DSpace at VNU: Aquatic insect faunas and communities of a mountain stream in Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

The results of detrended correspondence analysis and Bray– Curtis cluster analysis indicated that aquatic insect com-positions at the sampling sites were very reflective of the reach cha

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A S I A / O C E A N I A R E P O R T

Aquatic insect faunas and communities of a mountain stream

in Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

Sang Woo JungÆ Van Vinh Nguyen Æ

Quang Huy NguyenÆ Yeon Jae Bae

Received: 22 November 2006 / Accepted: 13 August 2007 / Published online: 9 July 2008

Ó The Japanese Society of Limnology 2008

Abstract Aquatic insect communities were investigated

from the Muonghoa Stream in the Sapa Highland (highest

peak 3,143 m), a subtropical mountain stream in northern

Vietnam Field investigations for quantitative (Surber net

50 cm 9 50 cm, mesh size 0.2 mm, riffle and pool/run)

and qualitative (hand net, mesh size 1 mm) sampling were

conducted at nine sites along the watercourse between 27

November and 2 December 2005 As a result, a total of 216

species (the majority of them undescribed) belonging to

139 genera, 61 families, and nine orders were recognized:

53 Ephemeroptera species (24.5%), nine Odonata species

(4.2%), 15 Plecoptera species (6.9%), seven Hemiptera

species (3.2%), 35 Coleoptera species (16.2%), one

Meg-aloptera species (0.5%), 29 Diptera species (13.4%), 66

Trichoptera species (30.6%), and one Lepidoptera species

(0.5%) Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Coleoptera

rep-resented the major aquatic insect groups with regard to

taxonomic and individual richness, whereas Hemiptera and

Odonata were relatively less diverse and abundant than in

studies of other tropical Southeast Asian streams The

dominance, richness, and diversity indices (H0) fell within

the following ranges [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]: 0.18–0.76 (0.42 ± 0.19), 4.13–9.19 (7.06 ± 1.45), and 1.61–3.22 (2.67 ± 0.55), respectively Riffle habitats gen-erally yielded numbers of aquatic insect species and individuals approximately twice that sampled in pool/run habitats Shredders were relatively larger in proportion within the headwater reach, whereas scrapers and collector-gatherers were more abundant in the middle and lower stream reaches This functional feeding group composition

is characteristic of temperate streams in East Asia The results of detrended correspondence analysis and Bray– Curtis cluster analysis indicated that aquatic insect com-positions at the sampling sites were very reflective of the reach characteristics, which evidence gradual changes with altitude and stream order along the stream watercourse This is the first comprehensive investigation of aquatic insects in highland Southeast Asian regions

Keywords Aquatic insect fauna Biodiversity Community composition Tropical stream Southeast Asia

Introduction

The Sapa Highland is located in northern Vietnam (Fig.1) and has been identified as the center of biodiversity in mainland Southeast Asia (Nguyen and Harder1996) This area embraces Mt Fansipan (3,143 m), the highest moun-tain within peninsular Southeast Asia, and the associated mountain range extends to the adjacent Yunnan Province

of China and further to the Himalayas

Although tropical Asian streams are known to constitute rich habitats for diverse groups of freshwater organisms, including aquatic insects, the actual makeup of the fauna inhabiting these regions remain poorly understood In

Department of Biology, Seoul Women’s University,

Seoul, South Korea

Department of Invertebrate Zoology,

Hanoi University of Science, Hanoi, Vietnam

Present Address:

Lab of Animal Systematics and Ecology,

Division of Life Sciences and Biotechnology,

Korea University, 1 Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu,

Seoul 136-701, South Korea

e-mail: yjbae@korea.ac.kr

DOI 10.1007/s10201-008-0250-8

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previous studies, Nguyen et al (2001) studied the altitudinal

distribution of aquatic insects in a stream in Tam Dao

National Park in northern Vietnam, and Cao et al (2008)

conducted a faunistic study of aquatic insects in Bach Ma

National Park in central Vietnam Hoang and Bae (2006)

demonstrated that a tropical stream in southern Vietnam

evidenced a higher degree of aquatic insect diversity than

that observed in temperate streams in Korea The aquatic

insect fauna and the community compositions of the Sapa

Highland have not yet been investigated, with the exception

of a few fragmented taxonomic studies of some aquatic

insect groups (Nguyen and Bae2004; Hoang and Bae2005;

Cao et al.2007)

In this paper, we provide faunistic and community data

of aquatic insects in the Sapa Highland, based on a

com-prehensive field investigation, in order to explain

biodiversity in tropical mountain streams

Materials and methods

Study stream and sites

The Sapa Highland is located in northern Vietnam,

approximately 38 km west of Lao Cai Province and

375 km northwest of Hanoi (22°070–22°280N, 103°430–

104°040E) (Fig 1) The region covers an area of 67,864 ha

and has an average elevation of 1,500 m above sea level

The climate is generally humid (humidity 76–96%) all

year, with an average yearly rainfall of 2,770 mm The

heaviest rains occur in July and August The average

temperature is approximately 15°C, in a range between -3°C and 20°C, and December and January are the coldest months Snow falls on 1–3 days per year The Muonghoa Stream runs across the Sapa Highland and is approximately

42 km in total length As the stream flows from the high mountain peaks to the lowland areas along the watercourse, the stream and riparian areas represent diverse temperate and tropical forest elements (Nguyen and Harder1996) Nine sampling sites belonging to stream orders I–V (stream orders were determined with a map of scale 1:60,000) were selected as follows along the watercourse; all but one site (site 3) were located on the mainstream watercourse (Fig.1) Site 3 was located at a tributary headwater within the upper stream reach The environmental factors at each sampling site are shown in Table1

St 1 (22°21088700 N, 103°46066600 E): Thac-Bac (upper)

St 2 (22°21033400 N, 103°46025000 E): Thac-Bac (lower)

St 3 (22°21083300N, 103°47098200E): Quy-Ho

St 4 (22°20048900N, 103°48059700E): Shin-Chai

St 5 (22°19025000N, 103°50033400E): Cat-Cat

St 6 (22°18029400N, 103°53030100E): Ta-Van

St 7 (22°17025000N, 103°55018400E): Cau-May

St 8 (22°15095600N, 103°58004800E): Ban-Ho

St 9 (22°22000500N, 104°04026300E): Ben-Den

Field investigations and analyses

Field investigations were conducted from 27 November to

2 December in 2005 Aquatic insects were sampled with a

in the Muonghoa Stream of

Sapa Highland, northern

Vietnam

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Surber net (50 cm 9 50 cm, mesh size 0.2 mm) for quantitative purposes; two Surber samples were obtained

in riffle and pool/run habitats (total sampling area 5,000 cm2 per site) Additional samples were obtained with a hand net (mesh size 1 mm) in a variety of microhabitats for qualitative purposes General environ-mental factors, including geographic location and altitude [portable global positioning system (GPS): SP24XC, MLR, USA], stream width and depth, surface current velocity (Craig 1987), water temperature, pH and dis-solved oxygen (portable water checker: WQC-22A, TOA, Japan), and substrate composition (subjectively estimated percentage cover of bedrock/boulder [ 256 mm, cobble 64–256 mm, pebble 16–64 mm, gravel 2–16 mm, coarse sand 0.5–2 mm, and fine sand/silt \ 0.5 mm) were determined at all sampling sites

All sampled materials were maintained in 250 ml plastic vials with Kahle’s solution and brought to the laboratory for sorting of aquatic insects The sorted aquatic insects were preserved in 80% ethyl alcohol (EtOH) The aquatic insects were identified to the spe-cies or lowest taxonomic categories, from available references (Wiederholm 1983; Morse et al 1994; Yoon

1995; Merritt and Cummins 1996; Wiggins 1996; Dudgeon 1999; Kawai and Tanida 2005) We also employed additional taxonomic articles (e.g., Sangpradub and Boonsoong 2004) for the identification of specific aquatic insect groups Taxa without taxonomic references

to species level, which describes the majority of the cases in this study, were separated into morpho-species, based primarily on external ultrastructures All materials are housed in the Aquatic Insect Collection of Seoul Women’s University and Hanoi University of Science

McNaughton’s dominance index (DI), Margalef’s richness index (RI), and Shannon species diversity index (H0) were calculated according to Smith and Smith (2001) Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) (Hill and Gauch1980) and Bray–Curtis (Bray and Curtis1957) similarity measure were employed in the analyses of aquatic insect communities between the study sites Functional feeding groups (FFGs) were classified mainly according to Morse et al (1994) and Merritt and Cum-mins (1996) All these community analyses were on the basis of the quantitative samples, but we excluded all Diptera taxa in the community analyses because their species level treatments, particularly the larvae of Chi-ronomidae and Simuliidae, may have created biased results due to sampling and identification difficulties in poorly known aquatic insect communities We have, however, included the list of Diptera taxa in Appendix 1

to provide an understanding of the general faunistic fea-tures of the area

Stream order

DO (mg/l

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Stream environments

The habitat topology and general environmental factors of

the sampling sites, including stream width and water

temperature, changed gradually as the stream flowed to the

lower reaches (Table1) A number of waterfalls and small

cascades existed in the upper reaches of the stream Cobble

and boulder-sized stones predominated throughout the

sampling sites, although other diverse substrates, including

pebbles, gravel, sand, leaves, mosses, and attached algae,

were found mixed with larger stones The riparian forest

consisted of a variety of evergreen trees and grasses,

including bamboo, palm, vine, and Carex (Cyperaceae)

Aquatic macrophytes were relatively rare, partially due to

the fact that the sampling season was in late autumn, and

because of other anthropogenic influences In the middle

and lower stream reaches, drainage areas were affected to a

moderate degree by human influence, including terraced

rice paddies, pastures, roads, and villages

Aquatic insect fauna

On the basis of quantitative and qualitative sampling, a total

number of 216 species (the majority of which were

un-described) belonging to 139 genera, 61 families, and nine

orders were recognized in the Muonghoa Stream (Appendix

1) Trichoptera (66 species, 30.6%), Ephemeroptera (53

species, 24.5%), and Coleoptera (35 species, 16.2%)

con-stituted the three major aquatic insect groups, and Diptera

(29 species, 13.4%), Plecoptera (15 species, 6.9%), Odonata

(nine species, 4.2%), Hemiptera (seven species, 3.2%),

Megaloptera (one species, 0.5%), and Lepidoptera (one

species, 0.5%) were the taxa (in descending order) in terms

of species richness (Appendix 1)

Ephemeroptera: Ephemeroptera was one of the most

species-rich and abundant aquatic insect groups in the

Muonghoa Stream, and this phenomenon was apparent in

the middle and lower stream reaches The Leptophlebiidae

were relatively more abundant in the upper stream reach,

whereas Baetidae and Heptageniidae were more abundant

in the middle and lower stream reaches Epeorus aculatus

and Ecdyonurus cervina (Heptageniidae) were commonly

found throughout the stream reaches Nigrobaetis sp 2

(Baetidae) predominated in the lower stream reach

Potamanthus sp (Potamanthidae), Vietnamella sp

(Ephemerellidae), and Caenis sp (Caeniidae) were rarely

found, and were limited to the lower stream reach

Isony-chia formosana (Isonychiidae) was found only at the

lowermost site (site 9)

Odonata: Odonata species and individual numbers were

relatively poorly represented, and no members of this order

were found in the upper stream reach (sites 1 and 2) Gomphidae species were only rarely found in the lower stream reach Bayadera sp (Euphaeidae), Anotogaster sp (Cordulegastridae), and Ophiogomphus sp (Gomphidae) inhabited the pool areas, whereas Brachythemis sp 1 (Libellulidae) was found in the riffle areas

Plecoptera: the majority of Plecoptera species were found in the upper stream reach (sites 1–4), while Perlidae was found throughout the sampling sites (sites 1–9) Togoperla (Perlidae) showed a relatively wider altitudinal distribution, and Tetropina and Neoperla (Perlidae) were found in the middle and lower stream reaches, respectively Hemiptera: Hemiptera species and individual numbers were relatively low, and only seven species were found in the sampling sites Heleocoris sp (Naucoridae) and Aphelocheirus sp (Aphelocheiridae) were found through-out the sampling sites, whereas a number of immature Micronecta sp (Corixidae) individuals were collected in a pool in the middle stream reach (site 7)

Coleoptera: 35 species of Coleoptera occurred throughout the entire sampling sites Elmidae was the most species-rich taxon of Coleoptera in the Muonghoa Stream, and members of the family inhabited the riffle areas and were found on the surfaces of moss-covered cobble and boulder-sized stones Scirtidae were found in the upper stream reach, whereas Psephenidae more richly occurred in the lower stream reach Haliplidae, Ptilodactylidae, Dyti-scidae, Noteridae, and Lampyridae were rarely found in restricted habitats

Megaloptera: only one species of Corydalidae, Proto-hermes sp., occurred more abundantly in the middle stream reach

Diptera: 29 species of Diptera occurred throughout the sampling sites Simuliidae dominated in riffle areas in the uppermost stream site (site 1), and the family also abun-dantly inhabited the upper stream reach Chironomidae were abundantly found throughout the sampling sites, and Tipulidae and Blephariceridae also occurred abundantly in the lower stream reach Few red chironomids were found in the sampling sites

Trichoptera: 66 species of Trichoptera in 15 families occurred throughout the sampling sites This represented the highest degree of species richness of aquatic insects in the stream They inhabited a wide range of habitats according to the taxa Net-spinning caddisflies, including Cheumatopsyche, Ceratopsyche, and Hydropsyche (Hyd-ropsychidae), were found more abundantly in the riffle areas of the middle stream reach Glossosoma sp (Glossosomatidae) was also found abundantly in the middle stream reach Diplectrona (Hydropsychidae), Dolophilodes (Philopotamidae), and Psilotreta (Odonto-ceridae) were found only in the headwater stream sites (sites 1 and 3)

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Lepidoptera: only one species of Pyralidae, Parapoynx

sp., occurred in the lower stream reach (sites 6–8)

Community

On the basis of quantitative sampling, three major tropical

aquatic insect groups (Ephemeroptera, 2,541 individuals,

62.7%; Trichoptera, 686 individuals, 16.9%; Coleoptera,

382 individuals, 9.4%) represented 89% of the total

indi-vidual number of aquatic insects collected from the

sampling sites, whereas the other remaining taxa

(Hemip-tera, 204 individuals, 5.0%; Plecop(Hemip-tera, 200 individuals,

5.0%; Megaloptera, 19 individuals, 0.5%; Odonata, 18

individuals, 0.5%) contributed to the aquatic insect

com-munity to a lesser degree Quantitative data at each

sampling site (Figs.2,3) also indicated that the

Epheme-roptera, Trichoptera, and Coleoptera represented almost the

entire aquatic insect communities In general, the aquatic

insect communities inhabiting the Muonghoa Stream were

dominated by philopotamid larvae (Dolophilodes sp 1) or

nemourid larvae (Nemoura sp 2) in the upper stream reach,

as well as baetid mayfly larvae (Nigrobaetis sp 2) in the

middle and lower stream reaches (Table2) The riffle

habitats generally yielded larger species and individual

numbers, and higher diversity indices (number of species

33.6 ± 7.2 per 2,500 cm2; individual number 293.9 ±

186.1 per 2,500 cm2; H02.58 ± 0.56) than in pool per run

habitats (number of species 21.0 ± 9.8 per 2,500 cm2;

individual number 156.1 ± 128.7 per 2,500 cm2;

H0 1.98 ± 0.68) at most sampling sites (Table3) The

numbers of species and individuals at each sampling site

were significantly different (P \ 0.01 and P \ 0.05,

respectively) between the habitat types (Table3) The

dominance indices (DI), richness indices (RI), and diversity

indices (H’) fell within the following ranges

[mean ± standard deviation (SD) 0.18–0.76 (0.42 ± 0.19),

4.13–9.19 (7.06 ± 1.45), and 1.61–3.22 (2.67 ± 0.55)],

respectively (Table2)

Shredders represented a relatively larger proportion at

the headwater sites (sites 1 and 3) than at the other lower

stream sites, but the proportions themselves remained

rather small (Fig.4) Scrapers and collector-gatherers were

increasingly abundant in the lower stream reach (sites 4–8)

The first two axes of the DCA ordination accounted

for the majority of the variation in the species data, with

eigenvalues of 0.69 and 0.41 for axes 1 and 2, respectively,

with a total inertia (total variation in the species data) of

3.08 The first axis corresponds to the most important

gradient in the data (Fig.5) On the basis of the aquatic

insect community data, the sampling sites of Muonghoa

Stream can be separated into two groups (sites 1–3; sites 4–

9) on axis I The former and latter groups represented high

and mid–low altitude sites, respectively, although site 9 is

situated somewhat apart from the other stream sites Sites 1 and 3, which belonged to stream order I, are apart from the other sites (sites 2 and 4–9) on axis II This can be best explained by general habitat difference between the headwater sites (sites 1 and 3) and other mainstream watercourse sites (sites 2 and 4–9) (Table1) In addition, site 3 is a tributary stream below site 2, and it represented the most different species composition from that of all other stream sites

The Bray–Curtis similarity matrix indicates that the middle stream sites, including sites 6 and 8 (63.8%) and sites 4 and 5 (47.1%) can be grouped relatively closely, but that the tributary headwater site (site 3) and lowermost site (site 9) are the most distant (20–24%) from the other sites (Fig.6)

Discussion

The biodiversity of aquatic insects in a stream can be determined by a variety of ecological and environmental factors on local, basin, and regional scales, including habitat complexity and biogeographical history (Vinson and Hawkins 1998; Hoang and Bae 2006) Although the

Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

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Muonghoa Stream in the Sapa Highland is located within

mainland Southeast Asia, its general environment and

aquatic insect fauna differ from those of typical tropical

streams in Southeast Asia due to its geographical location

This area is subtropical in terms of latitude, but the

majority of the stream reaches are located within a

high-land mountain area, with the exception of the lowermost

site (site 9) Because of this, the aquatic insect faunas and

community compositions of the stream evidenced a

mix-ture of temperate and tropical feamix-tures

The number of aquatic insect taxa found in the Sapa

Highland (216 species, 139 genera, and 61 families) was

larger than that of Tam Dao National Park in northern

Vietnam (145 species, 127 genera, and 63 families)

(Nguyen et al.2001) or Bach Ma National Park in central

Vietnam (143 species, 119 genera, and 65 families) (Cao

et al.2008), but was smaller than that of Dak Pri stream in

southern Vietnam (268 species, 230 genera, and 91

fami-lies) (Hoang and Bae2006) Although these comparisons

were not predicated on the same sampling methods (i.e.,

spatial and temporal scales and duplicates), the taxa rich-ness of the Sapa Highland was determined to be relatively larger than has generally been observed in northern Viet-namese streams (e.g., Tam Dao National Park) or Northeast Asian temperate streams (e.g., Gapyeong stream in Korea) (Hoang and Bae2006)

One of the unique features of the aquatic insect fauna of the Sapa Highland is the high degree of species richness of Trichoptera (66 species, 30.6%) The numbers of Tri-choptera species tend to be generally smaller than those

of Ephemeroptera in other Vietnamese tropical streams (Nguyen et al 2001; Cao et al 2008), but they are rela-tively larger in the majority of temperate streams (Hoang and Bae2006) Mey (2005) demonstrated that Mt Fansi-pan and its surrounding highland areas constitute the center

of caddisfly diversity in tropical Southeast Asia

The Odonata and Hemiptera were found to be less species-rich than is normally found in southern Vietnamese tropical streams In general, the diversity of Odonata is substantially influenced by temperature and tends to be

second dominant species, dominance index (DI), richness index (RI),

Highland, northern Vietnam

and individual numbers of

aquatic insects, excluding

Diptera, per Surber sample

and pool/run habitats in the

Muonghoa Stream of Sapa

Highland, northern Vietnam.

The difference in the

quantitative data between the

riffle and pool/run habitats was

examined by paired t test

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correlated with vegetation cover in streams (Corbet1999).

Aquatic macrophytes were poorly developed in the

Muonghoa Stream, which may also explain the generally

low species richness of Odonata Simuliids were relatively

abundant, particularly in the upper reaches of the stream,

another feature of temperate streams (McCreadie et al

2005) However, the species richness of Coleoptera, in

particular the Elmidae, was relatively larger than that

normally observed in temperate streams, and this is

char-acteristic of tropical streams (Brown1981; Hoang and Bae

2006)

Species richness and community compositions were

similar between the sampling sites, with the exception of

the tributary headwater site (site 3) (Fig.2), whereas

individual abundance increased with decreasing altitude, with the exception of the lowermost site (site 9) (Fig.3) The relatively smaller number of individuals at the site 9 is probably attributable to anthropogenic influences from a nearby town The riffle habitats yielded approximately double the species richness, diversity, and individual abundance than was observed in the pool/run habitats This

is due primarily to the larger numbers of swimmers (e.g., baetid mayflies) and clingers (e.g., heptageniid mayflies and hydropsychid caddisflies) inhabiting the riffle habitats Functional feeding groups (FFGs) of the Muonghoa Stream differed to some degree from those of other tropical streams in Southeast Asia, which are influenced by riparian forests and in-stream environmental conditions, including substrate compositions and marginal macrophytes Typical tropical streams, e.g., the Dak Pri stream in southern Vietnam (Hoang and Bae 2006), are almost completely covered by riparian forest, and the substrates are more heterogeneous, harboring an abundance of leaf packs and root masses However, the Muonghoa Stream is generally open to sunlight and lacks abundant aquatic macrophytes in the middle and lower stream reaches Owing to this, scrapers such as the Heptageniidae, Glossosomatidae, and Psephenidae were relatively more abundant in the middle and lower reaches It remains unclear, however, as to the manner in which food resources influence aquatic insect communities, as well as the manner in which the feeding strategies of tropical aquatic insects differ from those of the temperate streams (Yule 1996; Motta and Uieda 2004; Tomanova et al 2006) According to Tomanova et al (2006), the FFG classifications of aquatic insects of neo-tropical streams are not always congruent with their congeners inhabiting temperate streams

The results of DCA indicated that the aquatic insect communities of Muonghoa Stream are influenced primarily

insects, excluding Diptera, sampled from nine study sites in the

Muonghoa Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

composition of aquatic insects, excluding Diptera, sampled from nine study sites in the Muonghoa Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

in the Muonghoa Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

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by altitudinal differences, along with other environmental

factors, including stream size, current velocity, water

temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), substrate, food

resource, and canopy (see Fig.5and Table1) The Bray–

Curtis similarity diagram (Fig.6) is also quite reflective of

the habitat characteristics of the middle stream (sites 4 and

5) and lower stream (sites 6, 7 and 8) sites The

commu-nities of the upper stream reaches (sites 1 and 2) and the

tributary and lowermost stream reaches (sites 3 and 9)

differ from those of the middle stream sites, which may

also reflect differing environmental conditions in the

sampling sites

Foundation Grant (KRF-2005-212-C00002).

Appendix 1 Aquatic insect taxa in the Muonghoa

Stream of Sapa Highland, northern Vietnam

Order Ephemeroptera

Family Leptophlebiidae

1 Choroterpes sp 1

2 Choroterpes sp 2

3 Choroterpes vittata

4 Habrophlebiodes prominens

5 Isca fascia

6 Isca sp

7 Thraulus bishopi

8 Thraulus sp

Family Potamanthidae

9 Potamanthus sp

Family Ephemeridae

10 Ephemera sp

Family Ephemerellidae

11 Cincticostella gosei

12 Cincticostella sp

13 Epharacella sp

14 Serratella sp

15 Torleya arenosa

16 Torleya sp 1

17 Torleya sp 2

Family Austremerellidae

18 Vietnamella sp

Family Caenidae

19 Caenis sp

Family Isonychiidae

20 Isonychia formosana

Family Heptageniidae

21 Afronurus meo

22 Afronurus mnong

23 Epeorus hieroglyphicus

24 Epeorus aculatus

25 Epeorus bifurcates

26 Epeorus sp

27 Ecdyonurus cervina

28 Ecdyonurus landai

29 Ecdyonurus sp 1

30 Ecdyonurus sp 2

31 Iron martinus

32 Iron sp

33 Rhithrogena sp

34 Rhithrogeniella tonkinensis

35 Rhithrogeniella sp

Family Baetidae

36 Acentrella sp

37 Baetiella sp 1

38 Baetiella sp 2

39 Baetiella sp 3

40 Baetiella sp 4

41 Baetis sp 1

42 Baetis sp 2

43 Baetis sp 3

44 Centroptella sp 1

45 Centroptella sp 2

46 Heterocloeon sp 1

47 Heterocloeon sp 2

48 Labiobaetis sp 1

49 Nigrobaetis sp 1

50 Nigrobaetis sp 2

51 Platybaetis sp 1

52 Platybaetis sp 2

53 Procloeon sp

Order Odonata Family Calopterygidae

54 Mnais sp

55 Neurobasis sp

Family Euphaeidae

56 Bayadera sp

57 Euphaea sp

Family Aeshnidae

58 Aeschnophlebia sp

Family Cordulegastridae

59 Anotogaster sp

Family Gomphidae

60 Ophiogomphus sp

Family Libellulidae

61 Brachythemis sp 1

62 Brachythemis sp 2 Order Plecoptera Family Nemouridae

63 Ampinemura sp

64 Nemoura sp 1

65 Nemoura sp 2

66 Protonemura sp

67 Sphaeronemoura sp

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Family Leuctridae

68 Perlomyia sp

69 Rhopalopsole sp

Family Perlidae

70 Acroneuria sp

71 Kamimuria sp

72 Kiotina sp

73 Neoperla sp

74 Tetropina sp

75 Togoperla sp 1

76 Togoperla sp 2

77 Togoperla sp 3

Order Hemiptera

Family Naucoridae

78 Heleocoris sp

Family Aphelocheiridae

79 Aphelocheirus sp

Family Corixidae

80 Micronecta sp

Family Helotrephidae

81 Helotrephes sp

Family Hebridae

82 Hyrcanus sp

83 Nieserius sp

Family Gerridae

84 Rhyacobates sp

Order Coleoptera

Family Gyrinidae

85 Gyretes sp

86 Gyrinus sp

Family Haliplidae

87 Haliplus sp

Family Dytiscidae

88 Hydrovatus sp

89 Rhantus sp

Family Hydrophilidae

90 Berosus sp

91 Enochrus sp

92 Hydrobius sp

93 Hydrochara sp

94 Paracymus sp

Family Hydraenidae

95 Limnebius sp

96 Ochthebius sp

Family Lampyridae

97 Luciola sp

Family Noteridae

98 Hydrocoptus sp

Family Sciritidae

99 Cyphon sp

Family Ptilodactylidae

100 Stenocolus sp

Family Dryopidae

101 Helichus sp

Family Psephenidae

102 Eubrianax sp 1

103 Eubrianax sp 2

104 Psephenoides sp

105 Psephenus sp

Family Elmidae

106 Atractelmis sp

107 Heterlimnius sp

108 Macronychus sp 1

109 Macronychus sp 2

110 Ordobrevia sp

111 Promoresia sp

112 Stenelmis sp 1

113 Stenelmis sp 2

114 Stenelmis sp 3

115 Stenelmis sp 4

116 Zaitzevia sp 1

117 Zaitzevia sp 2

118 Zaitzevia sp 3

119 Zaitzevia sp 4 Order Megaloptera Family Corydalidae

120 Protohermes sp

Order Diptera Family Tipulidae

121 Antocha sp

122 Dicranota sp

123 Hexatoma sp 1

124 Hexatoma sp 2

125 Holorusia sp

126 Limnophila sp

127 Tipula sp 1

128 Tipula sp 2

129 Tipula sp 3 Family Blephariceridae

130 Blepharicera sp

131 Philorus sp

Family Psychodidae

132 Pericoma sp

Family Simuliidae

133 Prosimulium sp

134 Simulium sp

Family Ceratopogonidae

135 Bezzia sp

Family Chironomidae

136 Chironominae sp 1

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144 Orthocladiinae sp

145 Tanypodinae sp 1

146 Tanypodinae sp 2

Family Empididae

147 Hemerodromia sp

Family Tabanidae

148 Tabanus sp 1

149 Tabanus sp 2

Order Trichoptera

Family Ecnomidae

150 Ecnomus sp

Family Hydropsychidae

151 Amphipsyche sp

152 Arctopsyche sp 1

155 Ceratopsyche sp 1

164 Cheumatopsyche sp 1

168 Diplectrona sp

169 Hydropsyche sp 1

175 Hydatomaicus sp

176 Hydromanicus sp 1

177 Hydromanicus sp 2

178 Macrostemum sp

179 Parapsyche sp 1

180 Parapsyche sp 2

181 Potamyia sp 1

182 Potamyia sp 2

183 Trichomacronema sp

Family Polycentropodidae

184 Neureclipsis sp

185 Plectrocnemia sp 1

186 Plectrocnemia sp 2

187 Polycentropus sp

Family Psychomyiidae

188 Lype sp

189 Psychomyia sp 1

190 Psychomyia sp 2

191 Tinodes sp

Family Philopotamidae

192 Chimarra sp 1

193 Chimarra sp 2

194 Dolophilodes sp 1

195 Dolophilodes sp 2

196 Wormaldia sp

Family Stenopsychidae

197 Stenopsyche ulmeri

198 Stenopsyche sp

Family Glossosomatidae

199 Glossosoma sp

Family Hydroptilidae

200 Hydroptila sp

201 Orthotrichia sp

Family Rhyacophilidae

202 Himalopsyche sp

203 Rhyacophila sp 1

204 Rhyacophila sp 2

205 Rhyacophila sp 3 Family Hydrobiosidae

206 Apsilochorema sp

Family Limnephilidae

207 Goera sp

208 Moselyana sp

Family Brachycentridae

209 Micrasema sp

Family Lepidostomatidae

210 Lepidostoma sp 1

211 Lepidostoma sp 2 Family Odontoceridae

212 Psilotreta sp 1

213 Psilotreta sp 2 Family Leptoceridae

214 Ceraclea sp

215 Triplectides sp

Order Lepidoptera Family Pyralidae

216 Parapoynx sp

References

Bray JR, Curtis JT (1957) An ordination of the upland forest communities of Southern Wisconsin Ecol Monogr 27:325–349 Brown HP (1981) A distributional survey of the world genera of aquatic dryopoid beetles (Coleoptera: Dryopoidae, Elmidae, and Psephenidae sens alt.) Pan-Pac Entomol 57:133–148

Cao TKT, Ham SA, Bae YJ (2007) Description of three new species

of Neoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae) and a historical review of tropical Southeast Asian Perlidae Zootaxa 1435:41–54 Cao TKT, Nguyen VV, Bae YJ (2008) Aquatic insect fauna of Bach

Ma National Park in Thua Thien, Hue Province, Vietnam In:

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