Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units

Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units Bioenergy systems for the future 8 distributed h2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units

Distributed H2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane in conventional steam reforming units A Vita, C Italiano, L Pino Institute for Advanced Energy Technologies (ITAE), “Nicola Giordano,” National Research Consilium (CNR), Messina, Italy Abbreviations BOP BSR CSD DDGS DOE ESR FC FCEV FP gge GHG GSR HTS ICE ICEV IEA LHV LTS MMBtu MSR NREL O&M PSA RFA SF SR WGS WWTP balance of plant butanol steam reforming compression, storage, and dispensing distillers dried grains and solubles Department of Energy ethanol steam reforming fuel cell fuel cell electric vehicle fuel processor gallon of gasoline equivalent greenhouse gas glycerol steam reforming high-temperature shift internal combustion engines internal combustion engine vehicles International Energy Agency lower heating value (kJ/mol) low-temperature shift Million British thermal unit methane steam reforming National Renewable Energy Laboratory operating and maintenance pressure swing adsorption Renewable Fuel Association solid fuel steam reforming water-gas shift wastewater treatment plants Bioenergy Systems for the Future http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-101031-0.00008-9 © 2017 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved 280 Bioenergy Systems for the Future Symbols ButOH,IN CH4,IN EtOH,IN Glycerol,IN H2,OUT LHVFuel LHVH2 nFuel nH2 Q QRecovered QReformer S/C YH2 ηH2 ηth 8.1 number of mol of feed butanol (mol) number of mol of feed methane (mol) number of mol of feed ethanol (mol) number of mol of feed glycerol (mol) number of mol of produced hydrogen (mol) fuel lower heating value (kJ/mol) hydrogen lower heating value (kJ/mol) fuel molar flow (mol/s) hydrogen molar flow (mol/s) energy provided and recovered (kW) heat recovered from the heat exchange systems (kW) heat to support the reformer (kW) steam-to-carbon molar ratio hydrogen yield (%) overall efficiency (%) overall thermal efficiency (%) Introduction One of the priorities in research programs energy field is to identify some strategic technologies that can contribute to the shift toward a low-carbon economy through the use of renewable energy sources while reducing the CO2 emissions In this area, the sustainable hydrogen production technologies and the fuel cell (FC) systems will play an extremely important role in the portfolio for the future energetic economy (Andrews and Shabani, 2012; Midilli and Dincer, 2007) This is particularly true for the transport sector that today is marked by an extreme dependency on oil Cost-effective hydrogen needs to be produced with zero or near-zero CO2 emissions Currently, the primary route for hydrogen production is the conversion of natural gas and other light hydrocarbons Approximately 96% of the produced hydrogen come from fossil fuels’ conversion, such as natural gas; reforming in large-scale (central) facilities produces more than 500,000 kgH2 =day (US DRIVE, 2013) This process causes the coproduction of large amounts of carbon dioxide, the main responsible for the so-called “greenhouse effect.” Therefore, renewable energy sources tuned with suitable technologies for hydrogen production will be necessary during the coming decade (Balat, 2008) The use of fuels directly derived (without further synthesis steps that involve hydrogen) from renewable sources (biomass and waste) can give an important contribution to meet the current and future energy requirements In this scenario, biofuels such as biomethane, bioethanol, biobutanol, and glycerol can be considered very interesting renewable fuels for hydrogen production (Andrews and Shabani, 2012; Edelmann, 2001) through conventional SR process The biogas (biomethane) can be produced from a variety of organic raw materials from various Distributed H2 production from bioalcohols and biomethane 281 sectors, ranging from zootechnical to agro-industrial Renewable ethanol and butanol can be derived from fermentation of sugar-based, corn-based, and cellulose-based materials Glycerol can be obtained as a by-product in biodiesel production The sustainable utilization of these biofuels, due the local nature of the related feedstocks, will play an important role to increase the distributed hydrogen production, the most feasible approach for introducing hydrogen as an energy carrier in the near/ midterm (