TAI LIEU ON THI TOT NGHIEP THPT

Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School Part I: Pronunciation (phát âm) A Các phụ âm hữu vô tiếng Anh: * Hữu /b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, ʤ, m, n, , l, r, j, w/ + toàn nguyên âm a, e, o, u, i * V« /p, t, k, f, θ, s, ∫, t∫, h/ Quy t¾c ca việc phát âm từ tận với s: s đợc phát âm /z/ theo sau âm hữu trừ âm (z, , /) s đợc phát âm /s/ theo sau âm vô trừ âm (s,,t) s đợc phát âm / iz/ sau âm (z, , , s, ,t ) Quy tắc ca việc phát âm từ tận với ed: Động từ tận ed đợc phát âm /d/ theo sau âm hữu trừ âm (d) Động từ tận ed đợc phát âm /t/ theo sau âm vô trừ âm (t) Động từ tận ed đợc phát âm /id/ theo sau âm (t, d, te, de) B Stress : Các âm tiết mang trọng âm phát âm lớn hơn, kéo dài hơn, độ cao âm tiết không mang trộng âm Tõ cã hai ©m tiÕt (Two - syllable words) - Đối với từ có hai âm tiết, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đầu âm tiết thứ hai Đối với động từ, tính từ, trạng từ, giới từ có quy luật sau: âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm dài nguyên âm kép (trừ) trọng âm rơi vào ©m tiÕt thø hai Vd: arrive (v), attract (v), correct (a), perfect (a), alone (adv), inside (pre)  Ngc lại âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm ngắn nguyên âm kép , đợc kết thúc phụ âm trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đầu Vd: open (v), borrow (v), lovely (a), sorry (a), rather (adv)  §èi víi danh tõ, âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm ngắn trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đầu Vd: money, product Ngợc lại, âm tiết thứ hai có chứa nguyên âm dài nguyên âm kép trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai Vd: balloon, design, estate Tõ cã ba ©m tiÕt (Three - syllable words) Đối với động từ , âm tiết cuối âm tiết mạnh, có trọng âm Vd: entertain, resurrect - Nếu âm tiết cuối âm tiết yếu, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết đứng trớc nó, VD: encounter, determine - Nếu âm tiết thứ hai thứ ba âm tiết yếu trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết Vd: advertise, speculate  §èi víi danh tõ, nÕu ©m tiÕt ci cïng u hc tËn cïng b»ng /əu/, âm tiết thứ hai mạnh, trọng âm rơi vào âm tiết thứ hai Vd: statistics, potato, diaster ; - Nếu âm tiết thứ hai thứ ba âm tiết yếu,thì âm tiết đu tiên mang trọng âm Vd: quantity, cinema, emperor Từ phát sinh (derived-words) Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School * Tõ phát sinh từ có hình thái từ gốc céng víi mét hc nhiỊu phơ tè (affixes) Phơ tè bao gåm tiỊn tè (prefixes) vµ hËu tè(suffixes) * Ba trờng hợp phụ tố có tác động đến trọng âm từ: Bản thân phụ tố mang trọng âm Vd: semicircle, Phụ tố không làm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ‘pleasant, un’pleasant, Sự có mặt phụ tố làm thay ®ỉi träng ©m chÝnh cđa tõ gèc Vd: ’magnet mag’netic Dạng phát âm mạnh dạng phát âm yếu từ chức (weak forms and strong forms of function words) Một số từ chức tiêng Anh (trợ động từ, giới từ, liên từ, ) có hai cách phát âm- dạng mạnh dạng yếu Dạng phát âm yếu (weak form) dạng phát âm thông thờng nhóm từ chúng đợc phát âm dới dạng mạnh (strong form) trờng hợp sau: Khi từ xuất cuèi c©u nãi Vd: Chips are what I’m fond of Khi từ đợc đem tơng phản với tõ kh¸c Vd: the letter’s from him not to him Khi từ đợc đánh trọng âm mục ®Ých nhÊn m¹nh cđa ngêi nãi Vd:You must give me more money Khi từ đợc trích đẫn Vd: You shouldn’t put and at the end of the sentence Nhịp điệu (Rhythm): Ngôn ngữ lời nói tiếng Anh đợc cho có nhịp điệu nhịp đợc phát nhờ vào xuất đặn âm tiết có trọng âm Tiếng Anh có nhịp điệu theo trọng âm có nghĩa âm tiết có trọng âm có xu hớng xuất khoảng thời gian tơng đối dù chúng có số lợng âm tiết không mang trọng âm khác Vd: ‘Walk ‘down the ‘path to the ‘end of the ca’nal Nuèt ©m (Elision) Nuốt âm lợc bỏ nhiều âm nói Dới số trờng hợp nuốt âm chủ yếu: Sự biến nguyên âm Sự nguyên âm yếu theo sau /p, t, k/ • Sù biÕn mÊt cđa phơ ©m Nèi ©m (linking) o Phơ ©m -> nguyªn ©m Vd: Look at me; Can I help you? o Nguyên âm -> nguyên âm Vd: How often I have to it? Ngữ điệu (Intonation) Ngữ điệu lên xuống cao độ âm ta phát âm Có ba loại ngữ điệu đợc trình bày SGK 12: Ngữ điệu giáng (falling tune); ngữ điệu thăng (rising tune); ngữ điệu thăng - giáng (rising-falling tune) Sau số quy tắc ngữ điệu bản: Câu trần thuật: Câu trần thuật thông thờng xuống giọng cuối phát ngôn Vd: I love you Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School C©u liệt kê lên giọng vừa phải phần liệt kê xuống giọng cuối phát ngôn Vd: We had some soup, smashed potato, fish and chips and finally a glass of orange juice Câu hỏi có từ để hỏi: - Quy luật xuống giọng cuối phát ngôn Vd: What does WTO stand for? - Đôi lên giọng dần từ bắt đầu kết thúc phát ngôn (thể quan tâm nhiều hơn) Vd: Hows your daughter? Câu hỏi đảo: lên giọng cuối phát ngôn kể loại có dạng thức giống nh câu trần thuật Vd: Do you love him? You love him? Lời yêu cầu, đề nghị: Lên giọng cuối phát ngôn Vd: Can you open the door ,please? Câu hỏi đuôi: - Xuống giọng phần đuôi câu hỏi hỏi đẻ xác nhận thông tin Câu hỏi nh có tác dụng gần nh câu cảm thán Vd: It’s really hot, isn’t it? - Khi hái ®Ĩ lÊy thông tin thực cần có khẳng định phủ định ngời nghe phần đuôi câu hỏi phải lên giọng Vd: You dont love her, you? Câu hỏi lựa chọn: lên giọng sù lùa chän trõ sù lùa chän cuèi cïng th× xuống giọng PART II: GRAMMAR (Phần ngữ pháp) I The present simple tense (Thì đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V1… S + am/is/are…… - Negative: S + do/does + not + V1… S + am/is/are + not… - Interrogative: Do/Does + S + V1.? Am/Is/Are + S .? Usage: - Thì HTĐ dùng diễn tả thói quen, hành động xảy thờng xuyên lặp di lặp lại eg I watch T.V every night - Thì HTĐ dùng diễn tả chân lý, thật hiển nhiên eg The sun rises in the East / Tom comes from America - Thì HTĐ đợc dùng ta nói thời khóa biểu (timetables), chơng trình (programmes) eg The train leaves the station at 8.15 a.m The film begins at p.m - Thì HTĐ dùng sau cơm tõ chØ thêi gian: when, as soon as, vµ cụm từ điều kiện: if, unless eg When summer comes, I’ll go to the beach You won’t get good marks unless you work hard Adverbs: Often = usually = frequently, always = constantly, sometimes = occasionally, seldom = rarely, everyday/ week/ month II The present continuous tense (Thì tiếp diễn) Form : - Affirmative: S + am/is/are + V- ing…… - Negative: S + am/is/are + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Am/Is/Are + S + V-ing ….? Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School Usage: - Thì HTTD diễn tả hành ®éng ®ang diƠn vµ kÐo dµi mét thêi gian (thờng có trạng từ : now, right now, at the moment, at present) eg The children are playing football now - Thì HTTD thờng đợc dùng theo sau câu đề nghị, mệnh lệnh eg Be quiet! The baby is sleeping Note: Không dùng HTTD với động từ nhận thức, tri giác nh : to be, see, hear, understand, know, like, want, glance, feel, think, smell, love, hate, realize, seem, remember, forget, belong to, believe (Với động từ ta thay HTĐ) eg She wants to go for a walk at the moment SO SÁNH SIMPLE PRESENT Với PRESENT CONTINUOUS Thì Simple Present dùng để hành động diễn thời gian noí chung không thiết phải thời gian Thời gian nói chung thời gian ma việc diễn ngày (every day), tuaàn (every week), tháng (every month), năm (every year), mùa (every spring / summer / autumn / winter)… - He goes to school every day - Mrs Brown travels every summer * Thì Present Continuous dùng để hành động xảy (a current activity) hay việc làm (now/ at present/ at this moment), hơm (today), tuần nµy (this week), năm (this year)… - We are learning English now - Mary is playing the piano at the moment Hãy so sánh : - I work in a bakery every day - I’m working in a bakery this week * CHÚ Ý : (1) + Thì Simple Present thường dùng với động từ tri giác (verbs of perception) như: feel, see, hear… động từ trạng thái như: know, understand, mean, like, prefer, love, hate, need, want, remember, recognize, believe… + Ngoài dùng Simple Present với động từ : be, appear, belong, have to… + Thì Simple Present dùng với trạng từ tần suất (adverbs of frequency) : always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, generally, rarely, never… - That child needs care - This book belongs to me - He never comes late + Chúng ta dùng Simple Present để chân lí hay thật hiển nhiên (a general truth) - The sun rises in the east - Nothing is more precious than independence and freedom (2) Thì Present Continuous còng dùng để hành động tương lai gần (a near future action) Với trạng từ tương lai : tomorrow, next week, next month, next year, next summer… III The present perfect tense (Thì Hiện hồn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + has/have +V3/ed… - Negative: S + has/have + not + V3/ed… Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School - Interrogative: Has/Have + S + V3/ed….? Usage : - Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động vừa xảy ra, vừa kết thúc, thờng với trạng từ just eg We have just bought a new car - Th× HTHT diễn tả hành động khứ, kéo dài đến có khả tiếp tục tơng lai eg You have studied English for five years - Thì HTHT diễn tả hành động xaỷ khứ mà rõ thêi gian eg I have gone to Hanoi - Th× HTHT diễn tả hành động đợc lặp lặp lại nhiều lần khứ eg We have seen Titanic three times - Thì HTHT dùng sau từ so sánh cấp cao (trong lời bình phẩm) eg It’s the most boring film I’ve ever seen - Th× HTHT dïng víi This is the first/ second time, it’s the first time eg This is the first time I’ve lost my way - Th× HTHT dïng víi This morning/ This evening/ Today/ This week/ This term nh÷ng thời gian lúc nói eg I haven’t seen Joana this morning Have you seen her? Note : - Gone to kh¸c víi Been to eg Marry has gone to Paris(đang đờng ®Õn Pari) Marry has been to Paris(®· ®Õn nhng b©y không Pari) Adverbs : - just, recently, lately :gần đây, vừa - ever: - never: cha bao giê - already: råi - yet: cha (dùng câu phủ định nghi vấn) - since: từ (chỉ thời điểm mà hành động bắt đầu) - for: khoảng (chỉ khoảng thời gian hành ®éng) - so far = until now = up to now = up to the present : cho ®Õn nay, tận * Thì HTHTTD : S + have been + Ving Sư dơng t¬ng tù HTHT nhng muốn nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động eg You have been learning English for years SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để kết tình trạng (the result of the present state), việc xảy khứ không rõ thời điểm, lập lập lại nhiều lần kéo dài đến + Thì Present Perfect Continuous (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để tiếp diễn hành động (the continuity of an action) - I have been waiting for two hours, but she has not come yet - He has been living here since 1975 - We have been working in the garden all morning + Thì Present Perfect Continuous dùng với động từ : lie, wait, sit, stand, study, learn, live, rest, stay… - They have been learning English since 1995 Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School - The chair has been lying in the store window for ages IV The past simple tense (Thì Quá khứ đơn) Form to be - Affirmative: S + V2/ed… S + was/were…… - Negative: S + did + not + V1… S + was/were + not… - Interrogative: Did + S + V1….? Was/Were + S ….? Usage : - Thì QKĐG diễn tả hành động xảy khứ, chấm dứt biết rõ thêi gian eg I went to the cinema last night Adverbs : - last, yesterday, ago, in 1989,… - Khi đổi sang dạng phủ định nghi vấn nhớ ®a ®éng tõ chÝnh vỊ nguyªn mÉu - Chó ý cách phát âm động từ có tận ‘ed’ SO SÁNH THÌ PRESENT PERFECT VÀ THÌ SIMPLE PAST * Thì Present perfect (Hiện Tại Hoàn Thành) dùng để khứ không rõ thời điểm liên lạc với * Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để khứ có thời điểm rõ rệt cắt đứt với + CHÚ Ý : (1) Thì Present Perfect thường với từ : up to now, up to the present, so far (cho tới nay), not … yet (vẫn chưa), for, since, ever (đã từng), never, several times (nhiều lần), just (vừa), recently (vừa mới), lately (mới đây) - Have you ever seen a tiger ? - The train has not arrived yet - We have lived here for years - The bell has just rung (2) Thì Simple Past thường với tiếng thời gian khứ xác đònh : yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last month, last year, last summer, ago - We came here a month ago - He went to the cinema yesterday * Thì Simple Past dùng để chuỗi hành động xảy khứ - He closed all the windows, locked the doors and then went out V The past continuous tense: (Thì khứ tiếp diễn) Form : - Affirmative: S + was/were + V-ing… - Negative: S + was/were + not + V-ing… - Interrogative: Was/Were + S + V-ing….? Usage : - Hµnh động xảy kéo dài thời gian ë qu¸ khø eg Yesterday, Mr Nam was working in the garden all the afternoon - Hành động xảy thời điểm xác định khứ eg We were learning English at a.m last Sunday - Hành động xảy (ở khứ) có hành động khác xen vào (Hành động xảy dùng QKTD, hoàn động xen vào dùng QKĐ) eg When I saw her yesterday, she was having breakfast - Hai hành động xảy song song cïng mét lóc ë qu¸ khø eg Last night, I was watching T.V while my sister was reading a book Note: Không dùng với động từ nhận thức, tri giác (thay QKĐ) Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School Adverbs: - at p.m yesterday - at this time last Sunday SO SAÙNH THÌ SIMPLE PAST VÀ THÌ PAST CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Past (Quá Khứ Đơn) dùng để hành động ngắn (thình lình) xảy khứ - I met him in the street yesterday + Thì Past Continuous (Quá Khứ Tiếp Diễn) dùng để hành động kéo dài khứ tương ứng với hành động khác khứ - I met him while he was crossing the street - She was going home when she saw an accident + Thì Past Continuous diễn tả hành động kéo dài điểm thời gian xác đònh khứ hai hành động liên tiếp song song với - My father was watching TV at o’clock last night - I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV VI The past perfect tense (Thì khứ hoàn thành) Form : - Affirmative: S + had + V3/ed… - Negative: S + had + not + V3/ed… - Interrogative: Had + S + V3/ed….? Usage: Diễn tả hành động khứ xảy trớc thời gian c th trớc hành động khác khứ (Nếu câu có hai hành động khứ, hành động xảy trớc ta dùng QKHT, hành động sau ta dùng QKĐ) eg They had live here before 1985 After the children had finished their homework, they went to bed VII The past perfect continuous tense (Thì q khứ hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: - Affirmative: S + had + been + Ving … - Negative: S + had + not + been + Ving… - Interrogative: Had + S + been + Ving.? Usage: Diễn tả hành động khứ xảy kéo dài hành động khứ thứ hai xảy (hành động thứ hai dùng QKĐ) Khoảng thời gian kéo dài thờng đợc nêu rõ câu eg The boys had been playing football for hours before I came SO SÁNH THÌ PAST PERFECT VÀ THÌ PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Past Perfect Continuous (Quá Khứ Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) dùng để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động trước hành động khứ khác xảy Hãy so sánh : - She had been studying English before she came here for classes (Hành động had been studying xảy liên tục hành động came for classes xaûy ra) - She had studied English before she came for classes (Hành động had studied chấm dứt trước hành động came for classes) Và so saùnh : - It had been raining when I got up this morning (Mưa dứt thức dậy.) - It was raining when I got up this morning (Mưa thức dậy VIII The simple future tense (Thì tương lai đơn) Form : - Affirmative: S + will/shall + V1… - Negative: S + will/shall + not + V1… - Interrogative: Will/Shall + S + V1….? Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School Usage: - Dùng ta định làm điều ®ã vµo lóc nãi eg You will give your sentences now - Dùng để yêu cầu, đề nghị làm eg Will you shut the door - Dùng để đồng ý từ chối làm eg: A: I need some money B: Don’t worry I’ll lend you some - Dùng để hứa hẹn làm điều eg: I promise I’ll call you when I arrive - Dùng shall I shall we để đề nghị gỵi ý eg Where shall we go tonight?/ Shall we go to the cinema? - Dïng I think I’ll / I dont think Ill ta làm / không làm điều eg.I think Ill stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight Adverbs : - someday :một ngày - next week/ next month - tomorrow : - soon :chẳng n÷a IX Near future (Thì tương lai gần) Form: S + Be (is/am/are) + Going to + V bare infi (dự định sẽ) S + Be (is/am/are) +Ving (sắp sửa) Usage: Diễn tả hành động xảy tơng lai gần có dự định trớc (thờng câu trạng từ thời gian) eg They are going to repaint the school - DiƠn t¶ tiên đoán, kiện chắn xảy tơng lai có dấu hiệu hay chứng hiƯn t¹i - eg Tom’s a good student He’s going to pass the final exam Look at those clouds It’s going to rain X The future continuous tense (Thì tương lai tiếp diễn) Form: S + will / shall + Be + Ving Usage : - DiÔn tả hành động xảy thời điểm xác định tơng lai eg I will be watching T.V at 8p.m tonight - DiƠn t¶ mét hành động xảy tơng lai có hành động khác xảy eg Ill be cooking when my mother return this evening SO SÁNH THÌ SIMPLE FUTURE VÀ THÌ FUTURE CONTINUOUS + Thì Simple Future (Tương Lai Đơn) diễn tả hành động xảy (có thời gian xác đònh tương lai); Future Continuous (Tương Lai Tiếp Diễn) diễn tả hành động liên tiến điểm thời gian xác đònh tương lai - He will go to the stadium next Sunday - We will / shall have the final test Hãy so sánh : - I will eat breakfast at o’clock tomorrow - I will be eating breakfast at o’clock tomorrow + Trong mệnh đề trạng từ thời gian (adverb clause of time) hay mệnh đề điều kiện (adverb clause of condition), Simple Present dùng để thay cho Simple Future - I shall not go until I see him Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School - If he comes tomorrow, he will it + CHÚ Ý: WILL dùng cho tất XI The future perfect tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành) Form : S + will + have + V(ed,3) Usage : - Diễn tả hành động hoàn tất vào thời điểm cho trớc tơng lai Thờng dùng c¸c cơm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By (+ mèc thêi gian ), By the time, By then eg We’ll have finished our lesson by 11 o’clock When you come back, I’ll have had lunch XII The future perfect continuous tense (Thì tương lai hồn thành tiếp diễn) Form: S + will + have been + Ving Usage : - Diễn tả hành động khứ kéo dài đến thời điểm cho trớc tơng lai Thờng dùng cụm tõ chØ thêi gian nh : By for (+ kho¶ng thêi gian), By the time , By then eg By May, they’ll have been living in this house for 15 years SO SÁNH THÌ FUTURE PERFECT VÀ THÌ FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS + Thì Future Perfect (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành) dùng để hành động hoàn thành trước hành động khác tương lai hay điểm thời gian tương lai - The taxi will have arrived by the time you finish dressing - By next Christmas, he will have lived in Dalat for years + Để nhấn mạnh tính liên tục hành động, dùng Future Perfect Continuous (Tương Lai Hoàn Thành Tiếp Diễn) - By the time you receive this letter, we shall have been travelling through Russia - By next June, they will have been working in this factory for 12 years * Sequence of tenses: (Sù phèi hợp ) Trong câu có hai mệnh đề trở lên, động từ phải có phối hợp Sự phối hợp động từ mệnh đề (main clause) mệnh đề phụ (subordinate clause) nh sau : Main clause Subordinate clause Simple present - Simple present - Present perfect - Present continuous - Simple future/ Near future - Simple past (nÕu thßi gian xác định q/khứ) Simple past - Simple past - Past perfect - Past continuous - Would/ was ,were+ going to + V bare infi - Simple present (nếu diễn tả chân lý) Present perfect - Simple present Past perfect - Simple past eg Marry says she’ll come here next Sunday People have said that London has fog Sự phối hợp động từ mệnh đề mệnh đề trạng ngữ thêi gian nh sau: Prepared by : To Giang Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School Main clause Adverbial clause of time Present tenses - Present tenses Past tenses - Past tenses Future tenses - Present tenses + Mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian thờng đợc bắt đầu với từ nối sau: - when: - until: - whenever : - just as :ngay - as: - since: - while: - no sooner than: - before: - hardly .when: khã .khi - after: - as long as: chõng nµo, cho ®Õn - as soon as: - till: eg You will go home as soon as you have finished your exercises When I came there, it was raining hard I often drink coffee while I am watching T.V + Note:- Không đợc dùng tơng lai (Future tenses) mệnh đề trạng ngữ thời gian (có thể thay tại) eg If it rains tomorrow, We’ll stay at home - Trong trêng hỵp dïng tõ nèi Since lu ý: S +V (present perfect/ present perfect cont.) + Since + S + Ved eg You have been studying English since you came here SỰ HOÀ HỢP GIỮA CHỦ NGỮ VÀ ĐỘNG TỪ Theo luật chung động từ hòa hợp với chủ ng÷ no ù- tức – chủ ngữ số động từ theo sau số ngược lại chủ ngữ số nhiều theo sau động số nhiều Tuy nhiên, ta ý 10 luật đặc biệt sau: [1]: Hai hay nhiều chủ ngữ số đựơc nối liên từ AND đòi hỏi động từ số nhiều - The boy and the girl love their parents dearly - Tom and Mary were late yesterday Tuy nhiên, hai chđ từ diễn tả người, vật hay ý tưởng chung động từ số - Bread and butter is my daily breakfast - To love and to be loved is the greatest happiness in life [2] : Hai chủ ng÷ nối với AND mà trước chủ ngữ đầu có EACH, EVERY, MANY A, NO động từ phải số - Each boy and girl has a textbook - No teacher and student is present [3] : Khi hai chủ ngữ ø nối OR, EITHER… OR, NEITHER…NOR…thì động từ hồ hợp với chủ ng÷ gần - He or you are the best student in this class - Neither Jack nor I am willing to that [4] : Khi hai chủ ngữ đươcï nối AS WELL AS, NO LESS THAN, WITH, TOGETHER WITH, ALONG WITH động từ hòa hợp với chủ ngữ - John, as well as you, is responsible for this act - Tom, with his friends, is in the car [5] : Một danh từ tập hợp (collective noun) cần động từ số nhiều ta ngụ ý nói tới cá nhân tạo nên tập hợp ấy, động từ số ta ngụ ý nói chung chung coi tập hợp đơn vị Prepared by : To Giang 10 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Checking someone has understood ( K.tra xem hiểu hay chưa) Luc Nam High School 11 Get off (the bus / tram) at (place) see 13 Look out for Are you with me? Did you follow that? Have you got that? Is everything clear so far? Does that seem to make sense 12 Carry on until you PART III : SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION 1.QUESTIONS WITH “HOW MUCH” What + be + the price of sth ? How much + be + sth ? How much + do/does + sth + cost? a.What is the price of this watch? How much………………………… ? b.What is the price of your car? How much…………………………….? c What is the price of his coat? How much…………………………….? d What is the price of her hat? How much…………………………… ? e.What is the price of these beautiful scarves? How much………………………………………… ? f.How much are these oranges? What is …………………………… ? g.How much is the pork? What is………………………………? h.How much these dresses cost? What is………………………………………… ? i.How much does the petrol cost? What is ………………………………………….? j.How much is a cup of coffee? What is………………………………………… ? QUESTIONS WITH “HOW TO GET TO” Can you show/tell me the way to + a place? Can you tell me how to get to + a place ? a Can you tell me the way to the bank? …………………………………………… b Can you tell me the way to Chu Se post office? ………………………………………………………… c Can you tell me the way to the station? ………………………………………………… d Can you tell me the way to the pagoda? ………………………………………………… e Can you tell me the way to the bank? ……………………………………………… f Can you tell me the way to Ham Rong mountain? …………………………………………………………… g Can you tell me how to get to the bus station? ………………………………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 44 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School h Can you tell me how to get to the bus station? ………………………………………………………… i Can you tell me how to get to Tan Son Nhat Airport? ……………………………………………………………… j Can you tell me how to get to Uncle Ho’s Mausoleum? …………………………………………………………………… k Can you tell me how to get to the Cao Ba Quat seconary school? …………………………………………………………………………… l Can you tell me how to get to Chu Se market? ………………………………………………………… HAVE-THERE IS/ARE S + have There is/are a The café has a lot of tables ……………………………… b Theatre programmes usually have lots of imformation ………………………………………………………… c London has more than fifty theatres ………………………………………… d The garden has a swimming pool ……………………………………… e The system has both private and state schools ………………………………………………… f My house has four rooms …………………………… g There will be more than billion people in the world in 2020 ………………………………………………………………… h There have been more robberies in this town recently …………………………………………………………… i There will be a lot of interesting TV programmes for people ……………………………………………………………… ADJECTIVE + NOUN S + be + adj + noun Noun + be + adj a The national theatre has very comfortable seats …………………………………………………… b Our university has many large classrooms ……………………………………………… c These are very valuable paintings …………………………………… d The book contains many beautiful illustrations ………………………………………………… e They are in unfavorable situations ………………………………………… f The university has got numerous outstanding professors …………………………………………………………… g The tower of the church is high …………………………………… h We have got a magnificent view from our window ……………………………………………………… i The test they did was not easy ………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 45 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School j The house my parents bought is comfortable ………………………………………………… WITH + NOUN- ADVERB S + V + with + noun S + V + adv a He handled the chinawares with care ………………………………………… b He delivers his lecture with eloquence …………………………………………… c The students listened to their teacher with great attention ……………………………………………………………… d They waited for the football match with excitement ………………………………………………………… e The fishermen looked out to the sea with anxiety ………………………………………………………… f The candidates took their exam with impatience ……………………………………………………… g The sick people tried to endure the sufferings with impatience ……………………………………………………………………… h We received him with pleasure …………………………………… i She kissed her teacher with thanks ……………………………………… j The boy rushed out of the room with horror ………………………………………………… IT + TAKES/TOOK… S + V + time It takes/ took + (SO) + time + to_infi a I accomplished this task in three months …………………………………………… b Jane spends hours a week sorting stamps ……………………………………………… c Any pictures that are taken will have to travel for minutes before they reach the earth ……………………………………………………………………………………………… d She wrote the letter in 30 minutes ……………………………………… e John finished his essay in two hours ………………………………………… f I washed all these clothes in an hour ……………………………………… g The flight to Moscow lasted three and half an hour ……………………………………………………… h We spend five hours getting to London …………………………………………… i The passengers spent one hour and a half to fly to HN ………………………………………………………… j The engineers completed the construction work in 100 days ………………………………………………………………… THE VERB “MAKE” Prepared by : To Giang 46 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School S + be + adj S + make + O + adj a Why was she late? What………………………………………… b The critics were strongly impressed by her performance Her performance made …………………………………… c I am always nervous when I travel by air Travelling…………………………………… d He felt happy with the news ………………………………… e She felt happy with the toys The toys made………………………………… f She heard the song and she felt homesick The song made…………………………… g They were late because of heavy traffice ……………………………………………… h Nam’s sister is always sad when she sees that film ……………………………………………………… i He was successful thanks to his hard work His hard work made………………………… j We work all day and we have no time to spare Our work makes……………………………… ADJECTIVE-ADVERB S + be + adj + noun S + verb + adv a They are fast typists ……………………… b He is a fluent speaker ………………………… c Peter is a hard worker ………………………… d Van is a good singer ……………………… e They are fast runners ………………………… f Morgan is a slow driver ………………………… g Tony and Bob are very good footballers …………………………………………… h We are lazy students ………………………… i Mary is an excellent dancer ……………………………… j They are frequent church goers …………………………………… EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES S + be + adj What + (a/an) + adj + n ! How + adj + S +be S + V + adv How + adv + S + V ! a She is a very graceful girl What………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 47 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School b How fast he run ! He is……………………… c The meal was excellent What……………………………… d This is a beautiful picture What………………………………… e She sang very beautifully How………………………………… f What a sweet little girl! She…………………………… g What a great idea! That is………………………… h What a beautiful home you have! You………………………………………… i How nice that Jane could come with you! It is……………………………………………… j How nice she is! What a……………………… 10 TO LIKE- TO BE FOND OF S + like + sth S + be + fond of sth a I like detective stories I am…………………… b She likes drinking coffee She is……………………… c Children like sweets Children are……………………… d The tourists like to lie on the beach sunbathing The tourists ……………………………… e We like to go camping in the mountains We are…………………………………………… f Nobody is fond of liars Nobody………………… g She is fond of watching the sunset She…………………………… 11 LET-ALLOW S + let + O + sth S+ allow + S.O + to sth a Bi let Ba keep the kitten Ba allowed……………… b The teacher didn’t let the class leave before 4:30 The teacher………………………………… c The police let the people enter the bank The police…………………………… d Our parents let us what we think we should Our parents…………………………………… e The boss disn’t let her have a day off The boss…………………………… f The national laws allow us to private businesses The national laws……………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 48 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School g Thay don’t allow outsiders to attend their meeting They don’t………………………………… h Thay don’t allow the students to smoke in class They don’t …………………………… i She will allow her son to engage in social activities She will…………………………………… j The weather didn’t allow people to celebrate the ceremony in the open air The weather didn’t…………………………………………………… 12 THE VERB “SUGGEST” FOLLOWED BY PRESENT SUBJ a Let’s + V S + suggest + that + S + present subj b In my opinion c S + advise d Why don’t you sth? Or S + suggest + V_ing a “Let’s go for a walk in the part,” said Ann Ann suggested that…………………………… b In my opinion you are not telling the truth I suggested……………………………… c “ I’d take a taxi if I were you”, said Peter Peter suggested………………………… d The doctor advised me to take a rest The doctor suggested………………………… e “ Why don’t you complain to the company, Peter?” said William William suggested………………………………………………… f Why don’t you meet to discuss the pay offer? I suggest……………………………………… g “Why don’t you go on a walking holiday?” Jane said Jane suggested………………………………………… h “Why don’t you buy a food processor?” said Mary ………………………………………………………… i The policeman told us to fit new locks on the door ……………………………………………………… j “Why don’t you buy this picture as a wedding present?” said Nga ……………………………………………………………………… 13 TO BE SUPPOSED TO a It’s one’s duty to sth S + be + supposed to sth b S + be + thought to + V a It is your duty to obey him You are………………………… b Yogurt is thought to be good for you Yogurt is…………………………………… c Swimming is believed to be good for our health Swimming is…………………………………………… d Exercise is thought to us good ………………………………………… e Drinking alcohol is said to us harm ………………………………………………… f It’s your duty to be on time ………………………………… g Nobody wanted you to be hare Prepared by : To Giang 49 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School ………………………………………… h Everybody expected the flight to be on time ……………………………………………………… i It’s your duty to help his parents with housework ………………………………………………………………… j People wanted the train to arrive at 6.00 The train was…………………………………… 14 PREFER- WOULD RATHER a S + would prefer S + would rather + S + past subj b S + like….better than S + would rather…than… c S + prefer S + would rather + V a He would prefer you to tell him a story He’d rather…………………………………… b We’d prefer you not to smoke We’d rather………………………… c Daisy likes to eat fish better than meat ………………………………………………… d They like to go to the zoo better than to the cinema ……………………………………………………………… e Peter likes to be a tractor driver better than to be a farmer …………………………………………………………………… f We prefer to stay at home tonight ………………………………………… g Tony would rather watch sports on TV than play Tony prefers…………………………………………………… h Mr Ba likes to live in a city better than in the countryside Mr Ba would rather……………………………………………… i I like to be a worker beter than to be a farmer …………………………………………… j He likes to be a supporter better than to be a player …………………………………………………………… 15 THE VERB KEEP/FIND + O + ADJ S + V + O S + keep/find + O + adj S + find + it ( unreal object ) + adj + to_infi a The heavy traffic annoys the residents The residents find………………………… b We must clean and tidy our school We must keep………………………… c Some visitors to Britain get depressed by the weather Some visitors to Britain find…………………………………… d Cark has no problems in marking friends Cark finds it…………………………………… e He found that it was difficult to tell them the truth He found it……………………………………………… f English pronunciation confuses us We find……………………………… g We think that learning English grammer is easy We find………………………………………………… h The office work doesn’t allow us to rest The office work keeps……………………… Prepared by : To Giang 50 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School i We shouldn’t pollute our environment We should keep………………………… j Her words embrrassed us We found……………………… 16 TOO + ADJ + TO_INFI AND SO… THAT a S + be + too + adj + to_infi S + be + so + adj + that + ( S + can’t + V_infi ) b S + V + too + adv + to_infi S + V + so + adv + that + ( S + can’t + V_infi ) a This iron bar is too cold for the worker to strike ……………………………………………………… b The news is too good to be truth ………………………………………… c He spoke too fast for anybody to understand ……………………………………………………… d This tea is too hot for him to to drink …………………………………………… e The cake was too hard for me to eat ……………………………………………… f The production is too small to satisfy the need of our city …………………………………………………………………… g The problem was too complicated for them to solve in a few months ……………………………………………………………………………………… h The man was too tired to say a word ……………………………………………… i I think that my sister is too busy to help them I think …………………………………………… j Peter is too young to take part in the club ………………………………………………… 17 ADJ/ADV+ ENOUGH a S + be + so + adj + that + S + V b S + be + too + adj + to_infi S + be + adj + enough + to_infi c S + V + so + adv + that+ S + V S + V + adv + enough + to_infi a The water was so cold that children could not swim in it …………………………………………………………………… b Mike is too young to see the horror film ………………………………………………… c He acted so well that the audience was moved to tears ……………………………………………………………… d She isn’t very intelligent so she can’t that exercises ………………………………………………………………… e The paper mill is very large so it can satisfy the need of the whole country ……………………………………………………………………………………… f Those exercises are easy so they could finish them in half an hour ……………………………………………………………………………… g The policeman could not run very fast, so he was unable to catch the burglar …………………………………………………………………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 51 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School h There is no much beer, so you can’t all have a drink ………………………………………………………………… i I am very tired so I must go to bed early ……………………………………………… j Peter is too young to ride a bike ………………………………………… 18 HAD BETTER S + advise + O + to sth S + ought to/ Should + sth S + had beter + sth a Jonh advised Tom not to lend them any more money …………………………………………………………………… b “ I advised you to take a holiday.” The doctor continued …………………………………………………………………… c They are advised to travel by train …………………………………………… d I advised you to put your money in the bank …………………………………………………… e I advise you not to say anything like that again ………………………………………………………… f You ought to haveyour car serviced every two years ……………………………………………………………… g They should quit smoking ………………………………… h We should train ourselves to become good citizens ………………………………………………………… i She is advised to take part in the music festival ………………………………………………………… j You ought to take a rest …………………………… 19 USED TO a S + once + past verb b S + present verb ( negative ) any more S + used to + V_infi 20 TO BE USED TO a S + be accustomed to + V_ing b S + often + V S + be used to + V_ing c This is the first time + The present perfect tense S + be not used to + V_ing a They once started these machines by hand ……………………………………………… b He doesn’t get up late any more ……………………………………… c I don’t listen to the radio any more ……………………………………… d They don’t have a dog any more ……………………………………… e My brother doesn’t serve in the army any longer …………………………………………………… f Ben is not as keen on travel as she used to be …………………………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 52 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School g When he was young, he usually did morning exercises in the park …………………………………………………………………………… h The man often spent his holiday in the mountain when he was young ……………………………………………………………………………… i Before he had the car, he went to work by bike ……………………………………………………… j When I was young , I often got up early …………………………………………… k Janie isn’t accustomed to working so hard ………………………………………………… l I often get up early ……………………… m My English friend finds driving on the right difficult ……………………………………………………………… n This is the first timethat I have lived in a city with a high crime rate …………………………………………………………………………… o She has always got up early in the morning ………………………………………………… q Working a large office is a new experience for me ………………………………………………………… r My brother is accustomed to living in a cold climate …………………………………………………………… s I don’t normaly go into town by car ………………………………………… t My grandmother is not accustomed to the cold weather …………………………………………………………… u This is the first time my daughter has eaten European food …………………………………………………………………… 21 NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO a S + V + both….and… b S + V + O/C + and + O/C S + V + not only….but also… c S + V + and + S + V a You are both funny and witty Not only…………………………………… b She can enjoy a good meal and she can go fishing on the lake She can not…………………………………………………………… c They ate lamb chops and fish …………………………………… d The underground is quick and cheap ……………………………………………… e Mr Nam has read a novel by Shakespear and he has seen the film made from it ………………………………………………………………………………………………… f They like field events and they like team games …………………………………………………………… g Daisy has both toothache and headache ………………………………………………… h The pavements are both narrow and crowded ………………………………………………………… i That boy was dirty and he was lazy, too ………………………………………………… j Mrs Phuong’s daughter is both beautiful and clever ………………………………………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 53 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School 22 CAUSATIVE FORM Causative active: S + get / ask / request / want + S.O + to sth S + have + S.O + to sth Causative passive: S + have + sth + P.P a Someone is going to repair my TV set tomorrow I am going to…………………………………………… b They had the porter carry their luggage to a taxi They had their…………………………………………… c They had an electrician rewire their house last month They had their house………………………………………… d I am going to ask somebody to mend your bike I am going to have…………………………………… e They had an old man cut the grass in their garden They asked……………………………………………… f Tom wanted Peter to wash that car Tom had…………………………………… g He didn’t have anymore repair his son’s bike He didn’t want………………………………………… h I requested them to carry suitcases to a taxi I had them…………………………………………… i I asked my brother to fix the flat tyre yesterday I had…………………………………………………… j The teacher asks the girls to needle work at home The teacher has……………………………………… 23 ALTHOUGH AND IN SPITE OF Although + clause In spite of + Noun / gerund Despite a We went on a picnic although the weather was cold ………………………………………………………… b All of us will go to the meeting although it’s very far from here …………………………………………………………………… c Although Mr Chanh is nearly seventy, he still likes to participate in every community activity …………………………………………………………………………………………………… d Although his knowledge of English is still poor, Nam gets along very well in class discussion …………………………………………………………………………………………………… e Minh came to class in this morning although he had a bad cold ………………………………………………………………… f Old Mr Ba attended the tree planting ceremony although the weather was awfully sultry ……………………………………………………………………………………………… g The people of HCM City will accomplish the “green revolution” victoriously although water scarce …………………………………………………………………………………………………… h Our country will become prosperous and powerful although we have to overcome many difficulties and hardships …………………………………………………………………………………………………… i The guerillas will win the battle although the fascist government has many modern weapons …………………………………………………………………………………………………… j The first-year students worked all afternoon in the trenches although it rained heavily …………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 BE NECESSARY AND HAVE TO Prepared by : To Giang 54 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School S + don’t need to S + don’t have to S + be + not necessary / pointless There is no need to/ S + needn’t… a It isn’t necessary to shout You…………………………… b It is pointless to repair that old typewriter That old………………………………………… c It isn’t necessary to make an appointment to see the bank manager There is no……………………………………………………………………… d In the event, the extra insurance we took out wasn’t necessary In the event, we needn’t…………………………………………………… e It isn’t necessary for you to finish by Saturday ………………………………………………………… f It isn’t necessary to have any previous experience to apply for the job …………………………………………………………………………………… g It isn’t necessary for us to repay the loan …………………………………………………… h It isn’t necessary for me to explain all the recent absenteeism ……………………………………………………………………… i It isn’t necessary for you to the test ……………………………………………… j It will be necessary for her to give up her job soon Soon she…………………………………………………… 25 THE VERB “MAY” Perhaps + S + will or S + will probaly + V S + May Look as if It is possible that Seem There’s a good chance + S + will + V In all probability / likelihood + S + will + V It’s quite likely that + S + will + V a I think it may rain It looks as if………… b The house may have been occupied for several months It looks as if……………………………………………… c It may solve my problem, but I haven’t just had time to read it Perhaps it……………………………………………………… d If I am lucky I may get the job I have applied for There’s…………………………………………… e The strikers may go back to work next week In all………………………………………… f Over the years one may become an authority on one’s hobby Over the years it is quite ………………………………………… g They might have a party at the Town Hall They probably………………………………… h Mr Grey’s business may be better than he says it is Prepared by : To Giang 55 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School It is possible………………………………………… i George may work in a bank It is possible……………………… j Mr and Mrs Grey may have dinner in a cheaper restaurant now It is possible……………………………………………………… 26 SURPRISE-FANCY : What a surprise to sth Fancy + doing a What a surprise to see you here! Fancy……………………………… b What a surprise to plant vegetables on the top floor of the building! ………………………………………………………………………… c What a surprise to hear that he passed his college entrance exam! …………………………………………………………………… d What a surprise to learn well in a such a condition! ……………………………………………………… e What a surprise to learn a language in 24 hours! …………………………………………………… f Fancy having a swim in this clod weather! …………………………………………… g Fancy living in the condition of zero gravity! ………………………………………………… h Fancy raeding with blind eyes! ………………………………………………… i Fancy working underground for months! ……………………………………………… j Fancy cutting the trees on the lightlines! ………………………………………… 27 PROUD-PRIDE S + be proud of S + pride + oneself + on a Miss Nga is proud of her cooking ……………………………………… b She is proud of being such a good cook ……………………………………………… c We must be proud of our country ……………………………………… d She is proud of having saved the drowned child …………………………………………………… e Everybody is proud of what they ……………………………………… f The girl is proud of her beauty …………………………………… g The boy prides himself on his success ………………………………………… h He prides himself on remaining calm in an emergency …………………………………………………………… i My parents pride themselves on making us what we are today …………………………………………………………………… j The president prides himself on the development of the nation’s economy ………………………………………………………………………………… 28 IT’S HIGH TIME It’s high time + S + past subjunctive a You really should be able to dress yourself by now It’s high time you…………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 56 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School b “ It’s time for you to go to the hospital,” Sam said to Hellen “It’s time you…………………………………………………… c When is the council going to something about the city’s traffic problems? It’s high time something…………………………………………………………… d I had better get back to work ………………………………… e The government should really something about air pollution …………………………………………………………………… f Children should be in bed by now ……………………………………… g We ought to find out how much it’s going to cost ……………………………………………………… h We haven’t visited Uncle Peter for ages ……………………………………………… i We ought to find out why he is in London ……………………………………………… 29 WOULD RATHER + CLAUSE AND IF ONLY If only + past subjunctive Past perfect subjunctive S + would rather + S + subjunctive a “It’s silly of you to worry so much!” Helen answered, laughing “ If only you……………………………………………………………… b What a pity he didn’t spend more time revising If only………………………………………………… c Would you mind not smoking in here? I’d rather………………………………… d You should admit that you’re to blame, not try to conceal it ………………………………………………………………………… e I would prefer you not to smoke in here ………………………………………………… f I don’t want you to smoke in here …………………………………………… g Please don’t interupt me when I am speaking ……………………………………………………… h Please don’t tell him …………………………… i I would prefer you to deliver the sofa on Saturday …………………………………………………………… 30 DOUBLE COMPARATIVES If + S2 + V2 + comparative adj / adv + S1 + V1 the comparative adj / adv + S2 + V2 the comparative adj / adv + S1 + V1 a If you work harder, you make more products The harder you work, …………………………… b If you have a better job, you get higher pay The better the job, ……………………………… c If you are happier, you look younger Prepared by : To Giang 57 Basic Grammar Review – Grade 12 Luc Nam High School The happier…………………………… d If there are more people, it will be better The more people…………………………… e If they rise higher, they will fall harder The higher…………………………………… f If it rains and rains, you feel more like not going out The more it rains………………………………………… g If you get here sooner, we’ll be able to start out sooner The sooner………………………………………………… h If you hear more about it, you become more anxious The more you………………………………………… i If the letter is heavier, you have to put more stamps on it The heavier the letter………………………………………… j If you travel to more places, you find out more about the world The more places………………………………………………… Prepared by : To Giang 58 ... - On holiday/ on a trip/ on a tour - On the occasion of: b For places: - On : ë trªn eg on the table - on the phone - On horseback: trªn lng ngùa - on a diet - On foot : b»ng chân (đi bộ) - on. .. Dïng I think I’ll / I don’t think I’ll ta quyÕt lµm / không làm điều eg.I think Ill stay at home tonight./ I don’t think I’ll go out tonight Adverbs : - someday :một ngày - next week/ next month... hospital/ prison - in the end: (cuèi cïng) - in love with ON a For time: - On đợc dùng trớc thứ (ngày tuần) eg on Sunday - On đợc dùng trớc ngày tháng eg on August 12th - On time : (chính xác) - On Christmas