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POLICY Working Paper Series No. 12 S S E E X X U U A A L L I I T T Y Y E E D D U U C C A A T T I I O O N N I I N N S S C C H H O O O O L L S S : : T T H H E E I I N N T T E E R R N N A A T T I I O O N N A A L L E E X X P P E E R R I I E E N N C C E E A A N N D D I I M M P P L L I I C C A A T T I I O O N N S S F F O O R R N N I I G G E E R R I I A A by James E. Rosen Nancy J. Murray Scott Moreland June 2004 The authors presented an earlier version of this paper at the National Stakeholders Meeting on Adolescent Sexuality and Reproductive Health Education, September 17, 2003, in Abuja, Nigeria. The authors appreciate the feedback and input provided by meeting participants. POLICY’s Working Paper Series is designed to make results of technical analyses, research studies, and literature reviews quickly available to interested parties. Papers in the series have not necessarily been widely reviewed, and in some cases, are reports of work in progress. As such, comments and suggestions are welcome. The views expressed in the papers comprising this series do not necessarily reflect those of USAID. iii Table of Contents Executive Summary iv Abbreviations v Introduction 1 The Youth Reproductive Health Challenge in Nigeria 1 The Role of Schools 1 How Sexuality Education Fits into Efforts to Improve YRH 2 What Do Sexuality Education Programs Try to Achieve? 2 What Is the Policy Environment for Sexuality Education? 3 How Widespread Is School-based Sexuality Education? 4 The Effectiveness of Sexuality Education 5 Are Sexuality Education Programs Effective at Improving YRH? 5 Do School-based Sexuality Education Programs Lead Teenagers to Have Sex? 6 Do Sexuality Education Programs Promote Abstinence? 7 Are Sexuality Education Programs a Good Investment of Public Funds? 7 The Implementation Experience 8 Getting the Program Started, Keeping It Going, and Scaling Up 8 Making the Program Effective at the Individual/School Levels 11 Conclusions and Implications for Nigeria 14 References 15 iv Executive Summary Nigeria is in the early stages of carrying out its new national policy on sexuality and reproductive health education. Worldwide, school-based programs are an important element of efforts to improve the reproductive health of young people. This paper reviews the international experience and its implications for Nigeria. The main findings are as follows: Comprehensive sexuality education is effective in improving key youth reproductive health (YRH) behaviors. In a wide range of settings in both developed and developing nations, comprehensive school- based sexuality education has influenced important behaviors such as delaying sexual initiation, reducing the number of sexual partners, and increasing use of condoms among youth who are sexually active. This finding bodes well for Nigeria, a country with considerable linguistic and cultural diversity. Virtually everywhere, sexuality education is controversial and difficult to carry out on a national scale, especially while trying to maintain the quality of that education. In Nigeria, as elsewhere, such controversy and problems are to be expected. Effectively addressing the concerns of parents, teachers, and the broader community will be essential to eventual success. Despite these problems, SOME OBSERVATIONS ON GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE RICHARD SLIUZAS INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP: RESILIENCE JUST DO IT?! GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE IN VULNERABLE PLACES COASTAL RESILIENCE RESEARCH GROUP, RUG INTRODUCTION  Who am I  Scope of this presentation: How to govern for resilience?  Governance and governing – work of Jan Kooiman (em Prof Erasmus University)  Resilience – what is it (Simin Davoudi and others) and how is it related to the notion of governing  Examples  Kick off for discussions Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 GOVERNANCE AND GOVERNING  Rakodi 2003, Stoker, 1998  To govern: steer, guide, control, regulate, influence or determine What the state does to administer its affairs  Governance: interactive relationship between and within government and non-government actors  Kooiman (2003, p4)  Governing: the totality of interactions, in which public as well as private actors participate, aimed at solving societal problems or creating societal opportunities; attending to the institutions as contexts for these governing actions; and establishing a normative foundation for all those activities  Governance: the totality if theoretical conceptions on governing Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR GOVERNABILITY OF A SOCIETAL SYSTEM KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P4 Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 INTERACTIVE GOVERNANCE MODEL KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P6 Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 RESILIENCE: A POWERFUL BUT ELUSIVE CONCEPT DAVOUDI, 2012; HOLLING Engineering: ability of a system to return to an equilibrium or steady state after a disturbance Return time, efficiency, predictability key issues Ecological: the magnitude of the disturbance that can be absorbed before the system changes its structure - ability to persist and critical thresholds – notion of regime shifts Multiple equilibria are possible From bouncing back to bouncing forward Evolutionary resilience: ability of complex socio-ecological systems to change, adapt, and crucially, transform in response to stresses and strains (Carpenter et al) Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 FOUR CRITICAL ISSUES DAVOUDI, 2012 Human inventiveness is not well incorporated – innovation, ingenuity etc can lead to transformations Ideological high-jacking of the term to value self-reliance of communities as a justification for pulling back the role of the state Resilience to what ends? What is the ultimate goal and can we measure the current and future status reliably? System’s boundary Which elements are considered to make up the system (inevitably the system model must be simplified)? Possibility for exclusionary practices Spatial exclusion could also play a role Power and politics: what is a desirable outcome and for whom? Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 CAPACITIES FOR STRENGTHENING RESILIENCE OECD, 2014 Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK FOR GOVERNABILITY OF A RESILIENT SOCIETAL SYSTEM KOOIMAN ET AL, 2008, P4 Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 RESILIENCE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 10 GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE ARE THE GRAND URBAN DESIGNS RESILIENT AND, IF SO, FOR WHOM? Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 11 AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA URBAN REVITALIZATION AND THE SABARMATI RIVER FRONT Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 12 “Modernizing” the River RIVER SIDE SLUM CLEARANCE INTERIM RESETTLEMENT SITE INTERIM CAN MEAN UP TO YEARS DISPLACEMENTS CAUSED BY RESETTLEMENT PATEL, SLIUZAS, MATHUR Major impacts on livelihoods and impoverishment: • Increased travel distances & costs for work, schools, health services • Loss of jobs • Sense of despair and uncertainty • Marginalization • Social disarticulation Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 16 KAMPALA PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN HOW DOES IT RELATE TO GROUND REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 17 KAMPALA PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN HOW DOES IT RELATE TO GROUND REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 18 SO CAN WE JUST DO RESILIENCE?  Doubtful: underlying the quest for resilience are many wicked questions and policy intricacies  Just as good governance does not just happen so resilience cannot be simply done  In governing for resilience more than cursory attention is needed for social equity - fruits of economic development are not equitably distributed nor are the risks and shocks  Difficult debates on sharing the pains and the gains are therefore required  As recent events related to earthquakes in Groningen show the governability of resilience is not a trivial concern Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 19 REFERENCES  Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L J., Quinlan, A E., Peterson, G D., Wilkinson, C., … Porter, L (2012) Urban Resilience: What Does it Mean in Planning Planning ... CONCEPTUALIZING AND MEASURING ECONOMIC RESILIENCE LINO BRIGUGLIO GORDON CORDINA STEPHANIE BUGEJA NADIA FARRUGIA Economics Department, University of Malta Tel/Fax: +356 21340335 Email: lino.briguglio@um.edu.mt Summary. This paper develops a conceptual and methodological framework for the analysis and measurement of economic resilience. The working definition of economic resilience adopted in this paper is the “nurtured” ability of an economy to recover from or adjust to the effects of adverse shocks to which it may be inherently exposed. This concept is used to provide an explanation as to why a number of inherently vulnerable countries have attained relatively high levels of GDP per capita. The paper also presents a tentative approach aimed at developing an index of economic resilience covering four aspects namely macroeconomic stability, microeconomic market efficiency, governance and social development. Keywords: Economic resilience, economic vulnerability, small states, macroeconomic stability, market efficiency, governance. 1 1. INTRODUCTION Many small states 1 manage to generate a relatively high GDP per capita when compared to other developing countries 2 in spite of their high exposure to external economic shocks. This would seem to suggest, that there are factors which may offset the disadvantages associated with such vulnerability. This phenomenon was termed by Briguglio (2003) the “Singapore Paradox”, referring to the reality that Singapore is highly exposed to external shocks, and yet this island state has managed to register high rates of economic growth and high GNP per capita. This reality can be explained in terms of the ability of Singapore to build its economic resilience. Economic vulnerability is well-documented in the literature from the conceptual and empirical viewpoints (see for example Briguglio, 1995 and 2003; Crowards, 2000; and Atkins et al, 2000). Most studies on economic vulnerability provide empirical evidence that small states, particularly island ones, tend to be more economically vulnerable than other groups of countries, due mostly to a high degree of economic openness and a high degree of export concentration. These lead to exposure to exogenous shocks, which could constitute a disadvantage to economic development by magnifying the element of risk in growth processes. Cordina (2004a,b) shows that increased risk can adversely affect economic growth as the negative effects of downside shocks would be commensurately larger than those of positive shocks. The high degree of fluctuations in GDP and in export earnings registered by many small states is considered as one of the manifestations of such exposure (see Atkins et al, 2000). This paper is structured as follows. The next section revisits the so-called “Singapore Paradox”. Sections 3 and 4 deal with the definitions of economic vulnerability and economic resilience. Section 5 presents the preliminary results of an attempt to construct a resilience index. Section 6 describes the potential uses of the resilience index while section 7 concludes the study with a word of caution relating to the interpretation of results. 2 2. THE “SINGAPORE PARADOX” As already explained, the “Singapore Paradox” refers to the seeming contradiction that a country can be highly vulnerable and yet attain high levels of GDP per capita. Briguglio (2003; 2004) explains this in terms of the juxtaposition of economic vulnerability and economic resilience and proposed a methodological approach in this regard. 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If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD ... govern for resilience?  Governance and governing – work of Jan Kooiman (em Prof Erasmus University)  Resilience – what is it (Simin Davoudi and others) and how is it related to the notion of governing. .. 10 GOVERNING FOR RESILIENCE ARE THE GRAND URBAN DESIGNS RESILIENT AND, IF SO, FOR WHOM? Resilience: Just it?! RUG 9-10/10/2014 09/10/2014 11 AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA URBAN REVITALIZATION AND. .. institutions as contexts for these governing actions; and establishing a normative foundation for all those activities  Governance: the totality if theoretical conceptions on governing Resilience: