[...]... century s trend toward larger and larger accelerators was necessitated by the need for higher and higher energies In turn, higher energies were required to probe the innards of particles such as the proton as well as to create new particles with substantial masses such as the W and Z as well as the top quark The objective of elementary particle physics is twofold: to establish the identity of all the elementary... Extraction Systems Injector System Accelerators, Fixed-target: Proton B Factory Cyclotron Z Factory Astrophysics and Cosmology Astrophysics Big Bang Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Cosmic Rays Cosmic Strings, Domain Walls Cosmological Constant and Dark Energy Cosmology Dark Matter Hubble Constant Inflation Neutrino, Solar Quark-Gluon Plasma Universe Basic Interactions Accelerator... Ernest Orlando Lawrence Badash University of California, Santa Barbara Radioactivity, Discovery of Rutherford, Ernest Jonathan Bagger Johns Hopkins University Planck Scale Vernon Barger University of Wisconsin, Madison Gauge Theory Grand Unification William A Barletta Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Devices, Accelerating Katharina Baur Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory Radiation, Synchrotron... National Laboratory Gordon Fraser Accelerators, Colliding Beams: Hadron Sally Dawson Brookhaven National Laboratory Boson, Gauge Standard Model Michael Dine University of California, Santa Cruz Particle Symmetry Principles Wendy L Freedman Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA Hubble Constant Robert Garisto Physical Review Letters Virtual Processes Marcelo Gleiser Dartmouth College Phase Transitions Gabor... is shared among the quarks and gluons, so the energy of a single quark is much lower than the proton beam energy Accelerators may also be classified in terms of the final use of the accelerated beam In accelerators prior to the 196 0s, the high-energy beam struck a stationary target, in which the reactions to be observed took place This was done either by placing the target within the accelerator or... beams are focused using quadrupole magnets, which have a magnetic field strength that is proportional to the distance from the magnet s axis The use of quadrupole magnets is essential to the operation of all types of accelerators Their focusing properties ensure that the beam will oscillate stably about the ideal orbit if displaced from it Optical lenses are cylindrically symmetric and can focus simultaneously... but must be The Building Blocks of Molecules The Building Blocks of Molecules Bởi: OpenStaxCollege At its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter Matter occupies space and has mass All matter is composed of elements, substances that cannot be broken down or transformed chemically into other substances Each element is made of atoms, each with a constant number of protons and unique properties A total of 118 elements have been defined; however, only 92 occur naturally, and fewer than 30 are found in living cells The remaining 26 elements are unstable and, therefore, not exist for very long or are theoretical and have yet to be detected Each element is designated by its chemical symbol (such as H, N, O, C, and Na), and possesses unique properties These unique properties allow elements to combine and to bond with each other in specific ways Atoms An atom is the smallest component of an element that retains all of the chemical properties of that element For example, one hydrogen atom has all of the properties of the element hydrogen, such as it exists as a gas at room temperature, and it bonds with oxygen to create a water molecule Hydrogen atoms cannot be broken down into anything smaller while still retaining the properties of hydrogen If a hydrogen atom were broken down into subatomic particles, it would no longer have the properties of hydrogen At the most basic level, all organisms are made of a combination of elements They contain atoms that combine together to form molecules In multicellular organisms, such as animals, molecules can interact to form cells that combine to form tissues, which make up organs These combinations continue until entire multicellular organisms are formed All atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons ([link]) The only exception is hydrogen (H), which is made of one proton and one electron A proton is a positively charged particle that resides in the nucleus (the core of the atom) of an atom and has a 1/11 The Building Blocks of Molecules mass of and a charge of +1 An electron is a negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus In other words, it resides outside of the nucleus It has a negligible mass and has a charge of –1 Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons located within the nucleus, and electrons surrounding the nucleus Neutrons, like protons, reside in the nucleus of an atom They have a mass of and no charge The positive (protons) and negative (electrons) charges balance each other in a neutral atom, which has a net zero charge Because protons and neutrons each have a mass of 1, the mass of an atom is equal to the number of protons and neutrons of that atom The number of electrons does not factor into the overall mass, because their mass is so small As stated earlier, each element has its own unique properties Each contains a different number of protons and neutrons, giving it its own atomic number and mass number The atomic number of an element is equal to the number of protons that element contains The mass number is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons of that element Therefore, it is possible to determine the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number These numbers provide information about the elements and how they will react when combined Different elements have different melting and boiling points, and are in different states (liquid, solid, or gas) at room temperature They also combine in different ways Some form specific types of bonds, whereas others not How they combine is based on the number of electrons present Because of these characteristics, the elements are arranged into the periodic table of elements, a chart of the elements that includes the atomic number and relative atomic mass of each element The periodic table also provides key information about the properties of elements ([link])—often indicated by color-coding The arrangement of the table also shows how the electrons in each element are organized and provides important details about how atoms will react with each other to form molecules 2/11 The Building Blocks of Molecules Isotopes are different forms of the same element that have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons Some elements, such as carbon, potassium, and uranium, have naturally occurring isotopes Carbon-12, the most common isotope of carbon, contains six protons and six neutrons Therefore, it has a mass number of 12 (six protons and six neutrons) and an atomic number of (which makes it carbon) Carbon-14 contains six protons and eight neutrons Therefore, it has a mass number of 14 (six protons and eight neutrons) and an atomic number of 6, meaning it is still the element carbon These two alternate forms of carbon are isotopes Some isotopes are unstable and will lose protons, other subatomic particles, or energy to form more stable elements These are called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes Art Connection Arranged in columns and rows based ...the essential step-by-step guide to internet marketing 1 WWW.HUBSPOT.COM Share This Ebook! THE ESSENTIAL STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO INTERNET MARKETING The Building Blocks for Succeeding with Online Marketing A publication of the essential step-by-step guide to internet marketing 2 WWW.HUBSPOT.COM Share This Ebook! Introductory content is for marketers who are new to the subject. This content typically includes step-by-step instructions on how to get started with this aspect of inbound marketing and learn its fundamentals. After reading it, you will be able to execute basic marketing tactics related to the topic. INTRODUCTORY IS THIS BOOK RIGHT FOR ME? Not quite sure if this ebook is right for you? See the below description to determine if your level matches the content you are about to read. Intermediate content is for marketers who are familiar with the subject but have only basic experience in executing strategies and tactics on the topic. This content typically covers the fundamentals and moves on to reveal more complex functions and examples. Read our intermediate-level ebook “10 Commandments of Marketing Automation.” INTERMEDIATE Advanced content is for marketers who are, or want to be, experts on the subject. In it, we walk you through advanced features of this aspect of inbound marketing and help you develop complete mastery of the subject. After reading it, you will feel ready not only to execute strategies and tactics, but also to teach others how to be successful. ADVANCED the essential step-by-step guide to internet marketing 3 WWW.HUBSPOT.COM Share This Ebook! brings your whole marketing world to- gether in one, powerful, integrated system. HUBSPOT’S ALL-IN-ONE MARKETING SOFTWARE Get Found: Help prospects nd you online Convert: Nurture your leads and drive conversions Analyze: Measure and improve your marketing Plus more apps and integrations LEAD GENERATION U BLOGGING & SOCIAL MEDIA q EMAIL & AUTOMATION M SEARCH OPTIMIZATION s MARKETING ANALYTICS Y LEAD MANAGEMENT g Request A Demo Video Overview the essential step-by-step guide to internet marketing 4 WWW.HUBSPOT.COM Share This Ebook! THE ESSENTIAL STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO INTERNET MARKETING By Pamela Vaughan Pamela Vaughan manages the HubSpot Inbound Marketing Blog and focuses on various content creation projects, including ebooks. She graduated with a Bachelor of Science in public relations from Boston University’s College of Communication in May 2008. Pamela began her role as PR manager at HubSpot in September 2008 and primarily managed the content on HubSpot’s Company and Product News Blog as well as HubSpot’s award nominations, speaking engagements, and PR opportunities. She has since worked on HubSpot’s product evangelism team, managing the production of customer case studies as well as HubSpot’s group demos, and also contributed greatly to HubSpot’s social media presence on Facebook and Twitter. FOLLOW ME ON TWITTER @PAMELUMP the essential step-by-step guide to internet marketing 5 WWW.HUBSPOT.COM Share This Ebook! CREATE A KEYWORD STRATEGY /7 OPTIMIZE YOUR WEBSITE TO GET FOUND /12 CREATE A BLOG & MARKETING OFFERS /24 PROMOTE CONTENT THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA /32 CONVERT WEBSITE TRAFFIC INTO LEADS /38 NURTURE LEADS WITH TARGETED MESSAGES /45 OPTIMIZE YOUR MARKETING FOR MOBILE VIEWING /53 ANALYZE & REFINE STRATEGIES /57 CONCLUSION & ADDITIONAL RESOURCES Building blocks of a sentence If you are a beginner, you can use these simple sentence patterns to start writing in English Sentences in all languages follow certain patterns. There are several sentence patterns in English. Only the simplest patterns are explained in this article. An English sentence must have two parts: a subject and a verb . The subject is what the sentence is about. It is usually the name of a person or thing. It is almost always a noun or a pronoun. Examples are: John, Mary, Alice, Peter, India, country, bird, flower, I, you, he, she, it, we, they etc. Verb The verb indicates an action. Examples are: work, sing, dance, play, write, run etc. The auxiliaries be (is, am, are, was and were), have (has, have, had) and do (do, does and did) can also act as verbs. I am a teacher. She did a stupid thing. I have a car. She is wonderful. Noun Nouns are the names of people, places or things. Examples are: book, pen, apple, boy, teacher etc. Most nouns have singular and plural forms. Examples are: book -> books, bird -> birds, flower -> flowers There are also some nouns that do not have a plural form. These are called uncountable nouns. Adjective An adjective is a describing word. It tells us how someone or something is. Examples are: big, small, kind, nice, beautiful etc. Prepositional phrase A prepositional phrase is a group of words that begins with a preposition. Prepositional phrases usually indicate time or place. Examples are: in the morning, on the roof, at their place etc. Writing simple sentences The simplest sentence uses the verb be. Examples are given below. Form: Noun (subject) + be + noun When you use this pattern, the noun that follows the verb ‘be’ says who or what the subject is. I am a teacher. She is my sister. Susie is a journalist. When the noun is singular, we usually use an article (a, an, the) or another determiner (my, this, that) with it. Plural nouns can be used with or without an article. They are boys. We are workers. Be first to know when grammar rules change! Sign up to our newsletter here: englishgrammar.org (It's free) Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Minerals Minerals: Building blocks of rocks To be considered a mineral, a substance must: • be a naturally occurring solid • be formed by inorganic processes • have a crystalline structure (orderly molecular arrangement) • have a specific chemical composition • An element is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means • Minerals are made up of one or more elements Most abundant elements of the continental crust • Common rockforming minerals are mostly chemical compounds made up of these elements • How these elements combine to make minerals? Atoms, molecules and ions • Atoms are the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive chemical properties of an element • Molecules are the smallest individual particle that retains the distinctive chemical properties of a chemical compound Molecules consists of or more atoms • Ions are atoms or molecules that have a net electrical charge They attract oppositely-charged ions to form chemical compounds Crystalline Nature of Minerals • Crystal: any substance whose atoms are arranged in a regularly repeating pattern • Crystal growth is often interrupted due to: – lack of space – rapid cooling rate Luster: Appearance of a mineral in reflected light • Metallic (pyrite) Nonmetallic: glassy/pearly (potassium feldspar) Luster: Appearance of a mineral in reflected light • Nonmetallic- waxy (ex: chert) • Nonmetallic –greasy (quartz) Color • Often highly variable for a given mineral due to slight impurities in crystal structure • For example, quartz (SiO2) exhibits a variety of colors Other Physical properties of minerals • Streak • Color of a mineral in its powdered form • Helpful in distinguishing different forms of the same mineral • Hardness • Resistance of a mineral to abrasion or scratching • All minerals are compared to a standard scale, the Mohs Scale of Hardness Rock-forming Minerals – The Silicate Group • Most common mineral group due to large amounts of silicon and oxygen in Earth’s crust • Basic building block is the silicate ion: Four oxygen ions surrounding a much smaller silicon ion • Polymerization: process by which silicate ions bond to form more complex ions, such as rings, chains, sheets or dimensional frameworks Common Silicate minerals • Olivine Group http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFRB6T4AJbs – High temperature Fe-Mg silicate – Individual silicate linked together by iron and magnesium ions – Forms small, rounded crystals with no cleavage Common Silicate minerals • Pyroxene Group http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9WH_VimxA9Y – Single chain structures involving iron and magnesium – Two distinctive cleavages at nearly 90 degrees Common Silicate Minerals • Amphibole Group http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&v=fBMeVK_O3HQ&NR=1 – Double chain structures involving a variety of ions linking the silicate ion – Two perfect cleavages at non right angles Hornblende is the most common mineral in the amphibole group Common Silicate Minerals • Mica Group http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQKXqeQFyBU – Sheet structures that result in one direction of perfect cleavage – Biotite is the common dark colored mica Common Silicate Minerals • Mica Group http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QJgwqMwXM8 – Sheet structures that result in one direction of perfect cleavage – Muscovite is the common light colored mica Classification of Minerals • Common Silicate minerals • Feldspar Group – Most common mineral group – 3-dimensional framework that exhibits two directions of cleavage at 90 degrees – (potassium feldspar) (e.g Orthoclase or Microcline) – Plagioclase (sodium and calcium feldspar) are the two most common members Feldspar Minerals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGyaM29yxKI&feature=related Potassium feldspar - Orthoclase Copyright © 2006 Pearson Prentice Hall, Inc Calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWSpnr9QX74 Quartz Consists entirely of silicon and oxygen (SiO2) This is a material called silica Strong bonds in all Life Sciences Standards Preview 2.e Students know how sugar, water, and minerals are transported in a vascular plant Standard Set Life Sciences Plants and animals have structures for respiration, digestion, waste disposal, and transport of materials As a basis for understanding this concept: 2.f Students know plants use carbon dioxide (CO2) and energy from sunlight to build molecules of sugar and release oxygen 2.a Students know many multicellular organisms have specialized structures to support the transport of materials 2.g Students know plant and animal cells break down sugar to obtain energy, a process resulting in carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (respiration) by Lillian Duggan Genre Comprehension Skill Nonfiction Make Generalizations Text Features • • • • Captions Diagrams Labels Glossary Science Content Structures of Living Things Scott Foresman Science 5.3 ISBN 0-328-23570-9 ì .. .The Building Blocks of Molecules mass of and a charge of +1 An electron is a negatively charged particle that travels in the space around the nucleus In other words, it resides outside of the. .. the number of protons plus the number of neutrons of that element Therefore, it is possible to determine the number of neutrons by subtracting the atomic number from the mass number These numbers... specific types of bonds, whereas others not How they combine is based on the number of electrons present Because of these characteristics, the elements are arranged into the periodic table of elements,