kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học kiến thức ngữ pháp tiếng anh 12 thi đại học
Trang 1UNIT 1: SOUNDS THE PRONUNCIATIONS OF ENDING “S/ES” AND “ED A-THEORY:
I CÁCH PHÁT ÂM -S/-ES
- Có 3 cách phát âm –s hoặc –es tận cùng
* /iz/ với những từ có âm cuối là / x, s, ch, sh, z, ge, ce / EX: buses, watches, roses…
* /s/ với những từ có âm cuối là / th, p, ph, k, f, t / EX: maps, books, photographs, laughs, coughs…
* /z/ với những trường hợp còn lại EX: bells, eyes, plays, plou gh s ….
II CÁCH PHÁT ÂM –ED
- Có 3 cách phát âm –ed tận cùng
* /id/ với những từ có âm cuối là / t, d / EX: wanted, needed, confided
* /t/ với những từ có âm cuối là /ch, sh, x, s, k, p, f, ce / EX: looked, lau gh ed, cou gh ed, sacrificed…
* đọc thành âm /d/ với những trường hợp còn lại EX: played, seemed, planned, plou gh s …….
B- EXERCISE:
*Trích đề minh họa 2017
17 A wanted B stopped C decided D hated
-UNIT 2: STRESS
A THEORY: Một số quy tắc cần nhớ:
1 Đa số các danh từ và tính từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm nhấn vào âm tiết thứ nhất.
2 Đa số các động từ có 2 âm tiết thì trọng âm chính được nhấn vào âm tiết thứ 2.
*Ngoại lệ: Động từ có đuôi: - ER, -EN, -Y, -ISH, -OW thì trọng âm chính rơi vào âm tiết đầu tiên.
EX: ‘offer, ’happen, ’answer, ‘carry, ‘listen, ‘open, ’publish, ’finish, ’follow,…
3 Từ tận cùng là các đuôi : -ee, -een, -ese, -eer, -ique, -oo, -oon … →trọng âm nhấn vào chính nó
EX: interview’ee , seven’teen, Japa’nese, engi’neer, tech’nique, kanga’roo, after’noon
4 Các từ tận cùng là đuôi: -ial, -ian, -ious/ -eous, -ic, -ics,-tion, -sion →trọng âm nhấn vào âm thứ 2 từ cuối lên.
EX: fi’nancial, mu’sician, advan’tageous, eco’nomic, sta’tistics, pol’lution,
5 Đa số các từ có 4 âm tiết trở lên thì trọng âm rơi vào âm 3 từ sau tính tới.
EX: a’bility, e’conomy, bi’ologist, ge’ography…
6 Đa số các tiền tố, hậu tố không làm thay đổi trọng âm của từ gốc
EX: ‘happy →un’happy, at’tract → at’tractive,…
Trang 2B EXERCISES: Choose the word that has main stress placed differently from the others
*Trích đề minh họa 2017
17 A pollution B computer C currency D allowance
19 A endanger B furniture C determine D departure
20 A financial B fortunate C marvelous D physical
*Trích đề thi 2017
23 A importance B happiness C employment D relation
25 A effective B national C difficult D popular
- now, right now
- at the moment, at present -Look! ; Be quiet! …
-Hành động đang diễn ra ở hiện tại -Kế hoạch cụ thể
- for + khoảng TG (2 years/ a long time)
- since + mốc TG (2000/ last year…)
- just, recently, lately, already, yet
- never*, ever, three/several times…
- so far =up to now= up to the present
-HĐ xảy ra trong QK nhưng ko xác định rõ t.gian.
-HĐ lặp lại nhiều lần -HĐ xảy ra trong QK→HT→TLai.
HAVE/HAS + BEEN + V-ING
- for + khoảng TG (2 hours, 5 years…)
- since + mốc TG (2000/ last year…)
-HĐ bắt đầu trong quá khứ & kéo dài
liên tục đến hiện tại
Trang 3- last (last night/week/month/year )
- ago (2 days ago, 3 months ago…)
- When QKĐ, QKTD (1 xen, 1 đang)
- When QKTD, QKĐ (1 đang, 1 xen)
- HĐ đang xảy ra tại
1 thời điểm xác định trong QK
- 2 HĐ //
- 1 HĐ đang diễn ra thì 1 HĐ khác xen vào.
7.PAST
PERFECT
(Quá khứ hoàn
thành)
HAD + Vpp - by/ before + năm qk ( by 2000,…)- After + QKHT, QKĐ
- By the time/ Before + QKĐ, QKHT -When +QKĐ, QKHT (1 sau- 1 trước)
- HĐ xảy ra trước
1 tgian/ 1 HĐ khác trong QK
(I/We + will/shall + Vo)
- tomorrow, next (week/month/year…)
- someday, soon
- in the future, in 2030…
- TLĐ + When/ Before/Until + HTĐ
-HĐ sẽ xảy ra trong tương lai
- Dự đoán ko có cơ sở
- Lời hứa, sự sẵn lòng
-HĐ sẽ hoàn tất vào 1 thời điểm ở TL
B EXERCISE:
1 My little sister “sleeping Beauty” several times
A watches B is watching C has watched D watched
2 The child before the doctor arrived
3 The secretary the report by 10.00 yesterday
A hadn’t finished B hasn’t finished C didn’t finish D would finish
4 Jane’s eyes are red She
A cried B has cried C has been crying D had cried
5 There is a strange smell in here Mother something
6 Last night Tina in bed when suddenly she heard a scream
7 While mother dinner, the phone rang
8 When I arrived at the party, Martha home already
9 Almost everyone _ for home by the time we arrived
10 As soon as he a certificate in English, he will apply for a job
Trang 411 By the end of next year, George English for 2 years.
A will have learned B will learn C has learned D would learn
12 I hope they this road by the time we come back next summer
A will have repaired B have repaired C repair D repaired
13 She is tired now She for 3 hours
A has been learning B has learned C learns D learned
14 I haven‘t met him again since we school ten years ago (Đề minh họa 2017)
A have left B leave C left D had left
15 For the last 20 years, we significant changes in the world of science and technology (Đề minh họa 2017)
A witness B have witnessed C witnessed D are witnessing
16 My best friend, Lan, to England 10 years ago (Đề minh họa 2017)
A was moving B moves C moved D has moved
17 Lan learning English a few years ago
A will start B started C is starting D starts (Đề thi 2017)
18 I haven't visited my hometown for a few years (Đề thi 2017)
A I was in my hometown for a few years B I last visited my hometown a few years ago
C I didn't visit my hometown a few years ago D I have been in my hometown for a few years
*PASSIVE VOICE: (Căn bản)
Modal Verb( will/shall can/
should/ must/may
Be going to is/am/are going to + Vo is/am/are going to + be +Ved/3
Tương lai hoàn thành will +have + Ved/3 will + have + been +Ved/3
to have V2ed/3 (V2 xảy ra trước V1)
EX: People think that she is very rich.
→ It is thought that she is very rich
→ She is thought to be very rich
EX: People said that he had gone abroad →It was said that he had gone abroad →He was said that to have gone abroad.
2 Thể nhờ bảo: (HAVE/GET)
have + O người + Vo EX: I had him repair my bicycle yesterday
get + O người + to-inf EX: I get her to make some coffee.
have /get + O vật + Ved/3 EX: I had/got my bicycle repaired yesterday.
B EXERCISE:
1 The old man is said……….all his money to an old people’s home when he died
A to leave B to leaving C have left D to have left
Trang 52 Renoir’s paintings ……… masterpieces all over the world.
A had considered B are considered C are considering D consider
3 He was advised…………singing lessons
4 You’d better get someone…………your living room
A redecorate B redecorated C to redecorate D redecorating
5 Those letters _ now You can do the typing later
A need typing B needn't be typed C need to type D needn't typing
6.This church was said in the 19th century
A to build B to be built C to have been built D being built
7 They had the chair by the neighbor
A to mend B mended C mend D mending
8 I was made all the plates last night
A to clean B clean C to be cleaned D cleaning
9 We can’t go along here because the road
10 Many US automobiles _ in Detroit, Michigan
A manufacture B have manufactured C are manufactured D are manufacturing
11 Today, many serious childhood diseases _ by early immunization
A are preventing B can prevent C prevent D can be prevented
12 Bicycles _ in the driveway
A must not leave B must not be leaving C must not be left D must not have left
Trích từ các đề thi
13 She was overjoyed because her article (đề thi 2013)
A had published B has published C has been published D had been published
14 The headmaster has decided that three lecture halls in our school next semester (đề thi 2015)
A will be building B will build C are being built D will be built
15 New sources of energy have been looking for as the number of fossil fuels continues to decrease (đề 2016)
A B C D
16 Richard, my neighbor, _ in World War II (Đề minh họa 2017)
A says to fight B says to have fought C is said to fight D is said to have fought
17 Her fiancé is said _ from Harvard University five years ago (Đề minh họa 2017)
A having graduated B to have graduated C being graduated D to be graduated
a/ an/ the/ this/ that/these/ those…
my/ her/ his/our/their/your/ Mary’s + (ADJ) + N
many/ some/ ten/ a lot of…
in/ on/ of/ with…
Ex:
She is a beautiful girl.
She has written many romantic novels.
2 S + BE + ADJ Ex: Learning English is interesting
3 S + BECOME/ LOOK/ SEEM + ADJ Ex: He became famous at the age of six.
4 S + VERB + (O) + ADV Ex: She speaks English fluently.
5 S + BE + ADV + Ved/3 Ex: The date of the meeting was carefully chosen.
7 S + MAKE, KEEP, FIND + O + ADJ Ex: We should keep our room clean
8 Đại từ bất định (something, someone, anything, anybody, everything, nobody…) + ADJ
Ex: Do you have anything important to tell me?
Trang 69 Danh từ chỉ sự đo lường, tuổi tác + (adj)
Ex: This table is two meters long He’s twenty years old
II/ NHẬN DIỆN TỪ LOẠI:
Thông thường chúng ta phải hiểu nghĩa & chức năng của các từ loại, tuy nhiên trong một số trường hợp có thể
nhận biết từ loại cần chọn ở chỗ trống nhờ vào việc nhận diện một số đuôi thường gặp sau.
` 1 Danh từ (N):
- Chỉ vật: -TION/ -SION/ -MENT/ -ITY/ -NESS/ -ANCE/ -ENCE/ -DOM/ -SHIP/ -AGE/ -ISM/ -ING Ex: permission, employment, responsibility, attendance, marriage, happiness,…
- Chỉ người: -ER/ -OR/ -EE/ -ANT/ -IST/ -AN/ -IAN
Ex:driver, actor, interviewee, applicant, scientist, musician…
- THE + ADJ (tạo thành danh từ tập hợp) Ex: the poor, the rich, the old…
2 Động từ (V): -IZE, -EN, -ATE, -FY
Ex: industrialize, modernize, widen, lengthen, originate, beautify….
3 Tính từ (ADJ): -FUL, -IC, -IVE, -ABLE/ -IBLE, -LESS, -Y, -LIKE, -AL, -ISH,
Ex: peaceful, scientific, attractive, acceptable, defensible, treeless, rainy, childlike, agricultural, selfish…
4 Trạng từ (ADV): Phần lớn ADJ + LY →ADV
Ex: slowly, carefully, safely, attractively, …
B.EXERCISE: Choose the best answer:
1 As an _, Mr Pike is very worried about the increasing of juvenile delinquency
2 He was the only _ that was offered the job
3 Many people have objected to the use of animals in _ experiments
4 A / an _ species is a population of an organism which is at risk of becoming extinct
A dangerous B endanger C endangered D endangerment
5 Almost half of turtles and tortoises are known to be threatened with
6 They are going to _ the pool to 1.8 meter
7 The success of the 22nd SEA Games had a great contribution of many _ volunteers
8 He was so _ that he could not even say a word
9 I am really _ in the way he talks, but the way he behaves
10 The road has just been for better flows of traffic
11 She wants to look in her wedding reception
12 Scientific progress supplies us with such as washing machines, tractors,…
13 Thanks to labor-saving devices, women have more time to take part in _ activities
14 Some people tend to view foreigners with _
15 We must do it _ otherwise it will be too late!
Trích đề minh họa 2017
16 Tom is getting ever keener on doing research on
A biology B biological C biologist D biologically
Trang 717 Many people and organizations have been making every possible effort in order to save _ species.
A endangered B dangerous C fearful D threatening
18 They are always _ of what their children do
A support B supporting C supportive D supportively
19 In the past, students were limited to their school’s _ of books
A select B selective C selectively D selection
20 The mobile phone is an effective means of in the world nowadays
A communicated B communication C communicate D communicative
21 In Vietnam, children begin their primary at the age of six (Đề thi 2017)
A educate B education C educational D educationally
-UNIT 6: S-V AGREEMENTA.THEORY:
QUY TẮC CHUNG:
1 Chủ ngữ số ít + V chia số ít ( Thường gặp: be→ is/was, V-s/es / (does), has )
2 Chủ ngữ số nhiều + Vchia số nhiều (Thường gặp - be: are/were, Vo/ (do), have)
3 Danh từ + -s/es: là danh từ số nhiều (trừ một vài ngoại lệ ở 5*)
1 Danh từ số ít, không đếm được
(Water, food, milk,… )
Eg Milk is good for your health.
1 And
eg: Water and oil don’t mix.
The professor and the secretary are coming (2 ng #)
(Lưu ý: Nếu 2 d.từ cùng chỉ 1 người/vật→ V chia số ít )
eg: The professor and secretary is coming (1 ng.)
2 Mệnh đề danh từ, V-ING hoặc TO.INF
eg What he told was interesting.
Learning English is difficult.
To fly in the space is her dream
2 Both and
Eg Both Lan and Nam are students
3 Each/ every/ either/ neither/ one.
+ each/every/either/neither/one + danh từ SỐ ÍT
+ each/every/either/neither/one + OF danh từ SỐ
NHIỀU
Chú ý: CÓ OF THÌ PHẢI CÓ THE/TTSH
Each of THE students HAS a book.
3 a few, few, both, some , a lot of, most, many, plenty
of, all, several, + danh từ số nhiều
A few books I read ARE famous
Many students ARE hard-working
4 + Some/Any/Every/No + Thing/One/Body
eg Everything LOOKS bright and clean.
+ số lượng, thờigian, khoảng cách và tiền
eg Eight hours of sleep IS enough.
Twenty dollars IS too much to pay.
4 The + adj -> N
The rich ARE not always happy
5 Môn học, tên bệnh và tên quốc gia kết thúc
là ‘s’
news (bản tin), physics (môn lý), ecnomics (kinh
tế học), mathematics (toán), politics (chính trị
học), athletes (môn điền kinh), meales (bệnh sởi),
mumps (bệnh quai bị), the Philipines (nước Phi),
the United States (nước Mỹ)…
Eg Physics IS more difficult than chemistry.
5* people (người ta), police (cảnh sát), cattle (súc vật) women (phụ nữ), men (đàn ông) , children (trẻ em), bacteria (vi khuẩn), oxen (bò đực)…
Eg The police have arrested the thieves.
Trang 86 NO + Danh từ số ít
Eg No student is in the hall
6 NO + Danh từ số nhiều
eg No students are on the schoolyard
7 The number of + Danh từ số ít
eg The number of students in this class IS forty
7 A number of + Danh từ số nhiều
eg A number of children LIKE cakes
8 All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot /
lots + OF+ DT số ít
Eg A lot of coffee HAS been hot.
8 All / some/ none /plenty/ half/ most/ a lot / lots + OF+ DT số nhiều
Eg None of the boys ARE good at English.
CÁC TRƯỜNG HỢP ĐẶC BIỆT
9 V được chia theo chủ ngữ gần nhất (S2)
1 EITHER S1 OR S2
2 NEITHER S1 NOR S2
3 NOT ONLY S1 BUT ALSO S2
Eg Not only my parents but also my sister is here (chia theo MY SISTER)
S1 S2 V
10 V được chia theo chủ ngữ xa (S1)
1 S1 + WITH, ALONG WITH + S2
11 S (N + preposition phrase) + V(theo danh từ)
Ex: The study of languages is very interesting.
12 There + be + N (chia theo danh từ)
Ex: There are 28 students in my class.
B EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Choose the best answer
1 Tom as well as his dog _ here now
2 My old friend and colleague, John, _ married
A has just got B have just got C just has got D just have got
3 The singer and the actor _ coming now
4 Mathematics _ difficult
5 Two billion dollars _ not enough for the victims of the tsunami
6 Every student willing to join the picnic now
7 The number of students increasing now
8 A number of students playing table - tennis now
Trang 9A are B was C were D is
9 Physics her favorite subject at school
10 The boy, with his two companions, the cherry tree now
A has split B have split C is slitting D are splitting
11 The writer and poet going to preside over this meeting
12 Neither the mother nor the children aware of the danger
13 Each of the boys a book now
14 Two-thirds of the money mine now
15 About fifty per cent of the students in this class from Japan
Exercise 2: Find the incorrect part A, B, C and D.
16 Each of the rooms have its own bathroom
-A- THEORY:
I GERUND -TO-INF- BARE INF:
V-ING (bao gồm gerund & present participle)
(động từ nguyên mẫu không To)
- Làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ
- sau giới từ (of, on, in )
- sau các liên từ (before, after )
- sau các động từ:
admit, advise, anticipate, appreciate,
avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny,
discuss, dislike, enjoy, finish, can’t help,
can’t bear, can’t stand, keep, mention,
mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit,
recall, recommend, resent, suggest, hate,
- Sau các động từ khiếm
khuyết : can, could, shall,
should, will, would, must, mustn’t, ought to, needn’t, have to.
- Sau các động từ chỉ giác quan:
(feel, hear, smell, see, watch, let, percieve=notice, mark , observe, beheld )+ O+
V-inf
Trang 10love, like, start, begin, forget, remember,
stop, regret, continue, acknowledge,
endure, imagine, justify, resist, feel like,
forgive, risk, tolerate, feel like.
- Sau : There is no, to look forward to,
It’s no use, It’s no good, It’s worth, have
difficulty + V-ing
- sau các động từ chỉ giác quan: feel,
see, hear, watch.
- Trong cấu trúc:
Spend/ waste + money/time+ V-ing
- Trong cấu trúc : Be busy + V-ing
- Trong cấu trúc:
S + sit / stand / lie / come / run (cụm từ
chỉ nơi chốn) +V-ing.
Eg: He sat on the chair reading a book.
- Cấu trúc: There + be + Noun + V-ing
recommend, remind, tell, allow, bear, cause, compel, expect, force, hate, instruct, invite, like, need, order, persuade, press, request, teach, tempt, trouble, warn, want, wish.
TH2: S+V+ To-inf
afford, appear, ask, bear, begin, choose, decide, expect, forget, hate, hesitate, intend, like, manage, neglect, prefer, pretend, propose, regret, seem, swear, try, wish, agree, arrange, attempt, beg, care, consent, determine, fail, happend, help, hope, learn, love, mean, offer, prepare, promise, refuse, remember, start, trouble, want, would like/ prefer.
- Trong cấu trúc:
Enough (for O ) +to- inf
It’s + adj+ (for O) + to-inf
Too + adj + (for O) + to-inf
It takes +O + time+ to-inf
<1> Một số động từ theo sau có thể sử dụng Gerund hoặc To Infinitive không
thay đổi nghĩa: begin, start, hate, prefer, continue, like, intend, attempt.
Eg : I hate to see you = I hate seeing you.
<2> Một số động từ theo sau có thể sử dụng Gerund hoặc To Infinitive thay đổi
nghĩa:
stop , remember, forget, regret, try
a Stop + to-inf: dừng việc này để làm việc khác
Stop + Ving : dừng hẳn
b Remember + to-inf:nhớ phải làm gì
Rember + Ving: nhớ đã làm gì trongqk
c Forget + to-inf : quên không/chưa làm gì
Forget + Ving : quên đã có làm việc gì trong qk
d Regret + to-inf: lấy làm tiếc (phải thông báo tin gì không vui cho ai)
Regret + Ving: hối tiếc vì đã làm gì trong qk
e Try + to-inf : cố gắng làm gì
Try + Ving: thử làm gì
<3>. S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + O + To-inf
S + allow, advise, forbid, permit, recommend + V-ing
II PASSIVE INF- PASSIVE GERUND
- Passive infinitive: S + V+ to be + Ved/ 3
Ex: She expects to be invited to Minh’s birthday party
V to be + V-ed
- Passive gerund: S + V + being + Ved/3
Ex: She enjoys being invited to Minh’s birthday party
V being + V-ed
-Gerund & present participle: V-ing
-Perfect gerund & Perfect participle: Having + Ved/3
Lưu ý :
Trang 111 V-ing (HTPT) - dùng để rút gọn MĐQH hoặc rút gọn 2 vế câu cùng chủ ngữ, thực hiện hành động liên tiếp nhau trong quá khứ.
2 Having + Ved/3 : dùng để rút gọn 2 vế câu cùng chủ ngữ, thực hiện hành động trước sau trong quá khứ.
B- EXERCISE
Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences
1 I have difficulty and English
A speaking – writing B speak – writing C to speak – to write D speak - write
2 They offered her but she refused.
A to help B helping C help D being helped
3 I don’t mind you the washing up
A help – do B helping – doing C helping – do D to help- to do
4 I’d like when I am sixty years old
A to rest B to stop C to retire D to relax
5 The children are looking forward to on holiday
A go B going C be going D have gone
6 Her advice made him his mind
A change B to change C changing D changed
7 Ms Lan enjoys because she loves working with children
A to teach B to be taught C teaching D teach
8 My father doesn’t allow me in his room
A to smoke B smoking C smoke D not smoke
9 It’s better to avoid during the rush hour
A travelling B to travel C travel D travelled
10 It was a nice day, so we decided for awalk
11 Would you looking after my children for a while?
12 Students should encourage questions in class
A raise B raising C to raise D being raised
13 It is compulsory for students in shools uniforms
A to wear B wear C wearing D worn
14 This class needs It’s very dirty
A clean B cleaning C to clean D cleaned
15 At school, students usually take part in money for charity
A raised B to raise C raising D raise
16 May I in?
A to come B coming C came D come
17 Let’s for a walk
A go B to go C going D went
18 I remember _ to the zoo when I was a child.
A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken
19.We managed _ over the wall without .
A to climb/ seeing B to climb/ being seen
C climbing/ being seen D to be climbed/ seeing
20.Isabel expected _ to the university, but she wasn't.
A to admit B to be admitted C admitting D being admitted
21 I can’t recall _ that old movie, but maybe I did many years ago.
A to see B to have seen C having been seen D having seen
22 Having been selected to present the Association of American Engineers at the International Convention,
A the members applauded him B a speech had to be given by him
C the members congratulated him D he gave a short acceptance speech
23 _ classical dance for five years, Akiko finally felt ready _ in public.
A Studying/ to be performed B To study/ performed
C Being studied/ having performed D Having studied/ to perform
Trang 1224 It is raining hard We had better _ at home tonight.
25 My mother advised me _ an apple every day to stay healthy.
26. for twelve hours, I felt marvelous
A Having slept B have slept C Having been slept D have been slept
27: a hotel, we looked for somewhere to have dinner.
28 Having been delayed by heavy traffic, .
A she was unable to arrive on time B it was impossible for her to arrive on time
C her being late was intolerable D it was difficult for her to arrive on time
29 Remember _Lan a present because today is her birthday.
30 It is too cold for us .
- Bắt đầu với : S + said (that); S + told me/her/him that
- Thay đổi: Đại từ, lùi thì và các cụm trạng ngữ chỉ thời gian/ nơi chốn phù hợp.
1 Đại từ:
Subject (S) Object Possessive Reflexive
(Thay đổi trong cột tương ứng)
2 Lùi thì: (Lùi về 1 thì trong quá khứ)
Simple present (HTĐ) Simple past (QKĐ)
Present continuous (HTTD) Past continuous(QKTD)
Simple past/ Present perfect
(QKĐ/HTHT)
Past perfect (QKHT) Past continuous/
3 Các cụm từ chỉ thời gian/ nơi chốn:
yesterday The day before/ the previous day last week The week before/ the previous week
tomorrow The day after/ the following day
next week The week after/ the following week
EX: 1 “ I will see my parents tomorrow”, Peter said.
→Peter said (that) he would see his parents the day after.
2 “I finished my homework last night”, Tom said to me →Tom told me he had finhished his homework the night before
II QUESTIONS: (Câu hỏi)
EX: “Do you love me?”, the daughter asked her dad.
→The daughter asked her dad if he loved her.
b WH- questions:
asked S+ wondered wanted to know
+ WH- + S + V(lùi thì)
EX: “What did you do last night?” he asked me.
→ He asked me what I had done the night before.
Trang 13III IMPERATIVES: (Câu mệnh lệnh)
S+ told/ ordered + O + (not) + to-inf
EX: “Come here with me”, she said to the boy. “Open the door, please”, he said to me.
→She told the boy to come there with her. →He told me to open the door.
IV/ REPORTED SPEECH WITH GERUND (V-ing):
*Một số động từ tường thuật ở dạng Gerund:
Công thức 1: Verb + V-ing Công thức 2: Verb + O + giới từ + V-ing
1 “Let’s go to the cinema tonight” She said
→She suggested going to the cinema that night.
2 “ I didn’t break your vase”, Peter said to me
→ Peter denied breaking my vase.
EX:
1 “ Congratulations! You’ve passed the exam.”
→ She congratulated me on passing the exam.
2 “I’m sorry I’m late” Ana said to me
→Ana apologized for being late.
V/REPORTED SPEECH WITH TO-INFINITIVE:
*Một số động từ tường thuật ở dạng to-inf:
Công thức 1: Verb + O + (not) to-inf Công thức 2: Verb + (not) to-inf….
EX: “You should tell your parents the truth”, he said.
→He advised me to tell my parents the truth.
EX: “I will help you with the task”, she said to me.
→She promised to help me with the task B- EXERCISES
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1 I told you to switch off the computer, didn’t I ?
2 I said that I had met her
A yesterday B the previous day C the day D the before day.
3 The man asked the boys
A why did they fight B why they were fighting
4 I wanted to know return home.
A when would she B when will she C when she will D when she would
5 My father asked me _ of the film.
A what do you think B what I think C what did you think D what I thought
6 The mother asked her son _.
A where he has been B where he had been
7 “Please don't tell anyone what happened," Ann said to me.
A Ann said to me please don't tell anyone what happened B Ann told me didn't tell anyone what had happened.
Trang 14C Ann said me not to tell anyone what happened D Ann told me not to tell anyone what had happened.
8 “Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?” he said.
A He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night.
B He offered me to go to the cinema with him tonight.
C He asked me if I'd like to go to the cinema with him tonight
D He would like me to go to the cinema with him this night.
9 “Remember to pick me up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon” she said.
A She told me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock tomorrow afternoon.
B She reminded me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the following afternoon.
C She reminded me to remember to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next afternoon.
D She told me to pick her up at 6 o'clock the next day afternoon.
10 “If I were you, I'd tell him the truth,” she said to me.
A She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth B She will tell him the truth if she is me.
C She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me D She advised me to tell him the truth.
11 “I'm really sorry for being late again,” said Ann.
A I felt sorry for Ann's being late again B Ann was sorry for my being late again.
C Ann excused for my being late again D Ann apologized for being late again.
12 “How beautiful the dress you have just bought is!” Peter said to Mary.
A Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress B Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress.
C Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress D Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress.
13 “Can I bring a friend to the party?” Nancy wanted to know.
A Nancy asked me if she could bring a friend to the party.
B Nancy wanted to ask someone to bring her friend to the party.
C Nancy knew that bring a friend to the party was good.
D Nancy wanted to invite her friend out and to the party.
14 She asked me, "How high is the church?"
A She asked me how high the church was B She asked me how high is the church.
C She asked me how high the church had been D She asked me how high the church is
15 “Buy some meat in the shop,” said my mother to me.
A My mother said to me to buy some meat in the shop.
B My mother told to me to buy some meat in the shop.
C My mother told me to buy some meat in the shop.
D My mother said me to buy some meat in the shop.
16 The doctor said to Peter’ “Don’t go for a walk today”
A The doctor said Peter not to go for a walk today.
B The doctor told Peter not go for a walk today.
C The doctor said to Peter not to go for a walk today.
D The doctor told Peter not to go for a walk today.
17 He said to them: “Who will you see before you leave here?”
A He asked them who they would see before they left there.
B He asked them who would they see before they left there.
C He asked them who they would see before you left there.
D He asked them who you would see before they left there.
18 She asked me: “Why didn’t you come here yesterday?”
A She asked me why I hadn’t gone there the day before
B She asked me why I didn’t go there the day before.
C She asked me why didn’t I go there the day before.
D She asked me why hadn’t I gone there the day before.
19 John said “You had better not lend them any money, Daisy”.
A John said Daisy not to lend them any money
B John advised Daisy should not lend any money.
C John said to Daisy not lend them any money.
D John advised Daisy not to lend them any money.
20 “I’m sorry I have to leave so early’, he said.
A He apologized for having to leave early B He apologized to have to leave early.
C He apologized that he has to leave early D He apologized to have left early.
21 "Why don't we go camping at the weekend?" he said ( Trích đề thi 2017 )
Trang 15A He suggested going camping at the weekend
B He denied going camping at the weekend
C He objected to going camping at the weekend
D He apologized for going camping at the weekend.
Choose the word or phrase in each of the following sentences that needs correcting.
21 I asked him how far was it to the station if I went there by taxi.
-UNIT 9: RELATIVE CLAUSES
WHO + V : dùng thế cho chủ ngữ - người
WHOM +S : dùng thế cho tân ngữ - ngừoi
WHICH +V/S : dùng thế cho chủ ngữ lẫn tân ngữ - vật
THAT +V/S : dùng thế cho tất cả các chữ trên (người và vật)
WHOSE+N : dùng thế cho sở hữu ,người / vật
N+ OF WHICH : sở hữu vật
WHEN + S : dùng thế cho thời gian
WHERE +S : dùng thế cho nơi chốn
WHY + S : dùng thế cho lý do ( reason /cause )
NHỮNG LƯU Ý
1.Dùng dấu phẩy: khi danh từ đứng trước who, which, whom là :
+ Danh từ riêng ,tên: Ha Noi, Mary
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ
+ Có sở hữu đứng trước danh từ : his, her, my,
+ Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết : Sun, moon , earth
2.Có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHICH, WHOM : Khi nó làm tân ngữ (hoặc sau nó đã có S ) và phía trước nó không có dấu phẩy, không có giới từ (whose không được bỏ)
Eg:This is the book which I buy → This is the book I buy
3 KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng THAT : Khi phía trước nó có dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ :
This is my book , that I bought 2 years ago (sai)
This is the house in that I live (sai)
4 Bắt buộc dùng THAT: khi danh từ mà nó thay thế gồm 2 danh từ trở lên trong đó vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật
Eg: The men and the horses that
5 Nên dùng THAT
- Khi đầu câu là IT trong dạng nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences)
Eg: It is My father that made the table
- Khi đứng trước đó là : all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, someone, something, so sánh nhất
Eg: There is something that must be done
This the most beautiful girl that I've ever met
B REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Dùng Present participles (V-ing) để thay thế MĐQH mang nghĩa chủ động (active):
Trang 16Relative pronoun + active V → V-ing
Eg: The girl who is playing with the dog is Lan’s sister.
→ The girl p laying with the dog is Lan’s sister.
- Dùng Past participles (V3/ED) để thay thế cho MĐQH mang nghĩa bị động (passive):
Relative pronoun+be+V3/ED → V3/ED
Eg: The students who was punished by the teacher are lazy
→ The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
- Dùng To- infinitive để thay thế cho một MĐQH mà trước nó là các số chỉ thứ tự (the first, second…), sau next, last, only và sau các tính từ so sánh hơn, nhất
The first/ second…+N+ RP+V → The first/ second…+ N+ to-inf (chủ động)/ to be Vpp (bị động)
B EXERCISES:
Ex 1: Choice the best answer:
1 This is the place _ I met my wife
2 Simon is the man _ Mary loves
3 She is the one _ I told you about
4 Those _ had studied hard passed their exams
5 The magazine _ you lent me is interesting
6 The man _ is resting is very tired
7 The boy _ sat next to you is my friend
8 We are using books _ were printed last year
9 The painting _Ms Wallace bought was very expensive
10 The homeless people _story appeared in the paper last week have now found a place to live
11 The women I gave the money were glad
12 The film about _ they are talking is fantastic
13 The people for the bus in the rain are getting well
14 This is the book I like best
15 I have a message for people _ by the traffic chaos
16 I live in a pleasant room the garden
17 Melanie was the only person _ a letter of thanks
18 The pilot was the only man _ after the crash
19 I met a lot of new people at the party names I can’t remember
Trang 1720 I’ll see you near the post office _ we met the other day.
21 Tell me the reason you were absent yesterday
22.There was a time dinosaurs dominated the earth
23 Summer is the time of the year _ the weather is the hottest
24 Do you know the man about _ they’re talking?
25 Marie, _ I met at the party, called me last night
26 The boy sits in front of me in the class studies very hard ( Trích đề thi 2017 )
-UNIT 10: ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1 Clauses of reason: (Mệnh đề chỉ lí do)
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do là mệnh đề phụ mang nghĩa BỞI VÌ.
Mệnh đề chỉ lí do thường được nối với các mệnh đề chính bởi các liên từ (conjunction) như: Because, Since, As (Since và As thường đặt ở đầu câu).
Form:
eg: She didn’t go to class yesterday because she was seriously ill
Since/As she was seriously ill, she didn’t go to class yesterday
Phrases of reason: (Cụm từ chỉ lí do)
Cụm từ chỉ lí do cũng có nghĩa là BỞI VÌ, và thường bắt đầu bằng từ because of là cụm giới từ
(prepositional phrase), vì vậy sau nó là danh từ (noun), cụm danh từ (noun phrase) hoặc cụm danh động từ (gerund phrase).
Form:
eg: The class was not in order because of the teacher’s absence
She didn’t go to class yesterday because of her serious illness
She didn’t go to class yesterday because of being seriously ill
Exercise 1: Choose the best option
1 We couldn’t sleep last night _the noise next door
2 I did it _they asked me to
3 Daisy was late _her car was broken down
4 _he can’t afford a car, he goes to work by bicycle
5 They were sacked _their carelessness
6 The boys were punished _they went to school late
7 The mother got angry because _
A her son’s bad behaviour B her son will behave badly
C her son behaved badly D her son bad behaing
8 He lost his job _his laziness
Because/Since/As + S + V…
because of / due to /owning to / on account of + Noun / Noun phrase / Ving
Trang 18A because B because of C if D although
9 He couldn’t come to the conference because he was seriously ill.
A Although he was ill, he came to the conference
B His illness was very serious that he couldn’t come to the conference
C Because of his serious illness, he couldn’t come to the conference
D He couldn’t come to the conference, so he became seriously ill
2 Clause of purpose: (mệnh đề chỉ mục đích)
+ Nếu trong câu có 2 chủ ngữ khác nhau, ta phải dùng mệnh đề chỉ mục đích bắt đầu bằng: so that, in order that - ĐỂ (KHÔNG)
VD: I try my best to study English, I want to find a better joB
I try my best to study English so that I can find a better joB
Phrases of purpose: (Cụm từ chỉ mục đích) mang nghĩa ĐỂ
+ Nếu trong câu chỉ có một chủ ngữ, ta có thể dùng một cụm từ bắt đầu bằng:
VD: She studies English She wants to talk to foreigners
to talk to foreigners
She studies English in order to talk to foreigners
so as to talk to foreigners
+ Nếu phủ định mục đích thì dùng cụm từ: mang nghĩa ĐỂ KHÔNG
VD: He got up early He didn’t want to miss the train
He gop up early in order not to miss the train
so as not to miss the train
Exercise 2: Fill in the gaps
1 We have to start early _ we won’t be late
A so that B that C because D because of
2 He worked hard _ they could pass the final examination
3 He took his seat quietly _
A so as not to disturb their conversation B so as to disturb their conversation
C in order not disturb their conversation D in order for him not to disturb their conversation
4 He was looking for an eraser _ he could erase a mistake in his composition
5 We have studied hard _ we will be well prepared for the examination
6 We set off early _ we wouldn’t get stuck in the traffic
7 We have to start early _ we won’t be late
A so that B in order that C in order to D a and b
8 The school boys are in a hurry _ they will not be late for school
… so that + S + V (can/could) + (not) + V 0
… in order that (will/would)
- to
in order not to
so as not to + V 0
Trang 199 She came quietly _ not to wake the baby
10 The thief wore gloves _ leave any fingerprints
A so that B in order to C in order not to D in order to not
11 A number of wildlife habitat reserves have been established in order to saving endangered species from extinction ( Trích đề thi 2017 )
3 Adverbial clause of time
Exercise 3: Choose the most suitable answer
1.She will attend class , which is a right decision
A.after she finishes her homework assignment
B.after she finished her homework assignment
C.after she had finished her homework assignment
D.after she will finish her homework assignment
2.By the time he arrived,
A.the other student already left B the other student already leave
C.the other student have already left D the other student had already left
3 ever since I was a child
A.I know her B.I knew her C.I have known her D.I will have known her 4.The students stayed at he library
A until they should finish their work B until they finished their work
C.until they finish their work D they finished their work
5 as soon as it becomes sunny
A.We will go to the beach B.We go to the beach
C.We have gone to the beach D.We went to the beach
6 The teacher did not let his students leave school until 6 p.m
A It was not until 6 p.m that the teacher let his students leave school
B Both the teacher and his students had to leave school before 6 p.m
C All the students were allowed to leave school until 6 p.m
D. It was at 6 p.m that the teacher and his students were made to leave school.
7 She started working as a teacher of English ten years ago.
A She had worked with a teacher of English for ten years
B She had been working as a teacher of English for ten years
C She has worked with a teacher of English for ten years
D She has been working as a teacher of English for ten years
8 My boss's plane _ at 10:15 tomorrow morning, but I cannot pick him up
A will be arriving B is arriving C arrives D arrived
9 We haven't seen each other since we _ school three years ago
10.Who _ the car at time of the accident?
3 Clauses of concession : (Mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản)
+ Mệnh đề trạng ngữ mang nghĩa: MẶC DÙ Mệnh đề này thường bắt đầu bằng những từ nối như
Although, Even though, No matter, Whatever
Cấu trúc:
eg: (Al)though I don’t agree with him, I think he’s honest
She went on walking (al)though she was terribly tired
Even though I didn’t understand the words, I knew what he wanted
Although Though + S + V…
Even though
Trang 20(Even though dùng đễ nhấn mạnh sự tương phản)
Lưu ý: Mệnh đề bắt đầu bằng “No matter” hoặc “Whatever” thường được đặt trước mệnh đề chính để nhấn mạnh.
eg: Whatever exercises she had taken, she was still fat
No matter what she says, I don’t believe her
2 Phrases of concession: (Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ):
Cụm từ chỉ sự nhượng bộ thường được bắt đầu bằng “In spite of” hoặc “Despite”
Cấu trúc:
eg: Despite his sickness, he still had to go to school
We went out in spite of the rain
Lưu ý: DESPITE không có OF theo sau.
Exercise 4: Choose the best answer:
1 _ he had enough money, he refused to buy a new car
2 _, he walked to the station
A Despite being tired B Although to be tired C In spite being tired D Despite tired
3 She left him _ she still loved him
A even if B even though C in spite of D despite
4 her lack of hard work, she was promoted
A Because B Even though C In spite of D Despite of
5 _ they are twin brothers, they do not look like
A Although B Because of C Because D In spite of
6 Julie failed the exam _ of working very hard
7 She walked home by herself _ she knew that it was dangerous
8 He refused to give up work _ he’s won a million pounds
9 In spite of all our efforts, we failed in the final match
A Although we tried very hard, we failed in the final match
B We made all our efforts so that we could again success in the final match
C We failed in the final match as a result of all our great efforts
D. Whatever efforts we had made, we weren’t able to win in the final match.
10 Although my parents are busy at work, they try to find time for their children
A My parents are so busy at work that they cannot find time for their children
B Busy at work as my parents are, they try to find time for their children
C My parents are too busy at work to find time for their children
D My friends rarely have time for their children because they are busy at work
-UNIT 11: ARTICLES A.THEORY:
No matter + who/what/when/where/why/how (adj/adv) + S + V Whatever + (N) + S + V
In spite of + N/N phrase/Gerund phrase Despite
Trang 211.Mạo từ bất định “a/an”:
-Trước danh từ đếm được số ít
-Dùng để giới thiệu một điều gì chưa được đề cập trước đó hoặc dùng trước danh từ số ít chỉ nghề nghiệp
Ex: I saw an accident yesterday My father is a doctor
- A: trước các từ bắt đầu bằng phụ âm EX: a house, a book, a village…
An: trước các từ bắt đầu bằng nguyên âm (u,e,o,a,i) EX: an apple, an interesting book, an umbrella…
- Ngoại lệ: a European, a uniform, a university, an hour, an honor, an honest person…
- “a” còn được dùng trong 1 số thành ngữ sau:
+ for a while: khoảng một lát
+ tobe in a hurry: đang vội
+ in a short/long period of time: trong một khoảng thời gian ngắn/ dài
2 Mạo từ xác định “the”:
-Chỉ sự việc mà ta đã biết, một kiến thức chung, phổ biến
1 Danh từ được lặp lại lần 2 trở lên.
Ex: I bought a book yesterday The book is very
EX: The book which I bought yesterday is funny.
The boy over there is my son.
4 Tên các nhạc cụ ( the piano, the violin, the flute…)
5 Tên các đại dương/ sông/ dãy núi
EX: the Atlantic,the Pacific, the Nile, the Red
Sea…
6 Tên quốc gia có 2 từ/ tận cùng là số nhiều
EX: the United States, the Philippines, the UK…
7 Danh từ số ít chỉ chủng loại
EX: The lion is fast disappearing
8 Trước so sánh nhất, số thứ tự (the most…, the
first/last…)
9 The + Adj (Danh từ tập hợp)
EX: the rich, the poor, the young…
10 Các buổi trong ngày (in the morning/
afternoon/evening)
11 Các nơi công cộng:
go to the cinema/ the theatre/ the bank/ the post office/
the doctor/ the dentist/ the station/ the airport/ the city
centre )
1 Danh từ chung EX: I love flowers
2 Danh từ trừu tượng EX: happiness, freedom,…
3 Lục địa, tiểu bang EX: Europe, Asia, California,
…
4 Hành tinh, hồ (số ít) EX: Mars, Jupiter, Lake Geneva
5 Các môn thể thao EX: volleyball, badminton…
6 Môn học EX: Maths, Physics, History,
…
7 Phương tiện EX: by bus/car/train…
8 Các quốc gia chỉ có 1 từ EX: Vietnam, Japan, England
9 Các bữa ăn : EX: have breakfast/lunch/ dinner
10 Ngôn ngữ EX: English is an international
language
11 Một số thành ngữ không dùng “the”
-at noon/ at night/ at midnight-at dawn = at sunrise (bình minh)-at dusk = at sun set (hoàng hôn)
- go to school/ college/ university/ church/ hospital… (đi học/học cao đẳng/ đại học/ đi lễ nhà thờ/ đi nằm viện)
(Lưu ý sự khác biệt # go to the school/ church/
Choose the best answer among A, B, C or D
1 We are looking for _ place to spend night
A the/the B a/the C a/a D the/a
2 Please turn off lights when you leave room
A the/the B a/a C the/a D a/the
3 We are looking for people with experience
A the B a C an D x
4 Would you pass me salt, please?
A a B the C an D x
Trang 225 Can you show me way to station?
A the/the B a/a C the/a D a/the
6 She has read interesting book
A a B an C the D x
7 You’ll get shock if you touch live wire with that screwdriver
A an/the B x/the C a/a D an/the
8 Mr Smith is old customer and honest man
A An/the B the/an C an/an D the/the
9 youngest boy has just started going to school
A a/x B x/the C an/x D the/x
10 Do you go to prison to visit him?
A the B a C x D an
11 eldest boy is at college
A a/the B the/x C x/ a D an/x
12 Are you going away next week? No, week after next
A an B a C the D x
13 Would you like to hear story about English scientist?
A an/the B the/the C a/the D a/ an
14 There’ll always be a conflict between old and young
A the/the B an/a C an/the D the/a
15 There was collision at corner
A the/a B an/the C a/the D the/the
16 My mother thinks that this is expensive shop
A the B an C a D x
17 Like many women, she loves parties and gifts
A the/ a B a/the C a/a D x/x
18 She works seven days week
A a B the C an D x
19 My mother goes to work in morning
A a B x C the D an
20 I am on night duty When you go to bed, I go to work
A a/x B a/the C the/x D x/x
21 We moved to the countryside because we wanted to be close to nature ( Trích đề thi 2017 )
I Cấu trúc câu điều kiện:
Loại 1.
Có thể xảy ra ở hiện
tại/ tương lai
S + V0 / VS/ES ( Be -> is/ are )
S + Will + Vo Can
S + Would + Vo Could
Trang 23S + Would + Vo Could
Might
(Dấu hiệu: now, today, at present, …)
EX: 4 If I hadn’t stayed up late last night, I wouldn’t be tired now.
II/ Các từ khác có thể thay cho If:
1 Unless = If not (trừ phi, nếu…… không, ) EX: If he doesn’t come, I’ll bring this package to him.
→ Unless he comes, I’ll bring this package to him
2 In case (phòng khi, nhỡ khi) EX: If you need to reach me, I’ll be at my uncle’s house.
→ In case you need to reach me, I’ll be at my uncle’s house.
3 With + N (nếu có)
Without/ But for+ N (nếu không có)
(Dùng như dạng rút gọn của mệnh đề If)
EX: If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished my report.
= Without your help, I couldn’t have finished my report.
= If it hadn’t been for your help, I couldn’t have finished my report.
4 Providing (that) (miễn là)
Provided (that)
EX: You can borrow my bike providing that you bring it back
tomorrow
5 As long as/ So long as (miễn là) EX: You can stay with us if you share the expenses.
= You can stay with us as long as you share the expenses.
6 Supposing/ Supposed that (giả sử) EX: Supposing that you won the lottery, what would you do?
7 Otherwise (hoặc là, nếu không thì)
Or (else)
EX: If you don’t hurry, you’ll be late.
= You’d better hurry Otherwise, you’ll be late.
= You’d better hurry; or else, you’ll be late.
8 as if/ as though (như thể, như là)
(Mệnh đề sau as if/ as though diễn tả điều không
thật→ động từ sau mệnh đề này tương tự mệnh
đề if
EX: 1 She talks to him as if he were a child.
(Sự thật: He is not a child.)
2 He acted as though he had never met her.
(Sự thật: He has met her.)
EXERCISE:
1 If I ……….the same problem you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.
2 I………you sooner had someone told me you were in the hospital.
A-would have visited B-visited C-had visited D-visit
3 ………more help, I’ll call my neighbor.
A-needed B-should I need C-I have needed D-I should need
4 ………then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.
A-had I known B-did I know C-If I know D- If I would know
5 Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people…….the same language?
6 I don’t have enough money with me now; otherwise I would buy that coat
A If I didn’t have enough money with me now, I would buy that coat
B If I had enough money with me now, I would buy that coat
C If I had enough money with me now, I wouldn’t buy that coat
D If I didn’t have enough money now, I wouldn’t buy that coat
7 She is too weak; she can’t sit up and talk to you
A If she weren’t too weak, she could sit up and talk to you
B If she hadn’t been too weak, she could sit up and talk to you
C If she isn’t too weak, she can sit up and talk to you
D If she wasn’t too weak, she can sit up and talk to you.
8 If you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
A Unless you are careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
B If you are careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
C Unless you are not careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
D Unless you were careful, you will cut yourself with that knife
9 Because he doesn’t leave immediately, I call a policeman