C a m b r id g e active GRAMMAR with answers c< LEVEL C D -A O a , Mark Lloyd and Jeremy Day Series Editor: Penny Ur C a m b r id g e active GRAMMAR LEVEL With answers Mark Lloyd and Jeremy Day Series editor: Penny Ur C A M B R I D G E U N I V E R S I T Y PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo, Delhi, Tokyo, Mexico City Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521152501 © Cambridge University Press 2011 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge A catalogue recordfor this publication is availablefrom the British Library ISBN 978-0-521-15250-1 Paperback with answers and CD-ROM ISBN 978-0-521-15247-1 Paperback without answers and CD-ROM Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Information regarding prices, travel timetables and other factual information given in this work are correct at the time of first printing but Cambridge University Press does not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter Introduction What is Active Grammar? Active Grammar is a grammar reference and practice series for secondary students and university students It is divided into three levels, corresponding to the levels o f The Common European Framework o f Reference for Languages (CEF) Level corresponds to A1-A2, Level to B1-B2, and Level to C1-C2 The books give comprehensive coverage o f grammar at each level, while also covering reading, composition and discussion The books are suitable for students who are preparing for Cambridge ESOL exams How are the books organised? Each unit includes • a short presentation text which shows the grammar in context and provides authentic content in areas such as geography, history, social studies and science • easy-to-understand grammar explanations with plenty o f examples • Tip boxes which highlight common errors or other interesting facts about the grammar • graded grammar practice exercises, many o f which are in the style o f Cambridge ESOL exams, aimed at building students’ confidence • a My Turn activity, where students can actively apply the grammar to their own experiences, opinions and personal preferences • a M y Test section which allows students to check their understanding o f key points Also included in the book • regular Review units which provide contrastive practice o f previous units • an Answer key • the Appendices, which include a Glossary with definitions for all highlighted words in the units The CD-ROM includes • extra activities for all the grammar covered in the book • printable progress tests How I use the book? You can work through the book unit by unit from Unit Alternatively, you can use any unit or group o f units separately if you want to focus on a particular area o f grammar The book can be used for self-study, or in the classroom For teachers, a comprehensive online teacher’s guide gives practical tips on how to use the material in class www.cambridge.org/elt/activegrammar Introduction Contents In tr o d u c tio n T en ses Present sim ple and p resen t continuous Why is the girl in the photo smiling? Past sim ple and past continuous; used to and would D e te r m in e r s , p r o n o u n s a n d n o u n p h r a s e s 12 D eterm iners 1: articles and dem onstratives 52 A hand came through the window 10 13 D eterm iners 2: quantifiers A good deal of progress has been made 56 14 Pronouns and possessives 60 Musicians sang and threw flowers Present perfect sim ple and present perfect continuous We all helped one another 14 15 It and there The higher temperatures have had dramatic effects 64 It's a good idea to make sure you're reasonably fit Past perfect sim ple and past perfect continuous 18 16 Nouns and noun phrases A spoonful o f cheese ice cream Hed been expecting an easy climb The future 1: will, b e going to, present continuous, present sim ple 22 I'm going to ask her to marry me The future 2: other ways to refer to the future, the future in the past 72 Bowing your head is the normal way to greet others 26 R2 Review: determ iners; pronouns and possessives; it and there; nouns and noun phrases 30 P r e p o s itio n s , a d j e c t iv e s a n d a d v e r b s 18 Prepositions They will be lying on the sofa The passive 1: basic passive form s 17 Nouns and noun p h rases 2: g eru n d s 68 Borders between countries are being broken down 76 78 Hodja climbed up the ladder with the man behind him The passive 2: com plex passive form s 34 19 Prepositions after adjectives and nouns It has been suggested that it was caused by secret experiments M o d a ls Modal v e rb s 20 Verbs + prepositions; prepositional v e rb s 38 There must be something else 10 Modal and non-m odal ve rb s 90 There's an amazing golden statue 22 Adjectives 46 86 If the moon loves you, why worry about the stars ? 21 Adjectives 42 / must admit, my first films were terrible 11 O ther ways to express m odality 82 Without doubt the perfect solution to your problems 94 My daughter said it would be pointless complaining There's no point doing nothing 23 Adjectives R1 Review: present sim ple and continuous; past and perfect tenses; the future; the passive; modals 50 98 One o f the most modern campuses in the world 24 A dverbs 102 Fortunately, however, it keeps missing R3 Review: prepositions; adjectives; ad verbs 106 V erb s tr u c tu r e s 25 Phrasal verbs 108 R5 Review: word formation; conditionals; relative 174 and adverbial clauses; question forms; indirect speech; em phatic devices 112 S e n te n c e s a n d v a r ie t ie s o f E n g lis h 41 Linking w ords We picked up our things and started walking off 26 Infinitives and -ing form s I can't imagine being bored here! 27 C opular ve rb s 116 There are plenty o f ways o f appearing younger 28 V erbs with two objects 120 124 I heard a key turn in the lock 130 134 138 142 Did you know penguin is a Welsh word? 45 Informal and spoken English 46 International English 192 196 R6 Review: linking and reference words; ellipsis 200 and substitution; formal and academ ic English; informal and spoken English Irregular verbs 202 Verb patterns Grammar index 203 204 206 A n sw e r k e y 207 Glossary C o n d itio n a ls , c la u s e s , q u e s tio n s , in d ir e c t s p e e c h 34 Conditional clauses 146 If it hadn't been for Percy, who knows what could have happened? 35 O ther conditional form s 188 The origins o f human language present something of a mystery A p p e n d ic e s your nerves 33 W ord form ation 2: other sources 184 Just because you haven't passed yet, doesn't mean you never will As grammar plenty, na so trouble plenty You're sunbathing on the beach, enjoying an ice cream 32 W ord form ation 1: conversion Go for a stroll to help clear your head and calm 180 There's loads of great stuff on their website The fines for homelessness are inevitably unaffordable 31 C om pounding 43 Ellipsis and substitution 44 Formal and academ ic English R4 Review: phrasal verbs; v e rb s with infinitive 128 or -ing-, copular verbs; v e rb s with two objects; advanced v erb structures W ord fo r m a tio n 30 Prefixes and suffixes 42 R eference techniques It happened when he was just 16 Why we love to give each other presents ? 29 A dvanced verb structures 176 Within five days, a five-metre gap had opened up 150 If you wouldjust wait here for a moment 36 Relative clauses 154 It has Andean mountains, many o f which rise to over 4,500 metres 37 A dverbial clauses 158 Effort is only effort when it begins to hurt 38 Q uestion forms 162 Why is the kitchen covered in bubbles, you think? 39 Indirect sp eech 166 She said she would not take part in the next year's competition 40 Em phatic devices 170 All I did was ask for my money back! Present simple and present continuous W hy is th e g irl in th e p h o to sm iling? Why is the girl in the photo smiling? It sounds like an easy question: she’s having a good time with friends and she's feeling good after a good shot But psychologists are forever arguing about this :stion Some believe that smiling is an individual act: we smile because we feel happy unless we're trying to hide our emotions Others claim that we smile to build social relationships Some animals use a grin to show that they don’t want to fight, for example, so perhaps our smile serves the same function So w ho's right? In one study, researchers filmed people bowling If you watch people doing a very social activity like this, it looks as if they’re always smiling They stop smiling only when they are concentrating on their next shot But when they start smiling again? After each good shot, the researchers took photographs to identify when the smile starts - while the player is still looking down the alley or a few seconds later when they turn round to share their happiness with the group? And the results? Only around 4% of bowlers smile with their backs to their friends Far more - 42% - smile as soon as they turn round The conclusion: we usually smile not because w e're happy, but because we’re friendly A bow ler smiles a t W h at are the tw o theories o f smiling? W h y did the researchers choose a bowling alley? her friends after a good shot ‘XiiAipe |Bpos XjsA e S| 3u!|Moq asneaag z sd iL|su o ijp |sj |epos p|mq oj a||ujs m :Xddeq )aa; m asneaaq a||uis a/v\ x : s j m s u v P re sen t s im p le an d p r e se n t co n tin u o u s Present simple Use the present simple to refer to facts and specific routines or habits, and with adverbs o f frequency We smile because we feel happy We usually smile because w ere friendly W e usually use the present simple with state verbs such as think, feel, believe, know, seem, appear, like, consist, have and belong Some believe that smiling is an individual act We also often use the present simple to describe events shown in a picture, to make them seem more immediate and alive For the same reason, we usually use the present simple in news headlines and in television or radio commentaries on sports or other ongoing events A bowler smiles at her friends AndJake heads the ball to Gallant - who kicks and it's a goal! We usually use the present simple to refer to situations which we see as permanent, and the present continuous to refer to situations which we see as temporary Note the difference: Tom lives in Rome He works as a lawyer for a big Italian company (Rome is his permanent base.) Jane is living in Rome at the moment She is working as an English teacher (She is in Rome temporarily, e.g for one year.) Prince William visits local hospital When we tell stories or to give instructions, we use the present simple to describe the shorter actions and events and the present continuous to describe the longer situations or background activity Gavin and his wife are sitting at home one evening when the telephone rings and their lives change for ever First, you fry the onion in a little oil While the onion’s cooking, you chop the vegetables Use the present simple in the expressions Here come(s) „ and There go(es) There goes Mike, looking as cheerful as usual NOT Use the present simple with verbs like promise, agree, assure and demand, which are used to perform the act they describe I prom ise I won't be late (I am using these words to make a promise.) 10 Although we usually use the present simple with state verbs (see above), we can use the present continuous if we are talking about an ongoing present process rather than a fact She's feeling good after a good shot Some verbs (e.g hear, see, think, appear) can be state verbs or action verbs, but with a different meaning What you think o f Jan's new hairstyle? (= What’s your opinion about it?) I’m thinking o f taking a few days off (= I'm considering the possibility o f doing it.) Present continuous Use the present continuous to refer to activities, situations and changes happening now / around now while the player is still looking down the alley W e can use the present continuous with indefinite adverbs o f frequency (e.g always, constantly, forever) to refer to regular behaviour which is typical, habitual and predictable Psychologists are forever arguing about this question In the present simple, see and hear have different meanings I see him every day (= I see) I see what you mean (= I understand) I hear you loud and clear (= I hear) I hear you're coming to stay (= I have been told) We sometimes use the present continuous in this way to criticise or express disapproval Sally's always losing things She should be more careful When we describe an action or event with the present simple, we can use the present continuous to refer to activities, situations and changes happening around the same tim e I f you watch a group o f friends bowling, it looks as if they're always smiling Present simple or present continuous 11 We use the present simple with verbs like hope and look forw ard to in formal situations, and we use the present continuous if we want to sound more informal and less direct We very much hope you will be able to attend We’re really hoping you'll be able to come I look forw ard to hearing from you in the near future I'm looking forw ard to hearing from you soon The present simple is much more common than the present continuous, and it is the best form to use if you are not sure Present simple and present continuous P r a c tic e A Underline the correct option Ice melts / is melting above 0*C Have you got an umbrella? It sta rts/is starting to rain Gabriela looks lovely today - she wears/ is wearing her new dress Paul’s daughter lives in Spain - he visits/is visiting her two or three times a year There goes/is going Maggie, on her way to work, I suppose Don’t worry, I promise/am promising I won’t tell anyone your secret This carpet gets/is getting very dirty - maybe we should wash it That’s great tennis from Thompson as he hits/ is hitting another winning shot into the corner! B Complete the sentences, using the present simple or present continuous form o f the verb given always go a Sue and I atwaijSJO to the cinema on Thursdays, b I saw Mary in the travel agent’s this afternoon she S always JOiftJ on holiday! play a Giovanni football for a local team, b Anthony in goal today because our normal goalkeeper is injured have a I lunch at the moment Can I phone you back in half an hour? b The hotel 14 double rooms, all with bathrooms wonder a We whether we should buy a birthday present for Lucie bl what time the next train is come a Look - here the bus, at last! b More and more people to live here these days (you) think a You look worried - what about? b Why Jim is so happy today? Is it his birthday or something? stand a St Thomas’s Tower at the entrance to the harbour b A strange woman outside the house Do you know her? work a It's 8.30 on a hot July evening Gordon Stevens late in his office, when suddenly b These tablets better if you take them with food C Underline the correct option Sometimes both options are possible lohn regrets / is regretting the wav he behaved yesterday Mistakes like that co st/are costing the company a lot o f money Sue has/is having the flu, so she’s off work today It’s a very simple camera You ju st press/are ju st pressing the button and that’s it! My neighbours are really noisy - they always play/are always playing loud music late at night Annie’s car doesn't sound/isn't sounding very good She should take it to a garage I don't have/am not having much time right now Can we talk tomorrow instead? The company hopes/is hoping to expand into Europe in the next few years D Complete the sentences with the present simple or present continuous form o f the verbs in brackets | WMknttud a little Italian, but I can’t speak it (understand) My cousins skiing nearly every winter, (usually go) Here Michelle Maybe she wants to talk to me (come) I invited Jill to the party-she to it (look forward) what time the bank opens? (you know) This bed 180 centimetres by 210 centimetres - I think it’s too big (measure) A: What ? B: My homework Don’t interrupt me (do) I just heard Wendy’s news - she a baby, (expect) The first thing to is peel the potatoes Then you them in salted water for about 20 minutes, (boil) 10 And at the lin e Powell in 9.64 seconds - a new personal best! (win) E Complete the news story, using the present simple or continuous form o f the verbs in the box ask be consider follow look forward to love play score think want v v o ~ Q ' T k a JOHNSON Me FOR NEW CONTRACT City striker Simon Johnson a new contract, and the club the possibility of offering him a five-year deal, according to Johnson’s website The news Johnson's winning goal in last Saturday's game against their rivals United Johnson's agent told reporters: ‘Simon the best football of his career, and the fans him He a lot of goals at the moment, and he he can help the club to win the league Simon one of the best players at the club, and right now he 10 scoring lots more goals for them in the next twelve months.' pifHifll _ | Circle the correct option | | I 1I there are going to be a lot o f people at the match tonight a am hearing b can hear c hear Hey, look Here Robert I wonder why he’s smiling a goes b comes c is coming for money It’s really annoying a She forever asks b She asks forever c She’s forever asking getting a new camera This one is getting really old now a I'm thinking o f b I think o f c I think about * I Do we have to go home now? so much fun! a I’ve got b I have c I’m having _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ | I I _ _ _ ’S q3i| jo 3Aipe iou s j| : sj 3m suv T he future Future continuous Use the... aiji uj l)1m o j j o i|n s j 3i)i 3jp A sqi t e q i z ’AijAjp* |BU)snpui Aq pssnsD X|uieui Sj qi-iej s q i j o s jn iE ja d u ia i p3SB3.ou! q i iB qi s Abs i | :si3MSuy P re sen t p e r fe c... not guarantee the accuracy of such information thereafter Introduction What is Active Grammar? Active Grammar is a grammar reference and practice series for secondary students and university students