Giáo Trình Ngữ Pháp

4 TENSE & SEQUENCE OF TENSES (HỊA HỢP THÌ) Present Tenses in Sequence Nhìn chung, động từ mệnh dạng Present Tenses động từ mệnh đề phụ Present Tense, Past Tense, Future Tense Có dạng Present Tenses thƣờng đƣợc sử dụng mệnh đề : Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect Present Perfect Continuous Ex : - People say that he is a detective - They predict that the price of gasoline will go down - I think Laura arrived in Paris safely - He says his sister has made better progress Past Tenses in Sequence Khi động từ mệnh đề dạng Past Tenses động từ mệnh đề phụ phải dạng Past Tense Có dạng Past Tenses hay sử dụng mệnh đề Past Simple, Past Continuous, Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Ex : - I thought he had a happy life in London - I was watching the video when she came - They had already prepared dinner before we arrived - They had been playing tennis for two hours when the rain started * Các liên từ thời gian thường hay xuất việc hòa hợp sau : Simple Present – Simple Future After After she graduates, she will get a job Before I will leave before he comes Until We will wait here until he returns As soon as I’ll call you as soon as she arrives When When I finish this project, I’ll take some days off Simple Perfect – Simple Past / Present Perfect I haven’t seen him since he left this morning Since I have felt better since I have lived here Simple Past – Past Perfect After After she graduated, she got a job Before She had sent him two letters before she came Until The party had not ended until she came By By the time he arrived, the plane had taken off When When they arrived, he had finished his work -EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences She came into the room while they _ television A watched B have watched C are watching D were watching I _ a headache yesterday A had B was having C have had D would have The teacher into the room A has still come B has already come C has yet come D has recently come When he failed to meet us, we _ without him A left B would leave C was leaving D has left He _ book the tickets, but he had no time to call at the cinema A would B will C is going to D was going to Peter has been trying for an hour, but his car still _ start A won’t B wouldn’t C didn’t D hasn’t It’s an hour since he , he must be at the office now A is leaving B was leaving C has left D left Most students hard for the last few weeks A were working B worked C are working D have been working He up his mind yet A didn’t make B hasn’t made C wasn’t made D wasn’t making www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 10 The baby non-stop for the last two hours A cried B was crying C is crying D has been crying Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences The girl weeps whenever she _ such a story A hears B has heard C will hear D heard As soon as we _ this new apartment, we A are finding/ will move B found/ moved C would find/ move D find/ would move My teacher arrived after I _for him for ten minutes A was waiting B have waited C had waited D waited This is the first time I to play badminton A have tried B am trying C was trying D would be trying She here but he doesn’t work here now A has worked B had worked C used to work D used to working Jack went out, but he anyone where he was going A doesn’t tell B not told C wasn’t telling D didn’t tell London the capital of the United Kingdom A is B was C will be D is being Someone at the door Can you hear it? A knocks B is knocking C will knock D was knocking What are you cooking in that saucepan? It good A smells B is smelling C smelled D has smelt 10 I used to swim in this river when I young A am B was C will be D have been Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences By the year 2050, many people currently employed _ their jobs A have lost B will be losing C will have lost D are losing Susan _ as a nurse for three years before her marriage A has been working B has worked C worked D is working Since they had that big argument, he crosses the street whenever he her A saw B sees C will see D is seeing This time tomorrow I in the swimming pool A are relaxing B relax C will be relaxing D relxed At the end of this month, we _ here for ten years A will have been living B are living C live D will be living The beach was so crowded the other day that we difficulties finding an empty spot A have B have had C had D have been having Robert for the company for very long before he was promoted A hasn’t been working B didn’t work C hadn’t been working D wasn’t working ? Your eyes are red A Did you cry B Have you been cried C Were you crying D Have you been crying He looked tired because he _ for six hours A ran B was running C has been running D had been running 10 In 1875 archeologists _ the ruins of the Olympic Stadium in Greece A discovered B were discovering C have discovered D had discovered Exercise 4: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences We very hard at the office lately as we are negotiating an important contract A are working B were working C have been working D had been working You can’t believe a word he says He _ A always lies B is always lying C has always lied D will always lie www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page I often find things on the beach I this very old bottle yesterday A found B was finding C had found D had been finding They the new bridge by the end of the year A will complete B will have completed C have completed D had been completing He said he his homework since o’clock A did B has done C had been done D had been doing A taxi collided with his car ten minutes ago but the police yet A has not come B have not come C did not come D had not come At this moment tomorrow night I _ on a ship A sleep B shall sleep C shall be slept D shall be sleeping Before leaving home in the morning, she _ her mother she in the factory that afternoon A had told – would work B told – would work C told – works D had told – worked Before you mentioned him, I _ of that author A never hear B have never heard C had never heard D never heard 10 By the end of this year, Tom _ English for three years A will be studying B has studied C will have studied D has been studying Exercise 5: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences By the time you finish cooking they their homework A will have done B are doing C have been doing D have done Can tell me how _ ? A they escaped B they were escaped C did they escape D have they escaped “Does Tom own that car?” “No, I think his brother _ it now.” A has owned B is owning C owns D can own Fish on the earth for ages A exists B are existing C exist D have existed Firemen _ to receive an increase in pay next month A will be B are C have been D would be How many times _ him since he went to Hanoi? A have you seen B you see C did you see D had you seen He _ as a cashier for twenty – five year Then he _ and went to live in the country A worked – retired B had been working – retired C has worked – had retired D had been working – had retired He wrote to her a month ago, but I’m sure he _ since then A has not written B didn’t write C was not writing D was not written How many lessons _ before you passed your tests? A did you have B you have C have you had D were you having 10 How to stop in time when that car shot out in front of you? A did you manage B were you managing C you manage D had you managed Exercise 6: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences I not feel good I home from work tomorrow A am staying B will be staying C will have stayed D stayed I’m sorry for keeping you waiting I to make a telephone call to London A have tried B will try C tried D have been trying I cannot begin sewing my dress until my mother _ it out for me A will cut B cut C has cut D will be cutting I everywhere for the pen I _ yesterday A am searching – had lost B searched – lost C have searched – lost D searched – had lost www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page In few minutes’ time, when the clock strikes six, I _ here for three hours A waited B will have been waiting C have waited D have been waiting I _ sunglasses today because the sun is very strong A am wearing B wear C have been wearing D have worn The car stopped for the children who to cross the road A were waiting B had waited C had been waiting D waited Their football team _ a championship until last season A has never won B is never winning C had never been winning D had never won After ancient Greek athletes won a race in the Olympics, they _ a simple crown of olive leaves A received B had received C were receiving D have received 10 Even though they _ for a flat for a month, they _ able to find one anywhere A is looking – are not B have looked – are not C have been looking – have not been D have been looked – have not been Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences When I last saw him, he in London A has lived B is living C was living D has been living We Dorothy since last Saturday A don’t see B haven’t seen C didn’t see D hadn’t seen The train _ half an hour ago A has been leaving B left C has left D had left Be careful! Jack the door A has just painted B paint C will have painted D painting My sister for you scene yesterday A is looking B was looking C have been looking D looked I _ Texas State University now A am attending B attend C was attending D attended He has been selling motorbikes _ A ten years ago B since ten years C for ten years ago D for ten years Christopher Columbus America more than 500 years ago A discovered B has discovered C had discovered D had been discovering He fell down when he _ towards the church A run B runs C was running D had run 10 We _ there when our father died A still lived B lived still C was still living D were still living Exercise 8: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences They _ table-tennis when their father comes back home A will play B will be playing C play D would play By Christmas, I _ for Mr Smith for six years A shall have been working B shall work C have been working D shall be working I _ in the room right now A am being B was being C have been being D am I _ to New York three times this year A have been B was C were D had been I’ll come and see you before I _ for the States A leave B will leave C have left D shall leave The little girl asked what _ to her friend A has happened B happened C had happened D would have been happened John _ a book when I saw him A is reading B read C was reading D reading He said he _ return later A will B would C can D would be www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page Our teacher told us yesterday that he _ England in 2004 A visited B had visited C has visited 10 I have been waiting for you _ A since early morning B since a.m C for two hours D All are correct D would be visiting Exercise 9: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences Oil _ if you pour it on water A floated B floats C will be floated D float The movie was very boring and many people began to leave early By the end, most people _ A has already left B were already leaving C were already left D had already been leaving The dancing club north of this district A lays B lies C locates D lain Almost everyone _ for home by the time we arrived A leave B left C leaves D had left By the age for 25, he _ two famous novels A wrote B writes C has written D had written While her husband was in the army, Mary _ to him twice a week A was writing B wrote C was written D had written I couldn’t cut the grass because the lawn mower _ a few days previously A broke down B has been broken C had broken down D breaks down Up to then, I _ such a fat man A never saw B had never seen C never had seen D will never see I have never played badminton before This is the first time I _ to play A try B tried C have tried D am trying 10 Since _ , I have heard nothing from him A he had left B he left C he has left D he was left Exercise 10: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences After I _ lunch, I looked for my bag A had B had had C has had D have had By the end of next year, George _ English for two years A will have learned B will learn C has learned D would learn The man got out of the car, round to the back and opened the boot A walking B walked C walks D walk For several years, his ambition _ to a pilot A is B has been C was D had been Henry into the restaurant when the writer was having dinner A was going B went C has gone D had gone He will take the dog out for a walk as soon as he _ dinner A finish B finished C will finish D shall have finished Before you asked, the letter _ A was written B had been written C had written D has been written I shall be glad when he A had gone B did go C went D has gone Ask her to come and see me when she her work A finish B has finished C finished D finishing 10 After you finish your work, you _ a break A should take B have taken C might have taken D takes Exercise 11: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences Enven though assigned tasks are somewhat complex, we will have to complete them before we - for the day A leave B leaving C to leave D have left www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page All the storage rooms are scheduled to undergo renovations and - closed for several days next week A will be B was C are D has been Applicants for the managerial position - to possess high levels of motivation along with basic computer skills A are required B require C requires D has required Many researchers are doing research on how to reduce the time it takes - and forget an accident A will overcome B be overcome C to overcome D has overcome Speakers should be prepared - their findings to the audience and be able to answer questions regarding them A has presented B presenting C present D to present Donations - for the purchase of necessities will help provide a brighter holiday season to people in need A seek B seeking C have sought D being sought It looks like directors of the corporate finance division - the details of manager ial compensation contracts A regulate B regulating C regulates D is regulated Please - any information, no matter how insufficient it may seem, to your client in the very near future A forwards B forward C forwarding D to forward The proposed compensation plans have been - and will be amended to comply with new rules A reviewed B searched C advised D reached 10 We are sorry to tell you that your name will be - from our mailing list since we have not yet received your payment A removed B replaced C sent D stored 11 The revised version of an unpublished manuscript _ due to arrive this morning at 10 o'clock, but unexpected problems delayed the shipping A was B were C is D are 12 Our policy guarantees that any damaged products incurred in transit will be _ immediately with new ones, or a full refund will be issued A prepared B consumed C revised D replaced 13 In an effort customers with respect we have changed our hours to accommodate customer needs A treating B has treated C treated D to treat 14 When I closed the window, all of the files and folders on my desktop computer _ except for the icon A are disappearing B will have disappeared C had disappeared D disappear 15 A new innovative program is _ to be released, though some system failures happened at the beginning of the inspection A expecting B expected C expects D expect 16 We are sorry to announce that we will not _ any credit cards starting next year since a cash deposit is required A accepts B accepting C accept D accepted 17 The general manager has _ that any information customers enter be used only to respond to their inquiries and requests A suggested B suggesting C suggest D suggestion 18 The general hospital was able to improve patient care significantly without hiring more staff by _ in a new information system A invests B invested C investing D invest 19 Most companies like all their employees _ on innovative products and to believe passionately in their mission A to work B works C be working D will work 20 The restaurant, closed for extensive renovations, assured customers that it them with better quality food and exceptional service A will provide B provide C providing D to provide 21 During the sessions, speakers will discuss the process of _ a global service by opening doors to economic opportunities A establish B establishing C establishes D established www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 22 OFA representatives recently _ on-line tours and found those kinds of tours to promote their products the most effective A conduct B conducted C to conduct D will conduct 23 Due to recent changes, Nordan Express - delivery of equipment effective the first day of the coming year A to discontinue B will discontinue C discontinued D have discontinue 24 In addition to _ a separate online site, new products will be available through traditional retailers all over ·the world A launched B launching C launch D launches 25 So as to _ that your medical treatment will be paid for, you must present a note from your doctor A ensure B ensuring C ensured D be ensured 26 As portable audio items _ currently unavailable in the store, you'd better check the Internet for more information A is B been C are D being 27 Employment application forms completed by applicants must be _ to Mr Keith by Friday at noon A submitting B submitted C submit D submission 28 In order to _ the needs of demanding customers, the telecommunications industry is considering developing bener functions A accommodates B accommodate C accommodating D accommodation 26 As portable audio items _ currently unavailable in the store, you'd better check the Internet for more information A is B been C are D being 27 Employment application forms completed by applicants must be _ to Mr Keith by Friday at noon A submitting B submitted C submit D submission 28 In order to _ the needs of demanding customers, the telecommunications industry is considering developing bener functions A accommodates B accommodate C accommodating D accommodation - www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page TO- INFINITIVE OR GERUND Verbs Followed by an Infinitive She agreed to speak before the game agree aim appear arrange ask attempt be able beg begin care choose condescend consent continue dare decide deserve detest dislike expect fail forget get happen have hesitate hope hurry intend leap leave like long love mean neglect offer ought plan prefer prepare proceed promise propose refuse remember say shoot start stop strive swear threaten try use wait want wish Verbs Followed by an Object and an Infinitive Everyone expected her to win advise allow ask beg bring build buy challenge choose command dare direct encourage expect forbid force have hire instruct invite lead leave let like love motivate order pay permit persuade prepare promise remind require send teach tell urge want warn Note: Some of these verbs are included in the list above and may be used without an object Verbs Followed by a Gerund They enjoyed working on the boat admit advise appreciate avoid can't help complete consider delay deny detest dislike enjoy escape excuse finish forbid get through have imagine mind miss permit postpone practice quit recall report resent resist resume risk spend (time) suggest tolerate waste (time Verbs Followed by a Preposition and a Gerund We concentrated on doing well admit to approve of argue about believe in care about depend on disapprove of discourage from dream about feel like plan on prevent (someone) from refrain from succeed in talk about www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page complain about forget about concentrate on insist on confess to object to think about worry about I Choose the best answer to complete each of the sentences/Or identify the underlined part that needs correction: I saw him off A to drive B drive C driven D drove You’d better an umbrella A take B to take C taking D to be taken Wouldn’t you rather _? A succeed B to succeed C succeeding D succeeded He made me it all over again A done B C to D doing My father doesn’t let me _ out at night A going B to go C go D gone We watched him the car A park B parked C to park D to be parked Why don’t you for a job? A applying B applied C to apply D apply I am planning Da Lat next week A visit B visiting C visited D to visit I must go now I promised _ late A not being B not to be C not being D won’t be 10 Suddenly he stopped the car in order A smoke B to smoke C smoking D smoked 11 It was late, so we decided a taxi home A to take B taken C taking D take 12 How old were you when you learnt _? A how to drive B how drive C how driving D how driven 13 She always encourages her son harder A to study B studied C study D studying 14 Don’t forget the letter I gave you A to post B posting C post D posted 15 I got my father my bike A repair B to repair C repairing D repaired 16 The fire isn’t hot enough _ a kettle A boiling B to boil C boil D boiled 17 It is too cold for us A went out B go out C to go out D going out 18 He went to Britain _English A learn B learning C to learn D learned 19 I have some letters A to write B writing C wrote D write 20 It takes me ten minutes _to school every day A walking B to walk C walk D walked 21 We expect him tomorrow A arrive B arriving C to arrive D will arrive 22 Would you like to my birthday party? A coming B come C came D to come 23 I tried _the bus, but I missed it A catch B catching C to catch D caught 24 Remember _Lan a present because today is her birthday A send B sending C to send D sent www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 25 We were allowed _ photographs in this room A sell B to sell C selling D sold III Choose the best answer A, B, C or D Instead of _ about the good news, Tom seemed to be different A exciting B to excite C being excited D to be excited I remember to the zoo when I was a child A to take B to be taken C taking D being taken Would you mind not _ the radio on until I’ve finished with this phone call? A turning B to turn C being turned D to be turned Julia’s children are used to _ after school every day They don’t have to walk home A picking up B to pick up C being picked up D to be picked up It’s not good to avoid _ the teacher’s questions in class A answer B answering C answered D to answer It is no good _ sorry for yourself A to feel B feeling C feel D felt Everyday I spend two hours _ speaking English A practise B to practise C practising D practised Tommy admitted _ the rock through the window A throwing B being throwing C to throw D to be thrown He suggested _ a double railway tunnel A to build B built C building D that building 10 I was reading my books, but I stopped _ a programme on TV A reading to watch B to read to watch C to read for watching D reading watching 11 Does Dr Johnson mind at home if his patients need his help? A to call B to be called C calling D being called 12 We hope that the students themselves will enjoy _ part in the projects A to take B taking C to be taken D being taken 13 Your house needs _ A redecorate B redecorating C redecorated D to redecorate 14 Please wait a minute My boss is busy something A to write B write C wrote D writing 15 The children stopped _ games when their mother came home A playing B play C to play D played 16 I really regret _ your feeling when I asked you such a silly question A hurt B hurting C being hurt D to hurt 17 I can’t go on here any more I want a different job A working B to work C work D worked 18 My uncle has given up _ for years A to smoke B smoking C smoke D smoked 19 This girl can't bear alone A being B is C to be D was 20 I must drive more carefully I can’t risk another speeding ticket A get B getting C to get D got www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 10 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES GHI CHÚ : IF thay cụm từ có nghĩa tương đương : PROVIDED, PROVIDING, SUPPOSING/ SUPPOSE THAT, AS LONG AS, ON CONDITION THAT, Ex : You can borrow my bike provided/ providing (that) you bring it back by 7.00 p.m You can use my phone as/ so long as you pay for your calls Supposing/ Suppose you found a hidden treasure, what would you with it ? Một số dạng câu điều kiện khác : a BUT FOR/ WITHOUT + NOUN (PHRASE) : Nếu khơng có/ ) = IF IT WEREN’T FOR + NOUN (PHRASE) = IF IT HADN’T BEEN FOR + NOUN (PHRASE) Ex : But for/ Without this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now = If it weren’t for this foggy weather, we would be on the plane now But for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded = If it hadn’t been for your help, I wouldn’t have succeeded = If you hadn’t helped me, I would have succeeded b OR, OTHERWISE, IF NOT : dùng thay cho mệnh đề điều kiện nêu trước với nghĩa “nếu điều khơng xảy thì” Ex : You must read the instructions; otherwise, you won’t know how to use it = If you don’t read the instructions, you won’t know how to use it Perhaps Tom won’t come If not, I’ll take his place = If Tom doesn’t come, I’ll take his place  CLAUSES AFTER WISH/ IF ONLY Cấu trúc mệnh đề sau WISH IF ONLY thƣờng đƣợc sử dụng để bày tỏ điều ƣớc : Future Wish (Điều ước khơng có thật giả định tương lai) : IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + WOULD + V(-to) Ex : I wish it would stop raining soon (It is unlikely to stop raining) Present Wish (Điều ước khơng có thật giả định tại) : IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + V-ed/2 (BE  WERE) Ex : I wish I were taller (I’m too short) If only I spoke French fluently (I don’t speak French well) Past Wish (Điều ước khơng có thật giả định q khứ) : IF ONLY (S + WISH) + S + HAD/ COULD HAVE + V-ed/3 Ex : I wish you had come to the party (You didn’t come to the party) If only I could have been there yesterday (I wasn’t there yesterday) EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences The death rate would decrease if hygienic conditions improved A were B was C is D A and B are correct The education in Japan _ if the basic principles of education had not been taken into consideration A would go down B would have gone down C went down D had gone down If there , the rice fields could have been more productive A had been enough water B were enough water C would be enough water D are enough water The patient could not recover unless he _ an operation A had undergone B would undergo C underwent D was undergoing If she _ him, she would be very happy A would meet B will meet C is meeting D should meet www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 11 If he a thorough knowledge of English, he could have applied for this post A had had B had C has If I had enough money, I _ abroad to improve my English A will go B would go C should go The bench would collapse if they _ on it A stood B stand C standing If it convenient, let’s go out for a drink tonight A be B is C was 10 If you time, please write to me A have B had C have had D has had D should have to go D stands D were D has Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences If the car larger, we would have bought it A had been B has been C have been D been If I were to leave my country, I _disappointed A probably be B would have been C will be D would be If he hadn't wasted too much time, he in his examination A would fail B wouldn't fail C wouldn't have failed D won't fail If I had taken that English course, I much progress A had made B would have made C made D would make If I were in your place, I _ a trip to England A will make B had made C would make D made If you inherited a million pounds, what with the money? A you B will you C would you D are you going to If you as I told you, you _ in such predicament now A did – wouldn’t be B had done – had not been C – would not be D had done – would not be Come and work for my company if you better to A have nothing B will have nothing C had something D had nothing If you had done as I told you, I think you _ A would succeed B would have succeeded C could succeed D had succeeded 10 If he had got half a mark more, he _ in the exam A wouldn’t fail B wouldn’t have failed C won't fail D won’t be failing Exercise 3: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences We wish we a large house but we can’t afford it now A Had B had C can have D will have My friend won’t lend me his car I wish A he lend me his car B he didn’t lend me his car C he would lend me his car D he will lend me his car My mother is not free today I wish A my mother is free today B my morher won’t be busy today C my mother would be free today D my mother were free today I’m sorry I haven’t got any money on me I wish A I have got no money on me B I have some money on me C I had some money on me D I had got no money on me I’m afraid our team will lose the game today I wish A our team won the game today B our team would win the game today C our team didn’t lose the game today D our team had won the game today My friend didn’t take part in the game I wish A my friend took part in the game C my friend would take part in the game B my friend did take part in the game D my friend had taken part in the game It wasn’t fine yesterday I wish A it was fine yesterday B it would fine yesterday www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 12 C it will fine yesterday D it had been fine yesterday I wish more time now to help you with your lesson A have B had C would have D had had I wish I psychology when I was a college student A had studied B would study C studied D study 10 I wish someone to help me with that work tomorrow A offer B offered C would offer D had offered 11 If only I play the guitar as well as you A would B should C could D might 12 He pretended not to know me He pretended as if A he didn’t known me B he did know me C he hadn’t known me D he had known me 13 Jane dresses up like a Queen Jane dresses as if A she were a Queen B she is a Queen C she isn’t a Queen D she had been a Queen 14 Mr White always ralks to her baby as though he an adult A is B were C had been D will be 15 If only he us the truth in the first place, things wouldn’t have gone so wrong A had told B has told C would have told D should have told www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 13 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES/ RELATIVE CLAUSES (MỆNH ĐỀ TÍNH NGỮ HOẶC MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ) Exercise 1: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions The Taj Mahal, is recognized one of the wonders of the world, was built by an Indian King in memory of his beloved wife A which B that C where D what She is going to sell the business, is a great shame A that B which C it is D what I have two sisters, are very good at computer science A who B whom C both of them D both of whom He told her not to eat it, that there was a risk of food poisoning A explaining B explained C to explain D he explained I enjoyed talking to the people _ I had dinner last night A with whom B whom with C with who D who with The artist painting you bought, is a classmate of mine A whom B whose C from whose D from whom Those to join our club must fill in this form first A when tried B if wanting C who want D if they want Mrs Hoa, _ son is studying at the University of Law, is a farmer A who B whose C whom D her Louis Pasteur, _ discovered a cure for rabies, was a French scientist A he B that C who D whom 10 Some of the boys _ didn't come A whom I invited them B I invited them C I invited D when I invited Exercise 2: Mark the letter A, B, c, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions The preservation of ancient sites and historical buildings is a job requires a person ready to fight a long battle A whose B which C of which D what The restaurant Bob recommended was too expensive A which it B that C where D at which Mexico City, _ is the capital of Mexico, is a cosmopolitan city, A which B that C where D what We went to different places you find people language was hard to understand A where/ which B where/ whose C that/ whose D which/ whose We came within sight of Everest, has attracted so many climbers A the summit of which B which the summit C whose summit of D of which the summit The manager called in my new colleagues, I had already met A one of who B one or two of whom C both of them D all of them The record , has been produced by a completely new method, will be released next week A which I told you about/ Ø B that I told you/ which C that I told you about/ which D about which I told you/ Ø A skilled workforce is essential, _ why our training course program is so important A that is B which C which is D this is They are the people houses were destroyed by the flood A their B whose C what D which 10 I read about the child _ life was saved by her pet dog A whom B who C her D whose Exercise 3: Mark the letter A, B, C, or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the following questions My computer, _ mouse doesn’t work, cannot be used now A whose B which C while D because www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 14 Some of the guests I invited didn’t come A whose B whom C them D which The police have to try to catch the men _ drive dangerously A who B whom C they D which Jane did not nil her car up with petrol before she left, _ was careless of her A which B it C that D what They always give the available seats to _ comes first A whoever B whom C which D whomever A home computer _ an opportunity for convenient and efficient work at home A provides B is provided C which provides D providing Near the White House is another famous landmark the Washington Monument A is which B which call C called D it is called There was a small room into we all crowded A which B where C that D it I received two job offers, I accepted A which neither B of which neither C neither of which D neither of that 10 I have three brothers, _ are professional athletes A two of whom B two of them C two of who D two of that www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 15 REVIEW OF CONNECTIVES (ÔN TẬP VỀ TỪ NỐI) Từ nối (Connectors) thƣờng đƣợc dùng để nối từ, cụm từ mệnh đề SO (= thế)  kết việc Ex : - The weather was lovely, so we stayed in the garden - I knew I was late so I ran to the station THEREFORE (= đó)  kết việc THEREFORE thƣờng đƣợc đặt sau dấu chấm chấm phẩy để bắt đầu mệnh đề câu khác Sau THEREFORE thƣờng dùng dấu phẩy Có thể đặt THEREFORE sau chủ từ trƣớc động từ - Ngồi dùng AS A RESULT (= kết là) để kết Ex : - He failed his driving test the first time Therefore, he took it again - He failed his driving test the first time and he therefore took it again - There was thick fog As a result, our flight was delayed BUT (= nhƣng)  tƣơng phản hai việc hai ý Có thể dùng BUT để nối hai từ, cụm từ mệnh đề Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the exam - By the end of the way, we were tired but happy Chúng ta dùng ALTHOUGH, THOUGH, EVEN THOUGH để tƣơng phản Nhƣng nối câu BUT không dùng liên từ ngƣợc lại Ex : - He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the examination - Although he was intelligent, he didn’t pass the examination Ngồi BUT đƣợc dùng với nghĩa ngoại trừ (= except / apart from) Ex : - I had no choice but to sign the contract - We’ve had nothing but trouble with this car HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (= nhiên)  tƣơng phản, nhƣng HOWEVER NEVERTHELESS thƣờng đƣợc đặt sau dấu chấm dấu chấm phẩy Sau chúng phải dùng dấu phẩy Đôi HOWEVER củng đƣợc đặt câu đƣợc tách khỏi câu hai dấu phẩy NONETHELESS đƣợc dùng thay cho HOWEVER NEVERTHELESS Ex : - She was feeling bad However, she went to school and tried to concentrate - She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate - She was feeling bad She went to school, however, and tried to concentrate - The problams are not serious Nevertheless, we shall need to tackle them soon Chú ý : Có thể dùng HOWEVER + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB với ý nghĩa “NO MATTER HOW” (=cho dù đến nữa) Ex : - However cold it is outside, she has the window open (No matter how cold it is outside, …) - However hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion (No matter how hard he tried, …) WHEN / WHILE / AS (= / khi)  thời gian a WHEN (= khi) Ex : - When I came to her house, she made me a cup of tea - She was cooking dinner when I came b WHILE (= khi) Ex : - While the old man was crossing the road, a car nearly hit him - He was working overtime while his wife was waiting for him at home Có thể dùng WHILE WHEREAS để so sánh hai ý nhấn mạnh khác chúng Ex : - Frank is intelligent and industrious while / whereas his brother, Dick, is slow and rather lazy c AS (= khi) : tƣơng tự nhƣ WHILE Ex : - I bumped my head into the door as I was walking into the room - As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police Chú ý : AS SINCE đƣợc với nghĩa BECAUSE Ex : - As he lives near his office, he always walks to work - I’ll go first as I know the way - Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 16 - Since he is a married man, he rarely goes out in the evening d ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + AS / THOUGH + SUBJECT + VERB  dùng AS sau tính từ trạng từ với ý nghĩa nhƣ ALTHOUGH Ex : - Hot as it was, he was wearing a thick coat (Although it was hot, …) - Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home (Although we were tired, …) - Bravely as they fought, they lost the battle BESIDES / IN ADDITION (TO) (= ra, nữa) BESIDES IN ADDITION đứng riêng Ex : - I don’t really want to go Besides, it’s too late now - This job is interesting In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go abroad Các từ MOREOVER FURTHERMORE đƣợc dùng với nghĩa nhƣ BESIDES Ex : - I’m not ready to go now Moreover, it’s raining - I haven’t discussed the matter with Mr Lee Furthermore, I haven’t contacted him Có thể dùng BESIDES IN ADDITION TO với danh từ V-ing Trong trƣờng hợp chúng đƣợc xem nhƣ giới từ Ex : - My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music - Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays the violin in an orchestra MỘT SỐ TỪ NỐI KHÁC : a OTHERWISE (= OR ELSE) : trái lại, ngƣợc lại Ex : - We must be early, otherwise we won’t get a seat - We must be early, or (else) we don’t get a seat b IN CASE : trƣờng hợp, phòng Ex : - You should bring more money in case you want to buy something - We bought some more food in case our friends came Không dùng WILL sau IN CASE Chỉ dùng với nghĩa tƣơng lai Có thể dùng IN CASE OF + NOUN JUST IN CASE (= phòng hờ) Ex : - In case of fire, you can telephone this number for fire truck - I don’t think it will rain, but I’ll take a raincoat just in case c AS LONG AS, PROVIDED / PROVIDING (THAT) … : miễn Ex : - You can use my bike as long as you return it by six o’clock - Travelling by car is convenient provided / providing (that) you have somewhere to park Khi nói tƣơng lai, khơng dùng WILL sau AS LONG AS PROVIDED ? PROVDING (THAT), dùng đơn d NOT ONLY …… BUT ALSO : khơng …… mà …… Ex : - She was not only a teacher but also a good writer - He not only shouted at me but threatened to hit me e HARDLY …… WHEN …… / NO SOONER …… THAN …… : vừa …… …… Ex : - He had hardly had dinner when the lights went out - He had no sooner earned any money than he spent it all - www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 17 CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF PURPOSE (MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CỤM TỪ CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH) SO THAT / IN ORDER THAT + CLAUSE đƣợc dùng để diễn tả mục đích với nghĩa “để (mà)” Mệnh đề theo sau IN ORDER THAT / SO THAT thƣờng đƣợc dùng với CAN / COULD, WILL / WOULD Ex : - I have given him my number so that he can phone me later - He spoke very loudly so that I could hear him clearly Chúng ta dùng TO-Infinitive, IN ORDER / SO AS + TO-Infinitive để mục đích Dạng phủ định cấu trúc SO AS NOT / IN ORDER NOT + TO-Infinitive Nếu tác nhân gây hành động TOInfinitive diễn tà khác với chủ ngữ mệnh đề cấu trúc (IN ORDER) FOR + OBJECT + TO-Infinitive Ex : - Emily went to Italy (so as / in order) to study music - I sat down quietly in order / so as not to disturb their conversation - He spoke very loudly in order for me to hear clearly FOR + NOUN FOR + V-ing đƣợc dùng để mục đích Ex : - They went to a restaurant for dinner (They went to a restaurant to eat dinner) - This machine is used for cutting waste paper into pieces (We use this machine to cut waste paper into pieces) - www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 18 CLAUSES AND PHRASES OF RESULT (MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CỤM TỪ CHỈ KẾT QUẢ) SO + ADJ / ADV + THAT – CLAUSE đƣợc dùng với nghĩa “ …… …” để nêu lên kết Ex : - Bill is so tall that he often bumps his head on the doorway - Ronaldo plays football so well that many clubs want his service SO + ADJ + A / AN + NOUN đƣợc dùng với nghĩa tƣơng tự (nhƣng với danh từ số Ex : - Kate is so gentle a person that no one wants to harm her (Kate is such a gentle person that no one wants to harm her) - He has so good a voice that he should become a singer (He has such a good voice that he should become a singer) SUCH + A / AN + ADJ + NOUN (singular) + THAT – CLAUSE SUCH + ADJ + NOUN (uncountable or plural) + THAT – CLAUSE đƣợc dùng với nghĩa “quá …… ….” để kết Ex : - Bill is such a tall man that he often bumps his head on the doorway - It was such an easy question that everybody got it right - Our neighbours were such nice people that we always miss them - It was such nice weather that we decided to go out for a walk Dùng SO + MANY / MUCH / FEW / LITTLE + NOUN + THAT – CLAUSE Ex : - There were so few customers that the shop had to close after a month - He drank so much wine at the party that he couldn’t drive home Có thể dùng SUCH + A LOT OF + NOUN Ex : - He drank such a lot of wine at the party that he couldn’t drive home TOO + ADJ / ADV + (FOR + O) TO-Infinitive (quá …… không thể) đƣợc dùng để nói kết phủ định Dùng FOR + O tác nhân khác chủ ngữ mệnh đề Ex : - The book case was too big for us to get down the stairs (The bookcase was so big that we couldn’t get it down the stairs) - We arrived too late to get good seats (We arrived so late that we couldn’t get good seats) - The runway was too short for planes to land (The runway was so short that planes couldn’t land) ADJ / ADV + ENOUGH + (FOR + O) TO-Infinitive (…… đủ để ……) đƣợc dùng để nêu lên kết khẳng định Ex : - The sea is not warm enough for us to swim - He didn’t walk fast enough to keep up with the others Dùng ENOUGH sau tính từ trạng từ, trƣớc danh từ Ex : - Is it warm enough for you ? - You’re not walking fast enough - There was not enough information - We don’t have enough time - We didn’t have enough time to visit the museum - There was just enough light for us to see what we were doing - www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 19 CLAUSES & PHRASES OF REASON & CONTRAST (MỆNH ĐỀ VÀ CỤM TỪ CHỈ LÝ DO VÀ TƢƠNG PHẢN) * Clause and phrase of Contrast + (AL)THOUGH + CLAUSE OF CONCESSION + DESPITE / IN SPITE OF + N / V-ing ( PHRASE OF CONCESSION) + DESPITE / IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE OF CONCESSION + Clauses of Contrast may begin with NO MATTER WHAT/ WHO/ WHEN/ HOW (ADJ/ ADV) or WHATEVER/ WHENEVER/ WHEREVER/ WHOEVER/ HOWEVER (ADJ/ ADV) * Clause and phrase of Reason + BECAUSE / SINCE / AS + CLAUSE OF REASON + BECAUSE OF + N / V-ing ( PHRASE OF REASON) + BECAUSE OF / DUE TO THE FACT THAT + CLAUSE OF REASON -EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences _ we got lost driving into the city, we were late for the meeting A Since B Because of C Consequently D For During extremely hot weather, elephants require both mud arid water to keep their skin cool _ they have no sweat glands A and B so C because of D due to the fact that I couldn't repair my bike, _ I didn’t have the right tools A so B for C because of D therefore Two of the factories in our small town have closed, _unemployment is high A Consequently B Because C So that D Furthermore I had nothing for lunch but an apple, I ate dinner early A For B Since C Due to D Therefore Mr Watson retired from his job early _ his ill health A because B due to C since D for John’s favourite show was on He reached to turned on the TV _ he could watch it A because of B therefore C so that D for She bought the book _she had heard it was good A due to B due to the fact that C so D because of _ I get angry and upset, I try to take ten deep breaths A Until B Whenever C Therefore D For 10 _ I heard the telephone ring, I didn't answer it A Because B Only if C Even though D Provided that Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences _ the post office was closed, I couldn't mail my package A Therefore B Because C However D Since the secret of how to make silk remained inside Asia Europeans were forced to pay incredibly high sums of money for this mysterious material to be brought overland to Europe A Although B Only if C Due to D As long as My sister hates animals She likes _ cats _ dogs A both/ and B neither/ nor C either/ or D not only/ but also _ the parents _ the son have gone on holiday A Both/ and B Neither/ nor C Either/ or D Not only/ but also _ I was dead tired, I walked all the way home A Despite B Although C In spite of D Even Mr Wilson hopes to avoid surgery He will not agree to the operation he is convinced that it is absolutely necessary A in the event that B only if C if D unless Some English words have the same pronunciation they are spelled differently, for example, www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 20 dear and deer A unless B even though C since D only if Olives are a principal source of cooking oil, but by no means the only source _ olives, cooking oil can he extracted from coconuts, com, and sunflower seeds A Because of B In spite of C In case of D In addition to I couldn’t use the pay phone I didn’t have any coins with me A yet B despite C for D even though I have to eat breakfast in the morning _ I get hungry before my lunch break A Consequently B Furthermore C Otherwise D However Exercise 6: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences Nancy is an honest person I still wonder whether she’s telling the truth about the incident A In spite of B Since C Though D in the event that The professor told me that I was doing well, _ my final grade was awful! A so B therefore C in spite of D yet Daisy has a new car, she no longer takes the commuter train to work She drives to work every day A Now that B While C Although D In case You’d better give me your answer quickly, _ I’ll withdraw the invitation A although B nevertheless C even though D or else I have to go to the meeting I want to or not A provided that B.whether C even if D only if What time you expect Tom to be home? I must talk to him I usually go to bed around ten but fell him to call me tonight _ it’s past midnight A however B in case C even if D as long as you’re going to the fruit market, would you please pick up a few apples for me? A Even if B Although C So D As long as I guess I’m a soft touch just lent Jane some money for lunch she never paid me back my last loan A even though B unless C or else D only if I think I did OK in my speech last night _ I’d had almost no sleep for 24 hours A even B in spite of C unless D despite the fact that 10 I ask Mary to run the office while I’m away I know I can depend on her A unless B since C although D therefore Exercise 7: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences The sky was grey and cloudy _, we went to the beach A Consequently B Nevertheless C Even though D In spite of I turned on the fan the room was hot A due to B despite C even though D because Sam and I will meet you at the restaurant tonight _ we can find a babysitter A although B unless C otherwise D only if Carol showed up for the meeting _ I asked her not to be there A even though B despite C provided that D because You must lend me the money for the trip _, I won't be able to go A Consequently B Nevertheless C Otherwise D Although The road will remain safe the flood washes out the bridge A as long as B unless C providing that D since The roles of men and women were not the same in ancient Greece For example, men were both participants and spectators in the ancient Olympics Women, , were forbidden to attend or participate A nevertheless B on the other hand C therefore D otherwise The windows were all left open _, the room was a real mess after the windstorm A Nevertheless B However C Consequently D Otherwise I can’t make the presentation myself, I’ve asked my assistant to be prepared to it for me A For B In the event that C Only if D On the other hand 10 It looks like they’re going to succeed _ their present difficulties www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 21 A despite B because of C even though D yet Exercise 8: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences proficiency in German would be of much help, it is not a requirement for the advertised position A otherwise B despite C regarding D although _none of the participants has showed any interest, numerous outdoor activities have to be cancelled A Whether B since C for D which _her hard work and commitment to the company, Ms Ramirez was promoted to the head of the public relations department A due to B while C in that D in case regular inspections , accidental system problems arise from time to time A in spite of B prior to C however D yet - understaffed and under tight budget, 911 centers are struggling to adequately provide emergency assistance to the citizens A Yet B Meanwhile C But D Although The applications submitted will be accepted - accompanied by photo identification A only if B until C not only D since inclement weather conditions, employees must arrive at the beginning of their work shift A Despite B Unless C In order to D As well as Refreshments are arranged in the lobby - meals will be served shortly thereafter A such B either C with D and - inexperienced, individuals with the willingness to learn will make a difference in the foreseeable future A Until B Despite C Although D Otherwise 10. _ we are under a tight deadline on product delivery, we will have to ask for assistance from other departments A moreover B because C therefore D nevertheless 11 _ searching for long-term economic growth, the government intends to study immediate solutions to avoid severe criticism from the public A according to B future C however D instead of 12 We want you to be aware that we're doing our utmost, _we will not be able to provide you with a personalized experience on our website A in spite of B so as C despite D though 13 _ all the alterations to the plan have been approved, they should be submitted to the appropriate office no later than the end of the month A Like B Once C Unless D Despite 14 Passengers will get to their destination on time our departure time is a little late due to a mechanical problem A as if B while C because D even though 15 People don't put much importance into a powerful marketing tool and _ miss the opportunity to gain more potential customers A now that B in case C therefore D otherwise 16 The first draft of workshop proposals was due yesterday, the director has granted us a short extension to our surprise A beyond B until C that D but 17 You are advised to contact us immediately technical problems with your computer system don't seem to be resolved A why B if C due to D about 18 More efforts to accomplish the objectives for reducing costs have been made they were set out at the beginning of this year A if B since C how D than 19 People who have wanted to buy a home but couldn't afford to will be able to qualify, _ interest rates remain moderate A whereas B as if C whether D assuming that www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 22 COMPARISONS OF ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS * Absolute (So sánh bằng) AS + ADJ / ADV + AS (2) (NOT) SO / AS + ADJ / ADV + AS (7) * Comparative (So sánh hơn) (short) ADJ / ADV-er + THAN (3, 5) MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + THAN (6) * Superlative (So sánh nhất) THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-est (1) THE MOST + ADJ / ADV (4) * NOTES : Một số tính từ trạng từ dạng so sánh bất quy tắc : little (less – the least) (8), far (farther / the farthest – the farthest / the furthest), good / well (better – the best), bad(ly) (worse – the worst), … * Một số thành ngữ khác đƣợc dùng để so sánh + THE SAME …… AS … : nhƣ + DIFFERENT FROM … : khác với + SUCH (A / AN) ADJ + NOUN + AS … : nhƣ + LIKE + NOUN / PRON : giống nhƣ * So sánh kép : So sánh đồng tiến : + THE MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + S + V, THE MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV + S + V : … … + THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-er + S + V, THE + (short) ADJ / ADV-er + S + V : …… … So sánh lũy tiến : + MORE AND MORE + (long) ADJ / ADV : lúc … + (short) ADJ / ADV-er + AND + (short) ADJ / ADV-er : lúc … * Khi phải chọn hai dùng so sánh với mạo từ THE EXERCISES Exercise 1: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences Of the four dresses, which is _expensive? A the best B the most C the more D the greater The larger the apartment, the the rent is A expensive B more expensive C expensively D most expensive The faster we walk, we will get there A the soonest B the soon C the more soon D the sooner “Why did you buy these oranges?” “They were I could find” A cheapest B cheapest ones C the cheapest ones D the most cheapest She plays the piano as she sings A as beautifully B more beautifully C as beautiful D the most beautifully The streets are getting more and these days A crowded B less crowded C more crowded D most crowded The larger the city, the crime rate A highest B higher C the highest D the higher the time passes, _I feel! The deadline of my thesis is coming, but I have just finished half of it A The faster / the nervous B The more fast / the nervous C The fast / the more nervous D The faster / the more nervous China is the country with population A the larger B the more large C the largest D the most large 10 She sat there quietly, but during all that time she was getting Finally she exploded A more and more angry B the more angry C angrier and angrier D the most angry 11 For _ it is certain that in the future some things will be very different A the better or the worse B the good or the bad C good or bad D better or worse www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 23 12 Her grandfather’s illness was we thought at first A more seriously as B as seriously as C more serious than D as serious than 13 My brother was feeling tired last night, so he went to bed usual A more early than B as early as C more earlier as D earlier than 14. _ you study for these exams, _ you will A The harder / the better B The more / the much C The hardest / the best D The more hard / the more good 15 His house is _ mine A twice as big as B as twice big as C as two times big as D as big as twice 16 Today English is international of languages A more B most C the most D the more 17 After the new technique had been introduced, the factory produced cars in 2014 as the year before A twice as many B twice many as C as many twice D as twice many 18 The teacher speaks English we A fluently B more fluently C most fluently D more fluently than 19 John is much I thought A strong B more strong C stronger than D more strong than 20 Thank you! That’s gift I have ever received A the nicer B a nice C nicest D the nicest Exercise 2: Choose the best answer to complete each of the following sentences The job fair held in the City Center last week is considered the most - one so far, with over 3,000 people in attendance A overall B successful C wealthy D delighted The more we spent with the sales team, the more -we were with their innovative marketing skills A impression B impress C impresses D impressed As health care becomes - than it was a decade ago, companies are forced to spend more on benefits A as expensive B more expensive C so expensively D most expensively Pedestrians and motorists are advised to obey the traffic signs posted - Biackroad A against B except C upon D throughout Editors are extremely busy proofreading, editing and compiling materials - to publication date A suited B conductive C forward D prior Many on-line retailers state that it is than they expected to set prices that attract more customers while boosting their profit margins A difficult B difficulty C more difficult D much difficult To be safe, don't use bank cash machines located _ pillars or away from public view A over B within C down D behind Funds from the government grant will be allocated to or distributed the affected areas A among B toward C after D during Along the shore of the lake is a recreational family camping site, complete fire places, showers and refrigerators A with B across C beside D from www.keymeans.com – Phone: 0977.88.24.66 – FP: www.facebook.com/keymeans.hcm/ Page 24