006 by University of Chicago Press Reprinted by permission of University of Chicago Press p 510, Figure 14.37: Adapted from M Szwed, et al., Vision Research (2009), 49(7): 718–725 Copyright © 2009 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Chapter 15 p 524, Figure 15.8: Adapted from W Hacke, et al., Stroke (2005), 36(1): 66–73 Copyright © 2005 by Wolters Kluwer Health Reprinted by permission of Wolters Kluwer Health p 525, Figure 15.10: Based on data of Chimowitz et al., 2011 p 526, Figure 15.11: Adapted from E Taub, et al., Stroke (2006), 37(4): 1045–1049 Copyright © 2006 by Wolters Kluwer Health Reprinted by permission of Wolters Kluwer Health p 532, Figure 15.13: Data from OIE-World Health Organization for Animal Health and the CJD Surveillance Unit p 538, Figure 15.18: Based on Medtronic, Inc p 539, Figure 15.19: Adapted from M G Kaplitt, Lancet (2007), 369, 2097–2105 Copyright © 2007 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier p 545, Figure 15.26: Adapted from C Hock et al., Neuron (2003), 38(4): 547–554 Copyright © 2003 by Elsevier Reprinted by permission of Elsevier Chapter 16 p 558, Figure 16.2: Adapted from “Single Photon Emission Computerized Tomography Imaging of Amphetamine-Induced Dopamine Release in Drug-Free Schizophrenic 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M., Holmes, A J., Stenger, V A., and Cohen, J D American Journal of Psychiatry, 2005, 162, 475–484 Reprinted with permission from the American Journal of Psychiatry Copyright © 2005 American Psychiatric Association p 572, Figure 16.16: Will & Deni McIntyre / Photo Researchers, Inc p 577, Figure 16.19: Drevets, W.C., Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2001, 11, 240–249/Elsevier LTD p 579, Figure 16.21: From Pereira, A C., Huddleston, D E., Brickman, A M., et al Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 2007, 104, 5638–5643 Reprinted with permission Chapter 17 p 584 Goodshoot/Jupiter Images p 596, Figure 17.6: From Schultz, R T International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 2005, 23, 125–141 Reprinted with permission p 606, Figure 17.17, a, b: Based on data from Hollander et al., 2005 p 606, Figure 17.18: From van Harmelen, A L., van Tol, M J., van der Wee, N J., et al Biological Psychiatry, 2010, 68, 832–838 Reprinted by permission Chapter 18 p 615 Brand X Pictures/Photo 24/Jupiter Images p 628, Figure 18.10: From McCann, U D., Wong, D F., Yokoi, F., et al Journal of Neuroscience, 1998, 18, 8417–8422 By permission p 632, Figure 18.15: From Ikonomidou, C., Bittigau, P., Ishimaru, M J., et al Science, 2000, 287, 1056–1060 By permission p 633, Figure 18.16: Photograph courtesy of Steven M Paul, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md p 634, Figure 18.17: Based on data from Heinz et al., 2005 ways to find your MyPsychLab Ordering ISBN MyPsychLab is available with texts for Physiological Psychology courses Pearson’s MyLab TM Proven Results For over 10 years, instructors and students have reported better grades through increased engagement and real-time insights into progress engaging Experiences MyLab is designed to reach students in a personal way Engaging learning and practice opportunities lead to assessments that create a personalized study plan a Trusted Partnership With millions of students registered annually, MyLab is the most effective 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MyPsychLab MyPsychLab This online, all-in-one study resource offers a dynamic, electronic version of your textbook with embedded video clips (close-captioned and with post-viewing activities) and embedded animations and simulations that dynamically illustrate chapter concepts MyPsychLab also includes text-specific practice test questions for each chapter, which help you prepare for exams After completing a chapter pre-test, MyPsychLab generates a customized Study Plan for each individual student which helps to focus studying where it is needed most Visit the site at www.mypsychlab.com Virtual Brain within MyPsychLab Students can immerse themselves in an interactive landscape of the human brain The Virtual Brain incorporates real-life scenarios as well as simulations, activities, quizzes, and more Bioflix within MyPsychLab Bioflix within MyPsychLab: Highly visual interactive video on the toughest topics in Physiological Psychology Pearson eText Just like the printed text, students can highlight and add their own notes Students save time and improve results by having access to their book online Save Time Improve Results www.mypsychlab.com ... therefore be an expert in the study of behavior and the study of physiology Biological Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience Study of (or speculations about) the physiology of behavior has its roots in antiquity... modern history of investigating the physiology of behavior has been written by scientists who have combined the experimental methods of psychology with those of physiology and have applied them to... right and began counting She stopped when she had counted the people at the foot of her bed “Seven,” she reported “What about us?” asked a voice from the left of her bed “What?” she said, looking