Characteristics of Fungi

User HandbookPhysical & ChemicalCharacteristics of DDGSPhysical & ChemicalCharacteristics of DDGS 08 - Physical & Chemical Characteristics of DDGS 1Physical & Chemical Characteristics of U.S. DDGS Physical and chemical characteristics of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) vary among sources and can influence its feeding value and handling characteristics. These characteristics include color, smell, particle size, bulk density, pH, flowability, shelf life stability and hygroscopicity. Color Color of DDGS can vary from being very light yellow in color to being very dark brown in color. Differences in color among DDGS sources are influenced by; • the natural color of the feedstock grain being used, • the amount of solubles added to grains before drying, • drying time, and drying temperature. The color of corn kernels can vary among varieties and has some influence on final DDGS color. Corn-sorghum blends of DDGS are also somewhat darker in color than corn DDGS because of the bronze color of many sorghum varieties. When a relatively high proportion of solubles are added to the mash (grains fraction) to make DDGS, the color becomes darker. Noll et al. (2006) conducted a study where they evaluated color in batches of DDGS where approximately 0, 30, 60 and 100% of the maximum possible of syrup was added to the mash before drying. Actual rates of solubles addition to the mash were 0, 12, 25 and 42 gallons/minute. As shown in Table 1, increasing solubles addition rate to the mash resulted in a decrease in L* (lightness of color) and b* (yellowness of color), with an increase in a* (redness of color). Similar results were also reported by Ganesan et al. (2005). Table 1. The Effect of the Rate of Solubles Addition to Mash on Color Characteristics of DDGS 0 gal/min 12 gal/min 25 gal/min 42 gal/min Pearson Correlation P Value Color (CIE Scale) L* 59.4 56.8 52.5 46.1 - 0.98 0.0001 a* 8.0 8.4 9.3 8.8 0.62 0.03 b* 43.3 42.1 40.4 35.6 - 0.92 0.0001 Adapted from Noll et al. (2006). Dryer temperatures in dry-grind ethanol plants can range from 127 to 621º C. The amount of time DDGS spends in the dryer also influences the color. In general, the higher the dryer temperature and the longer DDGS remains in the dryer, the darker the resulting DDGS will be. Smell High quality DDGS has a sweet, fermented smell. DDGS that has a burned or smoky smell has been overheated. 08 - Physical & Chemical Characteristics of DDGS 2 Particle Size, Bulk Density and pH Particle size and particle size uniformity of feed ingredients are important considerations of livestock and poultry nutritionists when selecting sources and determining the need for further processing when manufacturing complete feeds or feed supplements. Particle size affects: 1. Nutrient digestibility – as particle size is reduced, nutrient digestibility and feed conversion is improved. This is due to the increasing amount of surface area of an ingredient that is exposed and available for digestive enzymes to act upon. 2. Mixing efficiency – a more uniform particle size in a mixture of ingredients will reduce mixing time in order to achieve a uniformly distributed mix of ingredients in a complete feed. 3. Amount of ingredient segregation during transport and handling – particle and ingredient segregation (separation) occurs when particles of different sizes and bulk densities are blended Characteristics of Fungi Characteristics of Fungi Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Although humans have used yeasts and mushrooms since prehistoric times, until recently, the biology of fungi was poorly understood Up until the mid-20th century, many scientists classified fungi as plants Fungi, like plants, arose mostly sessile and seemingly rooted in place They possess a stem-like structure similar to plants, as well as having a root-like fungal mycelium in the soil In addition, their mode of nutrition was poorly understood Progress in the field of fungal biology was the result of mycology: the scientific study of fungi Based on fossil evidence, fungi appeared in the preCambrian era, about 450 million years ago Molecular biology analysis of the fungal genome demonstrates that fungi are more closely related to animals than plants They are a polyphyletic group of organisms that share characteristics, rather than sharing a single common ancestor Career Connection MycologistMycologists are biologists who study fungi Mycology is a branch of microbiology, and many mycologists start their careers with a degree in microbiology To become a mycologist, a bachelor's degree in a biological science (preferably majoring in microbiology) and a master's degree in mycology are minimally necessary Mycologists can specialize in taxonomy and fungal genomics, molecular and cellular biology, plant pathology, biotechnology, or biochemistry Some medical microbiologists concentrate on the study of infectious diseases caused by fungi (mycoses) Mycologists collaborate with zoologists and plant pathologists to identify and control difficult fungal infections, such as the devastating chestnut blight, the mysterious decline in frog populations in many areas of the world, or the deadly epidemic called white nose syndrome, which is decimating bats in the Eastern United States Government agencies hire mycologists as research scientists and technicians to monitor the health of crops, national parks, and national forests Mycologists are also employed in the private sector by companies that develop chemical and biological control products or new agricultural products, and by companies that provide disease control services Because of the key role played by fungi in the fermentation of alcohol and the preparation of many important foods, scientists with a good understanding of fungal physiology routinely work in the food technology industry Oenology, the science of 1/10 Characteristics of Fungi wine making, relies not only on the knowledge of grape varietals and soil composition, but also on a solid understanding of the characteristics of the wild yeasts that thrive in different wine-making regions It is possible to purchase yeast strains isolated from specific grape-growing regions The great French chemist and microbiologist, Louis Pasteur, made many of his essential discoveries working on the humble brewer’s yeast, thus discovering the process of fermentation Cell Structure and Function Fungi are eukaryotes, and as such, have a complex cellular organization As eukaryotes, fungal cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus The DNA in the nucleus is wrapped around histone proteins, as is observed in other eukaryotic cells A few types of fungi have structures comparable to bacterial plasmids (loops of DNA); however, the horizontal transfer of genetic information from one mature bacterium to another rarely occurs in fungi Fungal cells also contain mitochondria and a complex system of internal membranes, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus Unlike plant cells, fungal cells not have chloroplasts or chlorophyll Many fungi display bright colors arising from other cellular pigments, ranging from red to green to black The poisonous Amanita muscaria (fly agaric) is recognizable by its bright red cap with white patches ([link]) Pigments in fungi are associated with the cell wall and play a protective role against ultraviolet radiation Some fungal pigments are toxic The poisonous Amanita muscaria is native to temperate and boreal regions of North America (credit: Christine Majul) Like plant cells, fungal cells have a thick cell wall The rigid layers of fungal cell walls contain complex polysaccharides called chitin and glucans Chitin, also found in the exoskeleton of insects, gives structural strength to the cell walls of fungi The wall protects the cell from desiccation and predators Fungi have plasma membranes similar to other eukaryotes, except that the structure is stabilized by ergosterol: a steroid molecule that replaces the cholesterol found in animal cell membranes Most members 2/10 Characteristics of Fungi of the kingdom Fungi are nonmotile Flagella are produced only by the gametes in the primitive Phylum Chytridiomycota Growth The vegetative body of a fungus is a unicellular or multicellular thallus Dimorphic fungi can change from the unicellular to multicellular state depending on environmental conditions Unicellular fungi are generally ...Modeling the Statistical Time and Angle of ArrivalCharacteristics of an Indoor Multipath ChannelQuentin H. SpencerA Thesis Presented toThe Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringBrigham Young UniversityProvo, Utah, USACommittee Members:Brian D. Jeffs, chairMichael D. RiceMichael A. JensenNovember 22, 1996 AbstractMost previously proposed statistical models for the indoor multipath channel in-clude only time of arrival characteristics. However, in order to use statistical models insimulating or analyzing the performance of array processing or diversity combining, it alsonecessary to know the statistics of the angle of arrival and its correlation with time of arrival.In this paper, a system is described which was used to collect simultaneous time and angleof arrival data at 7 GHz. Data processing methods are outlined, and results of data taken intwo different buildings are presented. Based on the results, a model is proposed that employsthe clustered “double Poisson” time of arrival model proposed by Saleh and Valenzuela [1].The observed angular distribution is also clustered, with uniformly distributed clusters, andarrivals within clusters that have a Laplacian distribution.1 Chapter 1INTRODUCTIONRadio has recently become an increasingly viable option for indoor communica-tions applications. The availability of higher frequency bands in the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHzrange has made wireless an attractive option for high bandwidth digital communications ap-plications such as local area networks. Wireless networks can be particularly advantageousfor applications which require portability, or where installation of wiring is undesirable orimpractical.Multipath interference, or interference due to the reception of multiple copies of asignal due to reflections, is known to be a problem in many outdoor communication channels.However, multipath can also be particularly problematic in an indoor environment. At UHFand microwave frequencies, the presence of walls and large objects in rooms makes the indoormultipath environment quite different from most outdoor scenarios. As a result, the studyof indoor propagation characteristics has become an area of increased study.In order to analyze or simulate the performance of a communications system, somekind of model for the channel is needed. One of the first statistical models for the indoormultipath channel was proposed by Saleh and Valenzuela [1]. Their data showed multipatharrivals which were grouped in clusters over time. The relative delay between clusters wasrepresented by a Poisson distribution, and the separation between elements within clusterswas modeled by a second Poisson distribution with a different delay parameter.There have been many different approaches to overcoming the problem of multi-path interference, both in outdoor and indoor applications. Some of them include channelequalization, directional antennas, and multiple antenna systems. Each of these tends to bemore particularly suited to different applications. This thesis will focus on multiple antennasystems. The signals from different antennas can be combined in various ways, including di-versity combining, phased array processing, and adaptive array algorithms. Adaptive arraysytems are becoming increasingly feasible for high bandwidth applications with continuingimprovements in digital signal processors. The Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.1, No.2, 2003 - 177 - Characteristics of hydrogen production from food waste and waste activated sludge *Hang-Sik Shin 1 , Sang-Hyoun Kim 1 and Byung-Chun Paik 2 1 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea 2 Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yosu National University, San 96-1, Dundeok-dong, Yeosu-si, Jeollanam-do, 550-749, Korea ABSTRACT This study was conducted for microbial hydrogen production from food waste and sewage sludge. Thirty three batch tests with different VS concentration (from 0.5 to 5.0 %, w/v) and mixing ratio of food waste to sewage sludge (from 0:100 to 100:0) were performed at 35°C. Heat-treated anaerobic sludge was used to seed the serum bottles. In all the tests, cumulative hydrogen production reached the maximum values within 2.5 days. n-Butyrate was produced simultaneously with hydrogen production, of which the amount was proportional to that of n- butyrate. Clostridium sp. are, therefore, considered to be the dominant microorganisms in this study because these microorganisms are responsible for n-butyrate fermentation. The hydrogen production potential of food waste was found over 34.0 mL/g VS at all the VS concentration. The maximum potential of 59.2 mL/g VS was found at 3.0 % of VS concentration. The potential decreased as sewage sludge composition increased due to the methanogens contained in sewage sludge and low carbohydrate concentration; however, the addition of sewage sludge to food waste enhanced hydrogen yield because of sufficient protein. The maximum hydrogen yield of 1.01 mole H 2 /mole hexose added was achieved at the food waste to sewage sludge ratio of 80:20 at the VS concentration of 3.0 %. The specific hydrogen production rate increased up to 22.6 mL H 2 /g VSS/h as both food waste composition and VS concentration increased. Key Words: Food waste, hydrogen, mixing ratio, sewage sludge, VS concentration INTRODUCTION Due to the finite quantities and pollutants emission (CO 2 , CO, C n H m , So x , NO x , ashes, etc.), fossil fuels should be alternated by renewable and non-polluting energy sources in recent Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.1, No.2, 2003 - 178 - future (Momirlan and Veziroğlu, 1999). As a sustainable energy source with minimal or zero use of hydrocarbons, hydrogen is a promising alternative to fossil fuels. With high energy yield (122 kJ/g), hydrogen is clean and renewable. In addition, hydrogen can be directly used to produce electricity through fuel cells (Rifkin, 2002). Since conventional physico-chemical production methods (e.g. water electrolysis or chemical cracking of hydrocarbons) require electricity derived from fossil fuel combustion, interest in biohydrogen production has increased significantly (BenneHawkes et al., 2002). Between two biological processes, fermentative process that uses refuse or organic wastes seems technically simpler than photosynthetic process. Clostridium species (sp.) are the representative anaerobic fermentative hydrogen producing bacteria (Hawkes et al., 2002). Due to the ability to produce endospore, they can be easily selected from natural environments such as anaerobic sludge, compost and soil by inhibiting other bacteria using heat, acid/base, ultrasound, chemicals, Surface characteristics of acidogenic sludge in H 2 -producing process Yang Mu, Yi Wang, Guo-Ping Sheng, Han-Qing Yu* School of Chemistry, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, 230026 China *Corresponding author. Fax: +86 551 3601592; E-mail: hqyu@ustc.edu.cn ABSTRACT The surface characteristics, including rheological, fractal characteristics, hydrophobicity as well as surface free energy, of H 2 -producing sludge in acidogenic fermentative process were investigated in this study. Both rheological and fractal characteristics of the H 2 -producing sludge changed slightly in the acidogenesis. The sludge fractal dimension was larger than those of other microbial aggregates, whereas the affinity of the microbial cells for the hydrocarbon had a peak value in the fermentation process. Both specific H 2 and volatile fatty acids/ethanol production rates of the sludge had a peak of 108 mL-H 2 L -1 h -1 g-VSS -1 and 480 mg L -1 h -1 g-VSS -1 . There was a relationship between the hydrophobicity of the H 2 -producing sludge and its specific H 2 -producing activity. The surface free energy of the H 2 -producing microorganisms had a lowest value in their growth process. KEYWORDS: Acidogenesis; H 2 -producing sludge; Hydrophobicity; Rheological; Surface characteristics; Surface free energy INTRODUCTION The surface characteristics of sludge, such as rheology, fractal properties hydrophobicity and surface free energy, are significant factors influencing the performance of a wastewater treatment process (Johnson et al., 1996; Dentel, 1997; Zita and Hermansson, 1997). Rheology is a powerful tool for characterizing the non-Newtonian properties of sludge suspensions, as it can quantify flow behaviors in real processes on a scientific basis (Dentel, 1997). Properties of sludge permeability, density, and porosity can be calculated from the fractal dimension and have important implications for the aggregation kinetics, floc break-up, and settling velocities of sludge as a function of their fractal structure (Johnson et al., 1996). Thus, measurement of the fractal dimension of sludge is of considerable interest. Hydrophobicity of sludge plays an important role in the self-immobilization and attachment of cells to a surface (Zita and Hermansson, 1997; Zheng et al., 2005). The biological H 2 production from anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes is an economical and sustainable technology for both pollution control and clean energy generation (Chen et al., 2001; Levin et al., 2004). In anaerobic fermentative H 2 -producing process, majority of the removed organic matters is converted to H 2 , CO 2 , and volatile fatty acids (VFA) and alcohols. This fermentative process is greatly influenced by many factors, such as substrate composition, substrate concentration, hydraulic retention time, pH and temperature (Yu et al., 2002; Lin and Jo, 2003; - 1 - Journal of Water and Environment Technology, Vol.5, No.1, 2007 Zheng and Yu, 2004). The surface characteristics of H 2 -producing sludge might also be a significant factor affecting the fermentative H 2 production. However, little information concerning the surface characteristics of H 2 -producing sludge in acidogenic fermentative process is available in literature. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to explore the surface characteristics of H 2 -producing sludge, including rheological and fractal properties as well as Ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in Hebelomatoid clade January 2013 Ho Bao Thuy Quyen Graduate School of Horticulture CHIBA UNIVERSITY (千葉大学学位申請論文) 千葉大学学位申請論文) Ecophysiological characteristics of ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi in Hebelomatoid clade 2013 年 月 千葉大学大学院園芸学研究科 環境園芸学専攻生物資源科学コース 環境園芸学専攻生物資源科学コース Ho Bao Thuy Quyen Contents Page Contents I List of Tables IV List of Figures .V Acknowledgements VII Abstract IX General Introduction Chapter The first record of Hebeloma vinosophyllum (Strophariaceae) in Southeast Asia Introduction Materials and Methods Collection Observation Phylogenetic analysis Mating tests Results 10 Taxonomy 10 Phylogenetic analysis 13 Mating tests 14 Discussions 15 Chapter Ability of ectomycorrhization of late phase fungi in Hebelomatoid clade 17 Introduction 17 Materials and Methods 18 Organisms 18 Mycorrhizal colonization 19 Results 21 Fungal growth and fruiting ability 21 I Growth of seedlings 21 Ectomycorrhization 21 Discussions 27 Chapter Photo-response of fruit body formation in ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 28 Introduction 28 Materials and Methods 29 Pre-cultivation 29 Effect of light on fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 29 Statistical analysis 30 Results and Discussions 30 Responses of fruit body formation in Alnicola lactariolens to different light intensities 30 Responses of fruit body formation in Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light intensities 33 Responses of fruit body formation in Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum to different light periods 36 Chapter The effects of ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations on fruit body formation in ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungi Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 38 Introduction 38 Materials and Methods 39 Pre-cultivation 39 Effect of ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations on fruit body formation of Alnicola lactariolens and Hebeloma vinosophyllum 39 Results and Discussions 40 Growth and reproductive responses of Alnicola lactariolens to ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations 40 II Growth and reproductive responses of Hebeloma vinosophyllum to ammonium-nitrogen and nitrate-nitrogen concentrations 42 Chapter The absorbing abilities of cesium and coexisting elements in an ectomycorrhizal ammonia fungus Hebeloma vinosophyllum 44 Introduction 44 Materials and Methods 45 Results and Discussions 47 The uptake of cesium and coexisting elements by Hebeloma vinosophyllum 47 The effect of NH4+ concentrations on the cesium, potassium and phosphorus uptake by Hebeloma vinosophyllum 50 General Discussions 55 Literature Cites 60 III List of Tables Page Table Collection details of specimens and cultures in the phylogenetic analysis Table Published sequences in the phylogenetic analysis 10 Table Dikaryon-monokaryon mating tests between dikaryotic stock cultures of Japanese Hebeloma vinosophyllum and monokaryotic strains of Vietnamese Hebeloma sp 15 Table Fungal isolates of LP hebelomatoid fungi used to investigate ECM association 19 Table Responses of fruiting in Alnicola lactariolens to .. .Characteristics of Fungi wine making, relies not only on the knowledge of grape varietals and soil composition, but also on a solid understanding of the characteristics of the wild... gametes of different mating types are generated At this stage, spores are disseminated into the environment Link to Learning 8/10 Characteristics of Fungi Review the characteristics of fungi by... micrograph of (c) Phialophora richardsiae shows septa that divide the hyphae (credit c: modification of work by Dr Lucille Georg, CDC; scale-bar data from Matt Russell) 4/10 Characteristics of Fungi Fungi