anatomy and physiology of the cns

... understand the basics – how reptiles breathe, the structure of the psittacine sinuses and the complex gastro-intestinal physiology of the rabbit – before we can properly treat these unique pets The ... the vertebral column These are most developed in the neck for preening and the apprehension of food The tail muscles are also well developed for fine control of the tail feathers The number of ... the tip and sides of the hemipene and large anal glands lie above the hemipenes The hemipene, retractor muscle, and anal gland are all surrounded by the larger propulsor muscle When the hemipene

Ngày tải lên: 06/09/2019, 15:58

... what causes the heart muscles to contract—the sequence of blood flow through the heart and what causes blood pressure The anatomy (structure) and the physiology (function) of any part of the body ... the Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory There are several that were helpful in the development of this atlas They share our enthusiasm of its value for students of anatomy and physiology ... In the study of human anatomy and physiology, the following levels of body organization are generally recognized—the molecular level, the cellular level, the tissue level, the organ level, the

Ngày tải lên: 21/01/2020, 19:01

... incision down the medial surfaces of the forelegs to the hoofs and then the same for the skin of the hind legs Make circular incisions around each of the hoofs Following the ventral borders of the lower ... the cut edge of the skin and carefully remove it from your specimen If the skin is difficult to remove, grasp the cut edge of the skin with one hand and push on the muscle with the thumb of the ... regulation of involuntary activities in the body The ANS is made up of specific portions of the CNS and PNS The brain and spinal cord are the centers for integration and coordination of information

Ngày tải lên: 23/01/2020, 18:14

... Trung thận (7)(8)(9)(10)(11)II CẤU TẠO THẬN VÀ ĐƠN VỊ THẬN 1 Cấu tạo thận (12)(13) + Cắt thận theo chiều dọc và nhìn mặt cắt bằng mắt thường, ta thấy thận chia làm hai lớp : - Lớp vỏ màu ... phó giao cảm: - TK giao cảm chi phối thận xuất phát từ nhánh TK phó giao cảm nằm cạnh nó đi ra theo TK nội tạng - TK phó giao cảm xuất phát từ TK mê tẩu Các sợi TK giao cảm và phó giao cảm

Ngày tải lên: 15/04/2021, 21:12

... phẫu tích vạt xác Đặc điểm nhánh xuyên động mạch đùi sâu Theo số liệu chúng tơi số nhánh xun nhánh nhiều nhánh xác Các nhánh xuyên xếp dọc theo trục đứng từ xuống (bảng 3.1) Tỷ lệ nhánh xuyên phát ... thuật khâu đóng trực tiếp nơi lấy vạt Thời gian theo dõi sau phẫu thuật – thời gian điều trị đến ngày xuất viện Nghiên cứu cho thấy thời gian theo dõi hậu phẫu tối thiểu ngày tối đa 123 ngày, ... bên ụ ngồi cho - nhánh xuyên mạc da để cấp máu cho da vùng đùi 6 Động mạch xuyên III chạy dọc theo đường ráp xương đùi chỗ bám khép lớn đầu ngắn nhị đầu đùi có vị trí 10 – 12 cm cách ụ ngồi

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2021, 08:40

... mẫu không lớn Nghiên cứu Alessandro S cộng (2015) sử dụng vạt nhánh xuyên động mạch đùi sâu che phủ ụ ngồi cho kết vạt da lành tốt không loét tái phát thời gian theo dõi 12 tháng [6] Kết nghiên ... nhân loét vùng ụ ngồi có kết theo dõi năm khơng có biến chứng bao gồm loét tái phát [7] Kết nghiên cứu Gebert L cộng (2017) 15 bệnh nhân với 16 ổ loét ụ ngồi có kết theo dõi sau năm tất vạt da ... gia Hoa kỳ *Nguồn: theo Joyce B cộng (2007) [1] 1.1.4 Các phương pháp điều trị loét tỳ đè vùng ụ ngồi – mấu chuyển lớn Điều trị phịng ngừa Có nhiều phương pháp điều trị tùy theo mức độ thương

Ngày tải lên: 05/10/2021, 09:05

... 16.18 The Pituitary Gland And Hypothalamus The Pineal Gland The Thyroid Gland The Parathyroid Glands The Adrenal Gland The Pancreas The ... all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein * L Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their ... means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text The ”publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the

Ngày tải lên: 19/07/2022, 15:21

... understanding of the basic functions of the entire auditory system and the interactions between the. .. attached to the manubrium of the malleus and the other, the ... at the apex of the tympanic membrane (Fig 1. 5) The head of the malleus is suspended in the epitympanum The short process of the incus rests in the fossa incudo of the ... the function of the cochlea than of any other sensory organ C H A P T E R 1 Anatomy of the Ear 1 ABSTRACT 10 1 The ear consists of the outer ear, the middle ear and

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... measured in the place of the head. The effect of the head on the sound at the entrance of the ear canal is related to the size of the head and, the wavelength 2 of sound. This means that the “amplification” ... effect of the head on the sound pressure at the entrance of the ear canal depends on the frequency of the sound and on the angle of incidence of the sound (direction to the sound source). 6. The ... increasing the sound transmission selectively to the oval window of the FIGURE 2.4 The combined effect of the head and the resonance in the ear canal and the outer ear, obtained in a model of the human

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... routes and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala (AL), showing the “high route” and the “low route” Connections between the basolateral (ABL) and the central nuclei (ACE) of the amygdala and other CNS ... in the ventral parts of the MGB of the thalamus, the non-classical sensory pathways use the dorsal and medialdivision of the MGB as relay (Fig 5.10) [122] Thesedivisions of the MGB receive their ... nucleus of the thalamus that sends axons to the AAF The neurons of the medial division of the MGB project to the AAF, which may send collaterals to the reticular nucleus (RE) of the thalamus The

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... between the middle of that line and the vertex The origin of the vectors is the latency of the first peak in the dipole and the length is the relative strength of the. ... such as the cat, is approximately 0.8 cm long [59]. The difference between the latency of the N 1 of the AP and that of the response from the intracranial portion of the auditory nerve is the travel ... 3) and that contributes to the dependence of the latency on the stimulus intensity [179]. The conduction veloc- ity of nerve fibers and the synaptic delays are inde- pendent of the level of excitation

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... intensity of the noise. The TTS was measured 20 s after the end of the exposure. In this study the noise exposure consisted of a band of noise, centered at 0.5 kHz, and a width of 0.3 kHz. The exposure ... depends on the size of the hole in the tympanic membrane and the size of the middle-ear cavity 210 Section III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their Pathophysiology ... contractions of the stapedius muscle reduce the input to the cochlea. The attenuation caused by the stapedius muscle contraction decreases the input to the cochlea and thereby decreases the contraction of

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... role of outer hair cells, that is to increase the sensitivity and frequency selectivity of the ear (cf. Chapter 3). The widening of the tuning of the basilar membrane broadens the “slices” of the ... amount of acquired hearing loss depends not only on the intensity of the noise and the duration of exposure but also on the character of the noise (fre- quency spectrum and time pattern). The hearing ... 3 that the outer hair cells function as “motors” that increase the sensitivity and the frequency selectivity of the ear and that it is the inner hair cells that transduce the motion of the basilar

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... frequency of the tone and therefore, like in the visual system, the relationship between the output of three or more band pass... III Disorders of the Auditory System and Their ... corresponding to the F1 frequency and the other corresponding to the frequency of F2 The rate of the impulses is that of F0 for voiced sounds, and a quasi-random rate (average of 100 ... between the tinnitus and a real (synthesized) sound. Because the results of the matching of the intensity of tinnitus to other sounds does not seem to correspond to the perceived intensity of tinnitus,

Ngày tải lên: 11/08/2014, 06:21

... organizes the cytoplasmic contents, and functions in movements of cell contents and the cell as a whole. It is composed of microfilaments of the protein actin; intermediate filaments of keratin or other ... ______ . 20. The space enclosed by the unit membrane of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum is called the ______ . Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, ... turn to the functions of these organelles in the modification, packaging, and secretion of a protein (fig 4.10) Saladin: Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function,

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... in the same order 18 Name the four bones from the tip of the little finger to the base of the hand on that side matches the one on the sacrum On the anterior side of the ... joint and state to which bone each of these features belongs 17 Name the four bones of the proximal row of the carpus from lateral to medial, and then the four bones of the ... Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Third Edition 8 The Skeletal... of one pubis meets the body of the other at the pubic symphysis The pubis and ischium

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... arises from the shoulder and upper chest and inserts broadly along the mandible and overlying skin. It depresses the mandible, helps to open and widen the mouth, and tenses the skin of the neck ... surface of the mandible (fig. 10.9b). The pterygoids elevate and protract the mandible and produce the lateral excursions used to grind food between the molars. Several of the actions of chewing and ... of this group and forms most of the mass of the buttocks It is an extensor of the hip joint that produces the backswing of the leg in walking and provides most of the

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... and smooth ER of a muscle cell? 5. What is the difference between a myofilament and a myofibril? 6. List five proteins of the myofilaments and describe their physical arrangement. 7. Sketch the ... pattern of myofilaments to explain how they account for the A bands, I bands, H bands, and Z discs. Myosin molecule Thick filament Thin filament Portion of a sarcomere showing the overlap of thick and ... fiber; • relate the striations of a muscle fiber to the overlapping arrangement of its protein filaments; and • name the major proteins of a muscle fiber and state the function of each. The Muscle

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... system and state their locations; • describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the spinal cord; and • name the major conduction pathways of the spinal cord and state their functions. Functions The ... flashcards, and much more that will complement your learning and understanding of anatomy and physiology. 9. The synaptic contacts in the nervous system are fixed by the time of birth and cannot ... (MEN-inks). These membranes separate the soft tissue of the central nervous system from the bones of the vertebrae and skull. From superficial to deep, they are the dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21

... enhancing the perception of contrast, the edges of objects, and changes in light inten- sity. In addition, much of the mass of the retina is com- posed of astrocytes and other types of glial cells. ... cones and no rods. The other neurons of the fovea are displaced to one side so they won’t interfere with light falling on the cones. The smallness of these cones is like the smallness of the dots ... the sense of linear or angular acceleration of the head 9 The saccule and utricle... convergence of the eyes, constriction of the pupil, and accommodation (thickening) of

Ngày tải lên: 12/08/2014, 16:21