Historical, sociological and philosophical dimensions reflected in the novels of selected african writers

i THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Batangas State University Batangas City, Philippines In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Major in English by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN 2015 ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ii THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation entitled “HISTORICAL, SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS” prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English has been examined and is recommended for Oral Examination MARIA LUISA A VALDEZ, Ph.D Adviser PANEL OF EXAMINERS Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of _ DR MATILDA H DIMAANO Chairman DR AMADA G BANAAG Member DR FELIX M PANOPIO Member DR MYRNA G SULIT External Representative Accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy major in English Comprehensive Examination: PASSED Date MATILDA H DIMAANO, Ph.D Dean, Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences ccix THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam 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of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Teoxon, L.J.F (1990) The Quest for Truth Quezon City, Philipines: New Day Publishers The Encyclopedia Americana, 1986, Vol 11, p 195-198 USA: Grolier Incorporated Tomeldan, Y V., et al (1986) An Introduction to Literature Manila, Philippines: National Bookstore Publishers Wixson, K.D (2002) “Women and Food in Tsitsi Dangarembga‟s Nervous Conditions.” Negotiating the Postcolonial: Emerging Perspectives on Tsitsi Dangarembga Ed Willey E Ann and Jeanette Treiber Eritrea: Africa World P B UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Ahmad, Hena, Z (1998) Postnational feminism in Third World women's literature Doctoral Dissertations Available from Proquest Paper AAI9909144 http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9909144 Ayivor, M.G.K (1998) A Saga of Black Deglorification: the Disfigurement of Africa in Ayi Kwei Armah’s Novels Doctoral Dissertation University of Cape Town Axiotou, G (2008) Breaking the Silence: West African Authors and the 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Suns of the Mbira: A Critical Exploration of the Multiple Figurations of Femininity in Selected Fiction by Tsitsi Dangarembga and Yvonne Vera Doctoral Dissertation, Goldsmiths, University of London Goldsmiths Research Online Nnaemeke, O (1997) The Politics of Mothering London: Routledge Nwafor-Orizu, J.U, (2011) Disillusionment and Alienation in Selected PostColonial African Novels Doctoral Dissertatio Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka C JOURNALS, ARTICLES AND PERIODICALS Alkire, S (2014) Teaching Novels in EFL/ESL Classes The English Learning and Language Review Retrieved from http://www.lingua.org.uk/novteach.alkire.html 10/10/2014 Anand P (2014) Revisiting and Retelling the History: Achebe’s Novels and the Story of Nigeria Inter J Eng Lit Cult 2(10): 230-232 Ashaolu, A.O (1980) A Vision of Society in the Novels of Ayi Kwei Armah Ashaolu, A.O and Asein, S.O (Eds) Studies in the African Novel Vol Ibadan: Ibadan University Press Bae, B.C & Young, R.M (2008) A Use of Flashback and Foreshadowing for Surprise Arousal in Narrative Using a Plan-Based Approach Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol 5334, pp 156-167 North Carolina State University Raleigh, USA Dzobo, N.K (1992) "African Symbols and Proverbs as Sources of Knowledge" in Person and Community: Ghanaian Philosophical Studies, I eds Kwasi Wiredu and Kwame Gyekye, CRVP.Series II Africa, Vol.1, 85 ccxi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Mafela, M.J (1997) Flashback and the Development of Action in T.H Makuya’s Short Story “Vho-Dambala” South African Journal of African Languages, 17(4):126-129 Maleki, N & Navidi, M (2011) Foregrounding Achebe’s Things Fall Apart: A Postcolonial Study Canadian Social Science, Canada, v.7, n.6, p.10-15 Ogungbesan, K (1975) Symbolism and Meaning in the The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born African Literature Today, Number Ojaide, T (1992) Modern African Literature and Cultural Identity African Studies Review Vol 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Staudt, K The Characterization of Women in Soyinka and Armah Ba Shiry (University of Wincosin, Madison), 8, 2, pp.63-69 Wellek, R, (1970) The Term and Concept of Symbolism in Literary History New Literary History Vol 1, No 2, A Symposium on Periods (Winter, 1970), pp 249-270 The Johns Hopkins University Press D ELECTRONIC REFERENCES Braiman, J (2007) Literary Devices; url: https://kohner.wikispaces.com/file/view/LITERARY+DEVICES.pdf http://literarydevices.net; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 David-Maramba, Asuncion (1993) Philippine Contemporary Literature in English and Filipino Bookmark, Inc Manila, Philippines; url: ccxi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines http://www.scribd.com/doc/27042364/APPROACHES-TOLITERATURE#scribd; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2015) Meaning of Life: Contemporary Analytic Perspectives; url: http://www.iep.utm.edu/mean-ana/; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Jennings, Bruce (2002) Quality of Life, Philosophical and Ethical Dimensions Encyclopedia of Aging The Gale Group Inc.; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Literarydevices.net Website (2015) Literary Technique; url: http://literarydevices.net/literary-devices; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Sdfi.edu.cn Website (2015) Critical Approaches to Literature; url: http://www2.sdfi.edu.cn/netclass/jiaoan/englit/criticism.htm; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Shamekia, Thomas (2015) What is Symbolism in Literature? - Definition, Types & Examples; url: http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-issymbolism-in-literature-definition-types-examples.html; date retrieved: 11/2/2015 Stable (2015); url: http://www.jstor.org/stable/468631 (2015); date retrieved: 11/2/2015 ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines APPENDICES ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines SUMMARIES OF THE SELECTIONS NO LONGER AT EASE by Chinua Achebe After studying in England at a university for four years, Obi Okonkwo returns to Nigeria He was given a scholarship to study law in England by the Umuofia Progressive Union (U.P.U), and he has to pay back upon his return However, while in England, he changes his law course of study to English Besides, he meets Clara in London and they begin a relationship Once back in Nigeria, Obi receives a post on the Scholarship Board of the Civil Service, and he witnesses the popular phenomenon of bribery, which he rejects at first However, a series of events happen to his life, which forces him to change his idealism Clara tells him that she is an osu, an outcast, so she cannot marry him Despite this fact, Obi decides to marry her anyway However, his parents not agree with his marriage with Clara More seriously, Clara is pregnant Obi arranges an abortion for Clara, and after that their relationship is broken After Obi’s mother’s death, he takes his first bribe He is caught when he has taken his last bribe ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines FRAGMENTS by Ayi Kwei Armah Baako Onipa is a “been-to,” a member of the educated elite who has spent five years studying in the United States Baako returns home unannounced to avoid the inevitable ritual ceremony He does not want to face his family because he brings no gifts and because he knows that he will be unable to fulfill his mother’s expectations Although he has the means to satisfy the expectations of his family, especially his mother, he is unable to sacrifice his personal integrity to take advantage of his opportunities Baako, in his rebellion against this imitation of Western values, goes to his former teacher, Ocran, for advice Ocran has himself chosen to pursue his profession as an artist in solitude, because he sees no possibility for useful work within contemporary Ghanaian society Against Ocran’s advice, the less experienced Baako has decided to make the attempt by writing numerous television treatments and journal entries about the African slave trade and colonial oppression for the state-run Ghanavision His producer rejects Baako’s subject as unbefitting the national agenda of celebrating its glorious culture Baako quits Ghanavision, begins a journal, and falls ill His family commits him to a mental health facility and Juana, a Puerto Rican ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines psychologist who becomes Baako’s confidant, prepares a space for him in her apartment The ending suggests that Juana will assume a directive role in relation to Baako after his institutional release Their partnership suggests the possibility of formulating a transnational, anti-patriarchal family model ccxi THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines NERVOUS CONDITIONS by Tsitsi Dangarembga Despite the family’s poverty, Tambu’s parents were able to send Nhamo to school while Tambu must raise the money herself to affrod her own study Babamukuru chooses Nhamo to go to the mission school, but after his sudden death, Tambu is selected to replace him Tambu is excited by her new life on the mission school grounds Tambu becomes absorbed in her studies and makes friends with Nyasha, her cousin In Babamukuru’s house, Tambu witnesses Nyasha’s confrontation with her father During the school vacation, Tambu and her relatives head back to the homestead Maiguru learns a fact that her economic contribution to the family is not recognized She leaves the next day and stays with her son, Chido To make matters worse, Lucia is pregnant with Takesure’s child Babamukuru declares that Jeremiah and Ma’Shingayi must be married in a formal Christian ceremony as soon as possible Tambu’s mother comes to the mission hospital and gives birth to a son Lucia asks Babamukuru to find her a job She cooks at the school and begins taking classes ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines Tambu is offered a scholarship to study at the esteemed mission school Tambu leaves for the convent school Busy with her studies, she soon falls out of touch with Nyasha Tambu returns to the mission to find Nyasha suffering from a severe eating disorder Tambu fears she is succumbing to the negative, colonial influence that made Nyasha mentally ill Tambu declares her intention to begin questioning her world and the influences that it exerts on her ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL DATA Name Gender Nationality Date of Birth Place of Birth Address Gmail : Loan Thi Minh Nguyen : Female : Vietnamese : October, 21, 1979 : Thai Nguyen City Vietnam : Nuoc Hai Village, Thai Nguyen City, Vietnam : loantnu@gmail.com EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Doctor of Philosophy Major in English International Academic Cooperation Program Between the Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam and the Batangas State University, Philippines (2015) Master of Arts in English Language Teaching Concentration: Teaching English as a Foreign Language Ha Noi University of Foreign Languages Hanoi, Vietnam (2007) Bachelor of Arts in English and Teaching English as a Foreign Language College of Education Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam (2001) ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES 2012 up to the Present : Head of English Language Department The School of Foreign Languages Thai Nguyen University The Study of the United States Institute for Secondary Educators, California State University, Chico, California, America (2014) Vietnamese Teacher Training Program Wellington, New Zealand (2012) 2008 - up to the Present : English Instructor and English Teacher Trainer The School of Foreign Languages Thai Nguyen University, Vietnam 2007 - 2008 : Participated in the VietnamNetherlands Higher Education Project; Taught Experimental Program and Instructed Tourism Projects 2001 - 2008 : English Instructor College of Education Thai Nguyen University OTHER PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCES 2013 - up to the Present : Senior Advisor Community English Club The School of Foreign Languages Thai Nguyen University Vietnam ccx THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY Socialist Republic of Vietnam BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY Republic of the Philippines PUBLICATIONS Effects of Question Generation Strategy on First Year English Majors’ Reading Comprehension and Question Quality at Thai Nguyen College of Education (2011) Thai Nguyen University Journal of Science and Technology: Volume 11 (87), 111-118 CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS English Majors’ Listening Comprehension Strategies at Thai Nguyen University (2014) ThaiTESOL, ChiengMai, Thailand Effects of Question Generation Strategy on First Year English Majors’ Reading Comprehension and Question Quality at School of Foreign Languages (2015) CamTESOL, Phnompenh, Cambodia ... SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of. .. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of. .. SOCIOLOGICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL DIMENSIONS REFLECTED IN THE NOVELS OF SELECTED AFRICAN WRITERS prepared and submitted by NGUYEN THI MINH LOAN in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of