How Well GDP Measures the Well Being of Society

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Department of Health and Human Services 200 Independence Avenue S.W., Washington, D.C. 20201 This document also available at http://www.hhs.gov/asrt/ob/docbudget/2011budgetinbrief.pdf. TABLE OF CONTENTS Overview……………………………………………………………………………………. 1 Health Reform……………….………………………………………………………… 12 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act……………………………………………… 13 Food and Drug Administration…………………………………………………………… 19 Health Resources and Services Administration…………………………………………… 22 Indian Health Service………………………………………………………………………. 27 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention……………………………………………… 31 National Institutes of Health……………………………………………………………… 37 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration…………………………… 43 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality……………………………………………… 47 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services………………………………………………… 51 Medicare……………………………………………………………………………… 53 Program Integrity Initiative………………………………… 57 Medicaid……………………………………………………………………………… 60 Children’s Health Insurance Program………………………………………………… 64 State Grants and Demonstrations……………………………………………………… 66 Program Management………………………………………………………………… 69 Administration for Children and Families………………………………………………… 74 Discretionary Spending………………………………………………………… 75 Entitlement Spending………………………………………………………………… 79 Administration on Aging…………………………………………………………………… 86 Office of the Secretary General Departmental Management………… ……………………………………… 89 Office of Medicare Hearings and Appeals………………………… …………………. 91 Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology… ………… 92 Office for Civil Rights………… ……………………………………………………… 95 Service and Supply Fund……………… ……………………………………………… 97 Retirement Pay and Medical Benefits for Commissioned Officers……………… …… 99 Office of Inspector General………………………………………………………………… 100 Emergency Preparedness…………………………………………………………………… 102 Abbreviations and Acronyms……………………………………………………………… 109 ADVANCING THE HEALTH, SAFETY, AND WELL-BEING OF OUR PEOPLE FY 2011 President’s Budget for HHS (dollars in millions) 2011 2009 2010 2011 +/- 2010 Budget Authority (excluding Recovery Act) 779,419 800,271 880,861 +80,591 Recovery Act Budget Authority 55,087 45,162 21,066 -24,096 Total Budget Authority 834,506 845,432 901,927 +56,495 Total Outlays 794,234 859,763 910,679 +50,916 Full-Time Equivalents 67,875 70,028 72,923 +2,895 Composition of the FY 2011 Budget $911 Billion in Outlays Children's Entitlement Programs Discretionary TANF 2.3% (includes CHIP) 3.0% Programs 10% Other Mandatory Programs 0.4% Medicare 51% Medicaid 33% General Notes Detail in this document may not add to the totals due to rounding. Budget data in this book are presented “comparably” with the FY 2011 Budget, since the location of programs may have changed in prior years or be proposed for change in FY 2011. This is consistent with past practice, and allows increases and decreases in this book to reflect true funding changes. In addition – consistent with past practice – the FY 2010 figures herein reflect final enacted levels. 1 Advancing the Health, Safety, and Well-Being of Our People ADVANCING THE HEALTH, SAFETY, AND WELL-BEING OF OUR PEOPLE The Department of Health and Human Services enhances the health and well-being of Americans by providing for effective health and human services and by fostering sound, sustained advances in the How Well GDP Measures the Well-Being of Society How Well GDP Measures the Well-Being of Society By: OpenStaxCollege The level of GDP per capita clearly captures some of what we mean by the phrase “standard of living.” Most of the migration in the world, for example, involves people who are moving from countries with relatively low GDP per capita to countries with relatively high GDP per capita “Standard of living” is a broader term than GDP While GDP focuses on production that is bought and sold in markets, standard of living includes all elements that affect people’s well-being, whether they are bought and sold in the market or not To illuminate the gap between GDP and standard of living, it is useful to spell out some things that GDP does not cover that are clearly relevant to standard of living Limitations of GDP as a Measure of the Standard of Living While GDP includes spending on recreation and travel, it does not cover leisure time Clearly, however, there is a substantial difference between an economy that is large because people work long hours, and an economy that is just as large because people are more productive with their time so they not have to work as many hours The GDP per capita of the U.S economy is larger than the GDP per capita of Germany, as was shown in [link], but does that prove that the standard of living in the United States is higher? Not necessarily, since it is also true that the average U.S worker works several hundred hours more per year more than the average German worker The calculation of GDP does not take the German worker’s extra weeks of vacation into account While GDP includes what is spent on environmental protection, healthcare, and education, it does not include actual levels of environmental cleanliness, health, and learning GDP includes the cost of buying pollution-control equipment, but it does not address whether the air and water are actually cleaner or dirtier GDP includes spending on medical care, but does not address whether life expectancy or infant mortality have risen or fallen Similarly, it counts spending on education, but does not address directly how much of the population can read, write, or basic mathematics 1/5 How Well GDP Measures the Well-Being of Society GDP includes production that is exchanged in the market, but it does not cover production that is not exchanged in the market For example, hiring someone to mow your lawn or clean your house is part of GDP, but doing these tasks yourself is not part of GDP One remarkable change in the U.S economy in recent decades is that, as of 1970, only about 42% of women participated in the paid labor force By the second decade of the 2000s, nearly 60% of women participated in the paid labor force according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics As women are now in the labor force, many of the services they used to produce in the non-market economy like food preparation and child care have shifted to some extent into the market economy, which makes the GDP appear larger even if more services are not actually being consumed GDP has nothing to say about the level of inequality in society GDP per capita is only an average When GDP per capita rises by 5%, it could mean that GDP for everyone in the society has risen by 5%, or that of some groups has risen by more while that of others has risen by less—or even declined GDP also has nothing in particular to say about the amount of variety available If a family buys 100 loaves of bread in a year, GDP does not care whether they are all white bread, or whether the family can choose from wheat, rye, pumpernickel, and many others—it just looks at whether the total amount spent on bread is the same Likewise, GDP has nothing much to say about what technology and products are available The standard of living in, for example, 1950 or 1900 was not affected only by how much money people had—it was also affected by what they could buy No matter how much money you had in 1950, you could not buy an iPhone or a personal computer In certain cases, it is not clear that a rise in GDP is even a good thing If a city is wrecked by a hurricane, and then experiences a surge of rebuilding construction activity, it would be peculiar to claim that the hurricane was therefore economically beneficial If people are led by a rising fear of crime, to pay for installation of bars and burglar alarms on all their windows, it is hard to believe that this increase in GDP has made them better off In that same vein, some people would argue that sales of certain goods, like pornography or extremely violent movies, not represent a gain to society’s standard of living Does a Rise in GDP Overstate or Understate the Rise in the Standard of Living? The fact that GDP per capita does not fully capture the broader idea of standard of living has led to a concern that the increases in GDP over time are illusory It is theoretically possible that while GDP is rising, the standard of living could be falling if human ...This PDF is a selection from a published volume from the National Bureau of Economic Research Volume Title: Measuring the Subjective Well-Being of Nations: National Accounts of Time Use and Well-Being Volume Author/Editor: Alan B. Krueger, editor Volume Publisher: University of Chicago Press Volume ISBN: 0-226-45456-8 Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/krue08-1 Conference Date: December 7-8, 2007 Publication Date: October 2009 Title: National Time Accounting: The Currency of Life Author: Alan B. Krueger, Daniel Kahneman, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz, Arthur A. Stone URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5053 9 1 National Time Accounting The Currency of Life Alan B. Krueger, Daniel Kahneman, David Schkade, Norbert Schwarz, and Arthur A. Stone Time is the coin of your life. It is the only coin you have, and only you can determine how it will be spent. Be careful lest you let other people spend it for you. —Carl Sandburg 1.1 Introduction The development of the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA) was arguably the foremost contribution of economics in the last century, and the National Bureau of Economic Research’s role in developing the accounts remains an unparalleled achievement. Nearly every country tracks its national income today, and limiting fl uctuations in national income is a goal of public policy around the world. The National Accounts have been used to estimate bottlenecks in the economy, to forecast business growth, and to inform government budgeting. 1 As then- Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin said, “the development of the GDP measure by the Department of Alan B. Krueger is the Bendheim Professor of Economics and Public Policy at Princeton University. Daniel Kahneman is a senior scholar and professor of psychology and public affairs emeritus at the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, and the Eugene Higgins Professor of Psychology Emeritus, Princeton University. David Schkade holds the Jerome S. Katzin Endowed Chair and is associate dean and a professor of management at the Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego. Norbert Schwarz is the Charles Horton Cooley Collegiate Professor of Psychology, a professor of business at the Ste- phen M. Ross School of Business, and research professor at the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. Arthur A. Stone is department vice- chair and Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry and of Psychology at Stony Brook University. We thank the National Institute of Aging, the Hewlett Foundation, and Princeton Uni- versity for generous fi nancial support. We thank Leandro Carvalho, Marie Connolly, David Kamin, Amy Krilla, Molly McIntosh, and Doug Mills for excellent research assistance, and Ed Freeland, Jack Ludwig, John McNee, and Rajesh Srinivasan for survey assistance. We are grateful to colleagues too numerous to thank individually for their constructive comments and criticisms, but we acknowledge that they have improved our collective U- index. 1. In one important early application, Fogel (2001, 213) describes how Simon Kuznets and Robert Nathan “used national income accounting together with a crude form of linear pro- gramming to measure the potential for increased [military] production and the sources from 10 A. B. Krueger, D. Kahneman, D. Educational Policy Institute American Higher Education Report Series epi cational Policy Insti Is More Better? The Impact of Postsecondary Education on the Economic and Social Well-Being of American Society Adriane Williams Watson Scott Swail Supported by a grant by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation May 2005 The Educational Policy Institute The Educational Policy Institute, Inc. (EPI) The Educational Policy Institute, Inc. (EPI) The Educational Policy Institute, Inc. (EPI) The Educational Policy Institute, Inc. (EPI) The Educational Policy Institute, Inc. (EPI) is a non-profit, non-partisan, and non-governmental organization dedicated to policy-based research on educational opportunity for all students. With offices in Washington, DC, Toronto, Ontario, and Melbourne, Australia, EPI is a collective association of researchers and policy analysts from around the world dedicated to the mission of enhancing our knowledge of critical barriers facing students and families throughout the educational pipeline. The mission of EPI is to expand educational opportunity for low-income and other historically-underrepresented students through high-level research and analysis. By providing educational leaders and policymakers with the information required to make prudent programmatic and policy decisions, we believe that the doors of opportunity can be further opened for all students, resulting in an increase in the number of students prepared for, enrolled in, and completing postsecondary education. For more information about the Educational Policy Institute, please visit our website :: :: : wwwwww wwwwww www .educationalpolicy.educationalpolicy .educationalpolicy.educationalpolicy .educationalpolicy .org.org .org.org .org EPI InternationalEPI International EPI InternationalEPI International EPI International 25 Ludwell Lane Stafford, VA 22554 (877) e-POLICY EPI CanadaEPI Canada EPI CanadaEPI Canada EPI Canada 77 Bloor Street West, Suite 1701 Toronto, ON M5S 1M2 (416) 848-0215 EPI AustralasiaEPI Australasia EPI AustralasiaEPI Australasia EPI Australasia 174 Wingrove St, Fairfield, 3078 Melbourne, Australia 61 3 9486 1334 email: infemail: inf email: infemail: inf email: inf o@educationalpolicyo@educationalpolicy o@educationalpolicyo@educationalpolicy o@educationalpolicy .org.org .org.org .org About the AuthorsAbout the Authors About the AuthorsAbout the Authors About the Authors Adriane Williams Adriane Williams Adriane Williams Adriane Williams Adriane Williams is a Research Associate with the Educational Policy Institute. She began her career as a Research Specialist for the Council of the Great City Schools, an urban school advocacy organization, and then became a high school teacher. Her areas of research interest include the role of middle schools in preparing the children of non-college graduate parents for postsecondary options, high school reform, and postsecondary success for members of underserved populations. Ms. Williams is a doctoral candidate at the University of Wisconsin- Madison in the Educational Policy Studies Department. She earned her Master of Education from The George Washington University in Washington, DC and her Bachelor of Arts in Economics and French from Wellesley College in Wellesley, MA. Watson Scott SwailWatson Scott Swail Watson Scott SwailWatson Scott Swail Watson Scott Swail is President of the Educational Policy Institute and an internationally recognized researcher in the area of educational opportunity. Dr. Swail’s [...]... cent of women in British Columbia aged 15 years or older reportedly having a drink in 2007/2008 Particularly troublesome are data indicating the increase in heavy drinking and binge drinking by adolescent girls The consequences of problematic drinking, even if short term, include liver disease, hypertension, brain shrinkage and impairment, and certain cancers Drinking while pregnant may result in having... which included staff from the British Columbia Centre of Excellence for Women s Health, the Ministry of Health and BC Women s Hospital & Health Centre, as well as by a review panel of experts in women s health from every region of the province The 2008 report looks at women s health and why it is distinct from men’s health, using a gender and equity lens to frame the presentation and discussion of a... members of the Project Team for their hard work and dedication in bringing this report to its fruition Barb Miles – Managing Editor Manager, Projects, Research and Reporting Initiatives Office of the Provincial Health Officer BC Ministry of Health Barb Callander – Copy Editing, Proofreading and References Manager, Projects and Strategic Initiatives Business Operations and Surveillance BC Ministry of Health. .. to their life and well-being and their ability to participate in all areas of public and private life Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Women s health involves their emotional, social and physical well-being and is determined by the social, political and economic context of their lives, as well as by biology.2 Sex and. .. range of health topics This report contains nine chapters based on a modified BC Health Goals framework and includes discussions of demographics, general health status— including sexual health, mental illness and substance use—living and working conditions including violence against women, maternal and infant health, individual skills and choices, the physical environment, chronic disease and injury, and. .. modified health goals framework and a gender and equity lens in its presentation of chapters on population health status, living and working conditions, individual skills and choices, physical environment, chronic disease and injury and health services Based on the evidence, the final chapter makes recommendations for improving BioMed Central Page 1 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes) Annals of General Psychiatry Open Access Primary research The psychological well-being of children orphaned by AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa Lucie Cluver 1,2 and Frances Gardner* 1 Address: 1 Department of Social Policy and Social Work, University of Oxford, UK and 2 Cape Town Child Welfare, Gatesville, Cape Town, South Africa Email: Lucie Cluver - lucie.cluver@socres.ox.ac.uk; Frances Gardner* - frances.gardner@socres.ox.ac.uk * Corresponding author Abstract Background: An estimated 2 million children are parentally bereaved by AIDS in South Africa. Little is known about mental health outcomes for this group. Methods: This study aimed to investigate mental health outcomes for urban children living in deprived settlements in Cape Town. 30 orphaned children and 30 matched controls were compared using standardised questionnaires (SDQ) on emotional and behavioural problems, peer and attention difficulties, and prosocial behaviour. The orphan group completed a modified version of a standardised questionnaire (IES-8), measuring Post-Traumatic Stress symptoms. Group differences were tested using t-tests and Pearson's chi-square. Results: Both groups scored highly for peer problems, emotional problems and total scores. However, orphans were more likely to view themselves as having no good friends (p = .002), to have marked concentration difficulties (p = .03), and to report frequent somatic symptoms (p = .05), but were less likely to display anger through loss of temper (p = .03). Orphans were more likely to have constant nightmares (p = .01), and 73% scored above the cut-off for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Conclusion: Findings suggest important areas for larger-scale research for parentally-bereaved children. Background An estimated 24.8% of South Africa's population are HIV+, with 4.7 million infected by 2001 [1]. Numbers of children parentally bereaved by AIDS in South Africa are expected to rise from 1.1 million in 2003, to 3.1 million by 2010 [2], peaking at 5.7 million in 2015. Even with the proposed full administration of anti-retroviral therapy, estimates remain at 1.15 million maternal orphans by 2015 [3]. Orphaned children in South Africa have traditionally been cared for within the extended family [4], often by elderly grandparents [5]. There are concerns that this sup- port system is weakening as orphan numbers and HIV prevalence increase [6]. There are few reliable data on numbers of orphans living in non-kin fostering arrange- ments, institutions, child-headed households and as streetchildren [7]. Published: 19 July 2006 Annals of General Psychiatry 2006, 5:8 doi:10.1186/1744-859X-5-8 Received: 10 November 2005 Accepted: 19 July 2006 This article is available from: http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/5/1/8 © 2006 Cluver and Gardner; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Annals of General Psychiatry 2006, 5:8 http://www.annals-general-psychiatry.com/content/5/1/8 Page 2 of 9 (page number not for citation purposes) Most work on orphans concentrates on basic needs. This is understandable as AIDS-affected households are charac- terised by economic deprivation, often exacerbated by medical costs [6]. Orphans frequently lack sufficient food, shelter, schooling and medical care, and are at risk of abuse and economic exploitation [8-10]. There is little available research, but increasing concern, regarding the psychological well-being of orphans in Africa. Children orphaned by AIDS are exposed to multi- ple stressors which may compound and complicate the grieving process. They may have cared for and witnessed the death of parent/s with a debilitating illness, loss of ... in the standard of living 4/5 How Well GDP Measures the Well- Being of Society Review Question List some of the reasons why GDP should not be considered an effective measure of the standard of. .. 3/5 How Well GDP Measures the Well- Being of Society To determine the state of the economy, one needs to examine economic indicators, such as GDP To calculate GDP is quite an undertaking It is the. .. included in GDP are worsening Fortunately, this fear appears to be overstated 2/5 How Well GDP Measures the Well- Being of Society In some ways, the rise in GDP understates the actual rise in the standard