Int. J. Med. Sci. 2007, 4 28International Journal of Medical Sciences ISSN 1449-1907 www.medsci.org 2007 4(1):28-35 © Ivyspring International Publisher. All rights reserved Research Paper Functional genomics analysis of low concentration of ethanol in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Role of genes involved in transcriptional and translational processes Francisco Castaneda 1, Sigrid Rosin-Steiner 1 and Klaus Jung 2 3 1. Laboratory for Molecular Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany; 2. Department of Statistics, University of Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany; 3. Medical Proteom-Center, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany Correspondence to: Francisco Castaneda, MD, Laboratory for Molecular Pathobiochemistry and Clinical Research, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Str. 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Tel. 49-231-9742-6490, Fax. 49-231-133-2699, E-mail: francisco.castaneda@mpi-dortmund.mpg.de Received: 2006.11.26; Accepted: 2006.12.15; Published: 2006.12.21 We previously found that ethanol at millimolar level (1 mM) activates the expression of transcription factors with subsequent regulation of apoptotic genes in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) HepG2 cells. However, the role of ethanol on the expression of genes implicated in transcriptional and translational processes remains unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the effect of low concentration of ethanol on gene expression profiling in HepG2 cells using cDNA microarrays with especial interest in genes with transcriptional and translational function. The gene expression pattern observed in the ethanol-treated HepG2 cells revealed a relatively similar pattern to that found in the untreated control cells. The pairwise comparison analysis demonstrated four significantly up-regulated (COBRA1, ITGB4, STAU2, and HMGN3) genes and one down-regulated (ANK3) gene. All these genes exert their function on transcriptional and translational processes and until now none of these genes have been associated with ethanol. This functional genomic analysis demonstrates the reported interaction between ethanol and ethanol-regulated genes. Moreover, it confirms the relationship between ethanol-regulated genes and various signaling pathways associated with ethanol-induced apoptosis. The data presented in this study represents an important contribution toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ethanol at low concentration in HepG2 cells, a HCC-derived cell line. Key words: human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, HepG2, ethanol, gene expression, transcriptional and translational processes 1. Introduction Studies using the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line HepG2 have demonstrated a specific gene expression pattern induced by ethanol different from that observed in normal livers and in livers with alcoholic liver disease [1, 2]. In vivo studies using animal models, including rats [3], mice [4], and baboons [5] as well as human liver samples obtained from patients with advanced alcoholic liver disease [5], revealed changes in the expression of genes coding for transcription factors, signaling molecules, stress response and Importance of Fungi in Human Life Importance of Fungi in Human Life Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Although we often think of fungi as organisms that cause disease and rot food, fungi are important to human life on many levels As we have seen, they influence the wellbeing of human populations on a large scale because they are part of the nutrient cycle in ecosystems They have other ecosystem roles as well As animal pathogens, fungi help to control the population of damaging pests These fungi are very specific to the insects they attack, and not infect animals or plants Fungi are currently under investigation as potential microbial insecticides, with several already on the market For example, the fungus Beauveria bassiana is a pesticide being tested as a possible biological control agent for the recent spread of emerald ash borer It has been released in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland ([link]) The emerald ash borer is an insect that attacks ash trees It is in turn parasitized by a pathogenic fungus that holds promise as a biological insecticide The parasitic fungus appears as white fuzz on the body of the insect (credit: Houping Liu, USDA Agricultural Research Service) The mycorrhizal relationship between fungi and plant roots is essential for the productivity of farm land Without the fungal partner in root systems, 80–90 percent of 1/4 Importance of Fungi in Human Life trees and grasses would not survive Mycorrhizal fungal inoculants are available as soil amendments from gardening supply stores and are promoted by supporters of organic agriculture We also eat some types of fungi Mushrooms figure prominently in the human diet Morels, shiitake mushrooms, chanterelles, and truffles are considered delicacies ([link]) The humble meadow mushroom, Agaricus campestris, appears in many dishes Molds of the genus Penicillium ripen many cheeses They originate in the natural environment such as the caves of Roquefort, France, where wheels of sheep milk cheese are stacked in order to capture the molds responsible for the blue veins and pungent taste of the cheese The morel mushroom is an ascomycete much appreciated for its delicate taste (credit: Jason Hollinger) Fermentation—of grains to produce beer, and of fruits to produce wine—is an ancient art that humans in most cultures have practiced for millennia Wild yeasts are acquired from the environment and used to ferment sugars into CO2 and ethyl alcohol under anaerobic conditions It is now possible to purchase isolated strains of wild yeasts from different wine-making regions Louis Pasteur was instrumental in developing a reliable strain of brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for the French brewing industry in the late 1850s This was one of the first examples of biotechnology patenting Many secondary metabolites of fungi are of great commercial importance Antibiotics are naturally produced by fungi to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, limiting their competition in the natural environment Important antibiotics, such as penicillin and the cephalosporins, are isolated from fungi Valuable drugs isolated from fungi include 2/4 Importance of Fungi in Human Life the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine (which reduces the risk of rejection after organ transplant), the precursors of steroid hormones, and ergot alkaloids used to stop bleeding Psilocybin is a compound found in fungi such as Psilocybe semilanceata and Gymnopilus junonius, which have been used for their hallucinogenic properties by various cultures for thousands of years As simple eukaryotic organisms, fungi are important model research organisms Many advances in modern genetics were achieved by the use of the red bread mold Neurospora crassa Additionally, many important genes originally discovered in S cerevisiae served as a starting point in discovering analogous human genes As a eukaryotic organism, the yeast cell produces and modifies proteins in a manner similar to human cells, as opposed to the bacterium Escherichia coli, which lacks the internal membrane structures and enzymes to tag proteins for export This makes yeast a much better organism for use in recombinant DNA technology experiments Like bacteria, yeasts grow easily in culture, have a short generation time, and are amenable to genetic modification Section Summary Fungi are important to everyday human life Fungi are important decomposers in most ecosystems Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth of most plants Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms, and also as agents of fermentation in the production of bread, cheeses, alcoholic beverages, and numerous other food preparations Secondary metabolites of fungi are used as medicines, such as antibiotics and anticoagulants Fungi are model organisms for the study of eukaryotic genetics and metabolism Review Questions Yeast is a facultative anaerobe This means that alcohol fermentation takes place only if: the temperature is close to 37°C ...MINIREVIEW Alternative splicing: role of pseudoexons in human disease and potential therapeutic strategies Ashish Dhir and Emanuele Buratti International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy Introduction Towards the end of the 1970s, in the beginning of pre-mRNA splicing research [1,2], defining exons and introns was essentially based on observing the final composition of the mature mRNA molecule. In 1978, any sequence that was included in a mature mRNA became tagged as an ‘exon’, whereas all the intervening genomic sequences that were left out during the splic- ing process became defined as ‘introns’ [3]. However, this way of thinking did not explain what makes an exon an exon or an intron an intron. The discovery of the basic splice site consensus sequences during the same years [4,5], and later on of enhancer and repres- sor elements, has taken us a long way in the direction of discovering exon- and intron-definition complexes [6–8]. Nowadays, the splicing signals that define ex- ons ⁄ introns have been greatly aided by basic research, bioinformatic approaches and advanced sequencing tools [9,10]. In this regard, we certainly know much more about splicing regulation than we did 20 years ago. Considering that several reviews have been writ- ten recently on the subject, the reader is referred to them for further information on the latest discoveries [11–14]. Most important, in this respect, have been the initial observations that in alternative splicing pro- cesses the same nucleotide sequence could be defined by the spliceosome as an intron or an exon in response to specific signals [15,16]. It is now clear that these kinds of decision (What is an exon? What is an intron?) are of paramount importance in explaining genome complexity and evolutionary pathways [17–20]. However, the sum of this new knowledge does not necessarily mean that we are near the goal of Keywords alternative splicing; antisense oligonucleotides; mRNA; pseudoexons; splicing therapy Correspondence E. Buratti, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy Fax: +39 040 226555 Tel: +39 040 3757316 E-mail: buratti@icgeb.org (Received 26 August 2009, revised 15 October 2009, accepted 5 November 2009) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07520.x What makes a nucleotide sequence an exon (or an intron) is a question that still lacks a satisfactory answer. Indeed, most eukaryotic genes are full of sequences that look like perfect exons, but which are nonetheless ignored by the splicing machinery (hence the name ‘pseudoexons’). The existence of these pseudoexons has been known since the earliest days of splicing research, but until recently the tendency has been to view them as an interesting, but rather rare, curiosity. In recent years, however, the importance of pseudoexons in regulating splicing processes has been stea- dily revalued. Even more importantly, clinically oriented screening studies that search for splicing mutations are beginning to uncover a situation where aberrant pseudoexon inclusion as a cause of human disease is more frequent than previously thought. Here we aim to provide a review of the mechanisms that lead to pseudoexon activation in human genes and how the various cis- and trans-acting cellular factors regulate their inclusion. Moreover, we list the potential therapeutic approaches that are being tested with the aim of inhibiting their inclusion in the final mRNA molecules. Abbreviations 3¢ss, 3¢ splice site; 5¢ss, 5¢ splice site; AON, antisense oligonucleotide; LINE, long interspersed elements; NMD, nonsense-mediated decay; PTB, polypyrimidine tract binding protein; SINE, short Expression of cholinesterases in human kidney and its variation in renal cell carcinoma types Encarnacio ´ n Mun ˜ oz-Delgado 1 , Marı ´a Fernanda Montenegro 1 , Francisco Javier Campoy 1 , Marı ´ a Teresa Moral-Naranjo 1 , Juan Cabezas-Herrera 2 , Gyula Kovacs 3 and Cecilio J. Vidal 1 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Spain 2 Research Unit of Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain 3 Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Medical Faculty, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Germany Keywords chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (chRCC); conventional renal cell carcinoma (cRCC); glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor; papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC); renal oncocytoma Correspondence C. J. Vidal, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-A, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, E-30071 Murcia, Spain Fax: +34 868 884147 Tel: +34 868 884774 E-mail: cevidal@um.es (Received 9 July 2010, revised 10 August 2010, accepted 3 September 2010) doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07861.x Despite the aberrant expression of cholinesterases in tumours, the question of their possible contribution to tumorigenesis remains unsolved. The identifica- tion in kidney of a cholinergic system has paved the way to functional studies, but details on renal cholinesterases are still lacking. To fill the gap and to determine whether cholinesterases are abnormally expressed in renal tumours, paired pieces of normal kidney and renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) were compared for cholinesterase activity and mRNA levels. In studies with papillary RCC (pRCC), conventional RCC, chromophobe RCC, and renal oncocytoma, acetylcholinesterase activity increased in pRCC (3.92 ± 3.01 mUÆmg )1 , P=0.031) and conventional RCC (2.64 ± 1.49 mUÆmg )1 , P = 0.047) with respect to their controls (1.52 ± 0.92 and 1.57 ± 0.44 mUÆmg )1 ). Butyrylcholinesterase activity increased in pRCC (5.12 ± 2.61 versus 2.73 ± 1.15 mUÆmg )1 , P = 0.031). Glycosylphosphatidylinositol- linked acetylcholinesterase dimers and hydrophilic butyrylcholinesterase tetramers predo minated in control and cancerous k idney. Acetylcholinesterase mRNAs with exons E1c and E1e, 3¢-alternative T, H and R acetylcholinesterase mRNAs and butyrylcholinesterase mRNA were identified in kidney. The levels of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase mRNAs were nearly 1000-fold lower in human kidney than in colon. Whereas kidney and renal tumours showed comparable levels of acetylcholinesterase mRNA, the content of butyrylcholinesterase mRNA was increased 10-fold in pRCC. The presence of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase mRNAs in kidney supports their synthesis in the organ itself, and the prevalence of glycosyl- phosphatidylinositol-anchored acetylcholinesterase explains the splicing to acetylcholinesterase-H mRNA. The consequences of butyrylcholinesterase upregulation for pRCC growth are discussed. Structured digital abstract l MINT-7992181: BuChE (uniprotkb:P06276) and BuChE (uniprotkb:P06276) bind (MI:0407) by chromatography technology ( MI:0091) l MINT-7992175: AChE (uniprotkb:P22303) and AChE (uniprotkb:P22303) bind (MI:0407)by chromatography technology ( MI:0091) Abbreviations ACh, acetylcholine; AU, arbitrary units; Brij 96, polyoxyethylene-oleyl ether; chRCC, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma; cRCC, conventional renal cell carcinoma; GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol; HUE UNIVERSITY HUE UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT RESEARCH METHOD Reading Book of teenage from 15 to 18 today Instructor: TON NU NHU NGOC Student: NGUYEN THI HUYEN TRANG Hue 6, 2014 TABLE OF CONTENT Instructor: M.A Ton Nu Nhu Ngoc Acknowledge Introduction Methodology References Appendix Instructor: M.A Ton Nu Nhu Ngoc I. ACKNOWLEDGE First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratituide to our supervisor Mrs.Nhu Ngoc for her ethusiastic instrucion to make my research feasiable. Second, I would like to thank many people who i interviewed and large information resources on the internet, book, and other’s helped me finish my research. II. INTRODUCTION Book is a product of society, a tool to accumulate, spreading knowledge from generation to generation. Books contain the cultural and spiritual values (the compositions or compilation) of the form of social consciousness and different art, is recorded in the forms of different languages (scripts, images, sounds, symbols, ) of the different peoples in order to store, accumulate, spread in society. With the development of science and technology, however, had an strong impact on teenage especially in 15 to 18 years old. It’s not only has positive but also negative. It’s not only make them take away from book but also do not know how to reading book. So, I want to find out about the reading book of teenage from 15 to 18 years old today to find a way to help them understand the value of book and how to reading book scientifically. With this purpose, I have three question to solve my problem but number two and number three is main part. 1. How is reading book scientifically and effectively ? 2. How is reading book of teenage today ? 3. How to improve their reading book better ? III. METHODOLOGY Firstly, I decide to choose interviewing some teenages or group teenage from other different school or other place because I want to observed their expression when they answer. Beside, there is some problem arising while I interview them and information that they answer is not less and I can’t liệt kê được if I choose questionaire method. Moreover, some information in my research need not teenage answer. Secondly, I choose teenage from 15 to 18 years old because they are in the growing up age. They are people who have to reading book every day. Beside, they are also people are exposed with technology than other’s. I also find on the internet, magazing, newspapers to finish my research. Instructor: M.A Ton Nu Nhu Ngoc IV.REFERENCES 1. Bowe Bergdahl: Emailed death threats are investigated. Retrieved June 8, 2014 from the BBC News Web: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-27752886. 2. Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, “Nativity and wealth in mid-nineteenth century cities”,Journal of Economic History, vol.58, no.2, pp. 468-493. 3. Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Prentice-Hall, Sydney. 4. Improve indigenous housing now, government told, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2009 from the Australian Institute of Architects Web: http://www.architecture.com.au/i-cms?page=10220. 5. Jones, MD (ed.) 1998, Management in Australia, Academic Press, London. 6. Keith Schneider.Waking Up Louisville’s Downtown. Retrieved June 3, 2014 from the New York Times Web: http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/04/realestate/commercial/louisville- embraces-old-and-new-in-downtown-revitalization.html? ref=commercial. 7. Liveris, A 2011, “Ethics as a strategy”, Leadership Excellence, vol.28, no.2, pp. 17-18. 8. MA. Nguyen Xuan Thanh (1996). “Diabetes in children”. Lao Dong (198),pp. 5-6. 9. Milkman, R 1998, “The new American workplace: high road or low road?” in Workplaces of the future, eds P Thompson & C Warhurst, Macmillan Press, London, pp. 22-34. 10. PM calls for A STUDY TO INDICATE THE IMPORTANCE OF CONSUMER BASED-BRAND EQUITY ON CONSUMER PERCEPTION OF BRAND (A CASE STUDY OF FAST FOOD RESTAURANTS)Master Thesis in Business AdministrationPriscillia Ukpebor & Bibiana Ipogahpriscilliaukpebor@yahoo.com bipogah@yahoo.comSUPERVISORSBritt Aronsson&Martin SvenssonRONNEBY 20081 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We give thanks to God almighty for giving us the understanding, knowledge and wisdom during the course of our study. Special thanks go to our supervisors, Britt Aronsson and Martin Svensson for their support and guidance during our thesis work. We will also want to thank our program manager Anders Nilsson and our course adviser Melissa Engelke for their invaluable help and support during the course of our study. And lastly, we will want to thank our family members and friends who have been of help to us.2 ABSTRACTStrong brand equity has become a very important factor that influences consumer’s perceptions of a brand. Success in brand management arises from understanding and managing brand equity correctly to produce strong attributes that will influence consumers when making their choices.This thesis focuses on the importance of these dimensions (brand awareness, brand loyalty, brand image and perceived quality) of customer-based brand equity on consumer’s perceptions of a brand. This is based on the assumption that all these dimensions of customer based-brand equity will have influence on consumer’s perceptions of brand. However, this thesis aims to find out which among these three dimensions (brand image, brand loyalty and perceived quality) appear to have the least brand equity in both restaurants and to find out if customer based-brand equity differ between the two restaurants with respect to each attribute of brand awareness, brand image, perceived quality and brand loyalty. Brand awareness was treated separately from other dimensions because of the difference in scale.A structured questionnaire was constructed to provide answers to our research question. In this study, one hundred questionnaires were distributed, but only sixty four useable questionnaires were realized. The study surveyed four dimensions of consumer’s based-brand equity namely brand awareness, brand image, perceived quality and brand loyalty. Among the three dimensions, brand loyalty appears to have the least brand equity rating by consumers than the other dimensions. Although, the four dimension appear to have influence on consumer perceptions of brand.3 TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2 ABSTRACT . 3 TABLE OF CONTENT . 4 The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life The Importance of Biodiversity to Human Life Bởi: OpenStaxCollege It may not be clear why biologists are concerned about biodiversity loss When biodiversity loss is thought of as the extinction of the passenger pigeon, the dodo bird, and even the woolly mammoth, the loss may appear to be an emotional one But is the loss practically important for the welfare of the human species? From the perspective of evolution and ecology, the loss of a particular individual species is unimportant (however, the loss of a keystone species can lead to ecological disaster) Extinction is a normal part of macroevolution But the accelerated extinction rate means the loss of tens of ... as penicillin and the cephalosporins, are isolated from fungi Valuable drugs isolated from fungi include 2/4 Importance of Fungi in Human Life the immunosuppressant drug cyclosporine (which reduces... everyday human life Fungi are important decomposers in most ecosystems Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth of most plants Fungi, as food, play a role in human nutrition in the form of mushrooms,... in developing a reliable strain of brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, for the French brewing industry in the late 1850s This was one of the first examples of biotechnology patenting Many