Chương trình SW - Chuan CNTT Nhat Ban SW1 tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả...
METI Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Textbook for Software Design & Development Engineers N O COM PU T ER BASI CS AN D COM PU T ER SYST EM S Second Edition REVISED AND UPDATED BY Japan Information Processing Development Corporation Japan Information-Technology Engineers Examination Center Photos provided by: I-O Data Device, Inc Intel Corporation Uchida Yoko Co., Ltd Canon Sales Co., Inc Sharp Corp Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd Seiko Instruments Inc Sekonic Co., Ltd • Sony Corp IBM Japan, Ltd NEC Corp HAL Corporation Fujitsu Ltd Microsoft Co., Ltd Ricoh Co., Ltd Microsoft, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Windows NT are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation of the United States in the United States and other countries • The product names appearing in this textbook are trademarks or registered trademarks of the respective manufacturers Textbook for Software Design & Development Engineers No COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS First edition first printed October 1, 2001 Second edition first printed August 1, 2002 Japan Information Processing Development Corporation Japan Information-Technology Engineers Examination Center TIME 24 Building 19th Floor, 2-45 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8073 JAPAN ©Japan Information Processing Development Corporation/Japan Information-Technology Engineers Examination Center 2001,2002 SW No.1 COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS Table of Contents Basic Theories of Information Introduction 1.1 Data representation 1.1.1 Numeric conversion 1.1.2 Numeric representation 1.1.3 Operation and precision 1.1.4 Non-numeric value representation 1.2 Information and logic 1.2.1 Proposition logic 1.2.2 Logical operation Exercises 1-1 1-2 1-2 1-16 1-33 1-36 1-40 1-40 1-41 1-44 Data Structures 2.1 What is the data structure? 2.2 Basic data structure 2.2.1 Basic data type 2.2.2 Structured type 2.2.3 Abstract data type 2.3 Problem-oriented data structure 2.3.1 List structure 2.3.2 Stack 2.3.3 Queue 2.3.4 Tree Structure 2.3.5 Hash 2.3.6 Backus-Naur Form 2.3.7 EBNF (extended BNF) Exercises 2-2 2-3 2-3 2-4 2-7 2-8 2-8 2-11 2-12 2-13 2-18 2-20 2-20 2-22 Algorithms Introduction 3.1 Basic of algorithms 3-2 3-2 SW No.1 COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 3.1.1 What is an algorithm 3.1.2 Algorithm and the data structure 3.2 Various Algorithms 3.2.1 Search algorithm 3.2.2 Sort algorithm 3.2.3 Recursive algorithm 3.2.4 Character string processing 3.2.5 File processing 3.2.6 Drawing figures 3.2.7 Graph 3.2.8 Numeric calculation 3.2.9 Collation algorithm 3.2.10 Approximate and probability algorithms 3.2.11 Genetic algorithms 3.2.12 Data compression algorithms 3.2.13 Memory management algorithms 3.2.14 Compiler algorithms 3.2.15 Programming Languages 3.3 Evaluation of algorithms 3.3.1 Evaluation by computational complexity 3.3.2 Evaluation by validity 3.3.3 Evaluation by representation 3.4 How to design algorithms 3.5 Applications of algorithms 3.5.1 Routing 3.5.2 Search engines 3.5.3 Cryptography 3.5.4 Data mining Exercises 3-2 3-4 3-9 3-9 3-14 3-29 3-32 3-37 3-44 3-48 3-53 3-62 3-65 3-71 3-81 3-91 3-94 3-97 3-115 3-115 3-116 3-116 3-117 3-118 3-118 3-119 3-122 3-124 3-129 Hardware Introduction 4.1 Information element 4.1.1 Integrated circuit 4.1.2 Semiconductor memory 4.2 Processor architecture 4.2.1 Processor structure and operation principles 4.2.2 Speed performance enhancement in processor 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-3 4-6 4-6 4-21 SW No.1 COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 4.2.3 Operation mechanism 4.2.4 Multi-processor 4.2.5 Processor performance 4.3 Memory architecture 4.3.1 Memory types 4.3.2 Memory capacity and performance 4.3.3 Memory configuration 4.4 Auxiliary storage devices 4.4.1 Types and characteristics of auxiliary storage devices 4.4.2 RAID types and characteristics 4.5 Input/output architecture and devices 4.5.1 Input/output control method 4.5.2 Input/output interfaces 4.5.3 Types and characteristics of input/output devices 4.6 Computer types 4.6.1 Computer types 4.7 Wireless standards and mobile computing 4.7.1 Transmission methods 4.7.2 Bluetooth 4.7.3 IEEE802.11 4.7.4 Network Architecture 4.7.5 Security 4.7.6 Characteristics of mobile computing 4.7.7 Mobile computing infrastructure 4.7.8 Type of software 4.7.9 Mobile based protocols Exercises 4-25 4-30 4-31 4-33 4-33 4-34 4-36 4-38 4-38 4-53 4-55 4-55 4-57 4-62 4-77 4-77 4-82 4-82 4-85 4-86 4-87 4-89 4-90 4-91 4-92 4-95 4-100 Multimedia system 5.1 Multimedia System Design 5.1.1 Types of multimedia applications 5.1.2 Design Steps 5.1.3 Needs Assessment 5.1.4 Audience Assessment 5.1.5 Define Contents 5.1.6 Select Authoring and delivery System 5.1.7 Storyboard 5.1.8 Define the Interactions 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-14 5-15 SW No.1 COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 5.1.9 Create the Scripts 5.1.10 Feedback Answers to Exercises Index 5-18 5-19 6-1 Basic Theories of Information Chapter Objectives Understanding the computer mechanism of data representation and basic theories In particular, the binary system is an important subject to learn, indispensable for computer data representation However, for people who are used to the decimal system, it is hard to become familiar with this representation, so it be should be carefully studied Understanding a computer's basic data units such as binary numbers, bits, bytes, words etc and their conversion from and to decimal and hexadecimal digits Understanding basic concepts of computer internal data representation, focusing on numeric data, character codes, etc Understanding proposition calculus and logical operations 1- Introduction In order to make a computer work, it is necessary to convert the information we use in daily life into a format that can be understood by the computer For that reason, the way information is actually represented inside a computer as well as the way it is processed will be learned here 1.1 Data representation 1.1.1 Numeric conversion For a computer to processing, it is first necessary to input into the memory the programs which are contents of a task or processing procedures The binary system is what is used to represent this information While the binary system represents by means of the combination of "0" and "1", we ordinarily use the decimal system Therefore, an important fundamental knowledge required by information processing engineers is to understand the relationship between binary and decimal numbers This is the basic difference between computers and human beings as well as the point of contact between them Since the mechanism in which the computer operates is completely based on binary numbers, the relationship between binary and decimal numbers, as well as hexadecimal numbers combining binary numbers will be explained (1) Data representation unit and processing unit Binary numbers The internal structure of a computer is composed of an enormous number of electronic circuits Binary numbers represent two levels of status in the electronic circuits, as in: • Whether the electric current passes through it or not 1- ... Data mining Exercises 3-2 3-4 3-9 3-9 3-1 4 3-2 9 3-3 2 3-3 7 3-4 4 3-4 8 3-5 3 3-6 2 3-6 5 3-7 1 3-8 1 3-9 1 3-9 4 3-9 7 3-1 15 3-1 15 3-1 16 3-1 16 3-1 17 3-1 18 3-1 18 3-1 19 3-1 22 3-1 24 3-1 29 Hardware Introduction... Mobile based protocols Exercises 4-2 5 4-3 0 4-3 1 4-3 3 4-3 3 4-3 4 4-3 6 4-3 8 4-3 8 4-5 3 4-5 5 4-5 5 4-5 7 4-6 2 4-7 7 4-7 7 4-8 2 4-8 2 4-8 5 4-8 6 4-8 7 4-8 9 4-9 0 4-9 1 4-9 2 4-9 5 4-1 00 Multimedia system 5.1 Multimedia... the Interactions 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-5 5-6 5-7 5-1 4 5-1 5 SW No.1 COMPUTER BASICS AND COMPUTER SYSTEMS 5.1.9 Create the Scripts 5.1.10 Feedback Answers to Exercises Index 5-1 8 5-1 9 6-1 Basic Theories