Tài liệu PDF Issues in Education

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Even the possibility that the legal basis for a stable, functional marketplace for computer software might be threatened is enough to create alarm in the industry, … one of the few high-tech industries in which U. S. firms still enjoy a commanding position in international trade. —Lewis Branscomb, Director, Science, Technology and Public Policy Program, Harvard University As an attorney, I want to make it possible for him [the businessman] to be able to get back something on the R& D investment, which today can run millions and millions of dollars. —J. Jancin, Jr., Counsel, IBM Corp. The purpose of the Constitution is to protect originality and useful originality. So, if you spend $3 billion doing something fundamentally useless, the Constitution doesn't really care. —Esther Dyson, Publisher, "Release 1.0" [T] here is a stultifying, dulling effect— in some cases subtle, [in others] not so subtle—[ resulting from] the confusion that has arisen in this field, which is slowing down activity. It is slowing down the small companies, …and it is slowing down the large companies. —Robert Spinad, Director, Corporate Technology, Xerox Corp. Copyright is procompetitive. It allows the competitor to enter a market by independently creating, via his own R& D, a competing product. —Howard G. Figueroa, Vice President, Commercial and Industry Relations, IBM Corp. We can be hurt in our company by too much protection or too little protection. —Frank Ingari, Vice President, Spreadsheet Division, Lotus Development Corp. National Research Council Staff. All rights reserved.results of a survey sponsored by the Massachusetts Software Council. About 75 percent of the respondents said that they relied on trade secret law, and only 25 percent relied on copyright, even though this latter protection applies to works of authorship, published and unpublished, and can be used in conjunction with trade secrets. Only 8 percent of the software vendors said they used patents. Heavy reliance on trade secret law can pose considerable risk since innovations protected in this manner do not qualify as prior art and, therefore, may be eligible for patenting, perhaps by a competing firm. THE PATENT-COPYRIGHT INTERFACE If for no other reason, the status of software as both patentable and copyrightable intellectual property makes the technology unusual. As has long been true of some industrial designs in developed countries, explained Jerome Reichman of Vanderbilt University, treatment in both legal domains poses the potential for a conflict between two conceptually separate branches of the law— copyright and patent— at both the domestic and the international levels. Stressing the need for a "holistic approach" to the different forms of intellectual property protection, John Shoch of the Asset Management Co. said that the seeming division of legal perspectives frustrates those within the industry. "[W]e can have a wonderful discourse on the impact and limits of copyright law," he said, "and we can have another wonderful discourse on the limits of patent law, and it is right at the edge where things get interesting." Treatises on copyright, Shoch added, focus on 58 distinguishing between protectable expression and idea, the point at which patent lawyers are likely "to pick up the gaunlet." Yet software seems amenable to both protections, sometimes simultaneously. For example, copyright attorneys can argue cogently that disputes over the ownership of graphical displays and the sequencing of commands— that is the look and feel of user interfaces— should be resolved in the copyright arena because the issues center on creative expression. Objecting to the subjectivity of copyright concepts, such as "look and feel" and "structure, sequence, and organization," patent attorneys argue just Issues in Education Issues in Education Bởi: OpenStaxCollege As schools strive to fill a variety of roles in their students’ lives, many issues and challenges arise Students walk a minefield of bullying, violence in schools, the results of declining funding, plus other problems that affect their education When Americans are asked about their opinion of public education on the Gallup poll each year, reviews are mixed at best (Saad 2008) Schools are no longer merely a place for learning and socializing With the landmark Brown v Board of Education of Topeka ruling in 1954, schools became a repository of much political and legal action that is at the heart of several issues in education Equal Education Until the 1954 Brown v Board of Education ruling, schools had operated under the precedent set by Plessy v Ferguson in 1896, which allowed racial segregation in schools and private businesses (the case dealt specifically with railroads) and introduced the much maligned phrase “separate but equal” into the United States lexicon The 1954 Brown v Board decision overruled this, declaring that state laws that had established separate schools for black and white students were, in fact, unequal and unconstitutional While the ruling paved the way toward civil rights, it was also met with contention in many communities In Arkansas in 1957, the governor mobilized the state National Guard to prevent black students from entering Little Rock Central High School President Eisenhower, in response, sent members of the 101st Airborne Division from Kentucky to uphold the students’ right to enter the school In 1963, almost ten years after the ruling, Governor George Wallace of Alabama used his own body to block two black students from entering the auditorium at the University of Alabama to enroll in the school Wallace’s desperate attempt to uphold his policy of “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever,” stated during his 1963 inauguration (PBS 2000) became known as the “Stand in the Schoolhouse Door.” He refused to grant entry to the students until a general from the Alabama National Guard arrived on President Kennedy’s order 1/9 Issues in Education President Eisenhower sent members of the 101st Airborne Division from Kentucky to escort black students into Little Rock Central High School after the governor of Arkansas tried to deny them entry (Photo courtesy of the U.S Army) Presently, students of all races and ethnicities are permitted into schools, but there remains a troubling gap in the equality of education they receive The long-term socially embedded effects of racism—and other discrimination and disadvantage—have left a residual mark of inequality in the nation’s education system Students from wealthy families and those of lower socioeconomic status not receive the same opportunities Today’s public schools, at least in theory, are positioned to help remedy those gaps Predicated on the notion of universal access, this system is mandated to accept and retain all students regardless of race, religion, social class, and the like Moreover, public schools are held accountable to equitable per-student spending (Resnick 2004) Private schools, usually only accessible to students from high-income families, and schools in more affluent areas generally enjoy access to greater resources and better opportunities In fact, some of the key predictors for student performance include socioeconomic status and family background Children from families of lower socioeconomic status often enter school with learning deficits they struggle to overcome throughout their educational tenure These patterns, uncovered in the landmark Coleman Report of 1966, are still highly relevant today, as sociologists still generally agree that there is a great divide in the performance of white students from affluent backgrounds and their nonwhite, less affluent, counterparts (Coleman 1966) Head Start The findings in the Coleman Report were so powerful that they brought about two major changes to education in the United States The federal Head Start program, which is still active and successful today, was developed to give low-income students an opportunity to make up the pre-school deficit discussed in Coleman’s findings The program provides academic-centered preschool to students of low socioeconomic status 2/9 Issues in Education Busing The second major change brought about after the release of the Coleman Report was less successful than the Head Start program and has been the subject of a great deal of controversy With the goal of further desegregating education, courts across the United States ordered some school districts to begin a program that became known as “busing.” This program involved bringing students to schools outside their neighborhoods (and therefore schools they would not normally have the opportunity to attend) to bring racial diversity into balance This practice was met with a great deal of public resistance from people on both ...[...]... of international business research The output of this forum was thoughts and guidelines for future developments in international business research I am sure that the reader will find chapters in this book rigorous yet insightful and useful for better understanding of various issues facing international business researchers A primary mission of the IGMS is to promote cutting edge international business. .. with research topics developed in such a way as to compile existing research and identify emerging research areas that have a broader appeal beyond a single functional domain or an interdisciplinary application In trying to conceptualize the issue-based framework for international business research, we wanted to examine areas that were unique to interna- International business research 3 tional business. .. existing stock of IB research of the time and suggest future research directions, they all suffer 1 2 Emerging issues in international business research BOX 1.1 SHIFT IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS RESEARCH Traditional: International dimensions of a functional area Emerging: Issue-oriented learning that transcends national boundaries 1 Function-specific research that has appeal across functions and disciplines,... Temple University, sponsored an International Business Forum during 7–8 April 2000, under the title, Emerging Issues in International Business Research The purpose of this forum was to bring together both leading scholars and young rising stars in international business studies in order to open a dialogue as to the current status and future direction of the discipline as it confronts the challenges... Douglas, Susan P and C Samuel Craig (1992), ‘Advances in International Marketing’, International Journal of Research in Marketing, 9 (4), 291–318 Dunning, John H (1989), ‘The Study of International Business: A Plea for a More Interdisciplinary Approach’, Journal of International Business Studies, 20 (Fall), 411–36 Fayerweather, John (1969), International Business Management: A Conceptual Framework, New York:... perspective, business groups arise in the absence of well-functioning markets Thus, business groups are functional substitutes for production inputs The second approach, economic sociology, argues that business groups emerge in countries having 8 Emerging issues in international business research prevalent vertical relationships based on authority and subordination The third approach to the study of business. .. Czinkota, 2000), and Global Marketing Management (with Kristiaan Helsen, 2001) He serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Marketing, Journal of Module 7: Ethical Issues in Environmental and Occupational Health 159 MODULE 7 Ethical Issues in Environmental and Occupational Health Kristin Shrader-Frechette, PhD University of Notre Dame Issue Essay US physicist Alvin Weinberg (1988) claims that today’s environmental-health problems are relatively trivial. Although many aspects of human well being are influenced by the environment, Weinberg says that environmental-health problems (such as liquid and airborne wastes, stresses in the workplace, and unsafe food) are sensationalized by the hypochondria of laypeople. Weinberg believes that these contemporary hypochondriacs are driven by an hysteria analogous to the irrationality that drove fourteenth- and fifteenth-century witch hunts. Just as people eventually learned that witches did not cause misfortunes, Weinberg claims that the public must learn that various environmental problems do not cause the public-health problems often attributed to them. He says the public needs to come to its senses, just as those who killed more than a million alleged witches eventually came to their senses. Public-interest activist and attorney Ralph Nader, however, thinks Weinberg is wrong (Nader 2000). He believes that many of today’s public-health problems are substantial, increasing, and largely environmentally induced. The culprit behind this “corporate cancer,” Nader believes, is the profit motive. Labor leader Sheldon Samuels (1988) agrees with Nader and claims that workplace health problems are increasing, largely because of an “industrial cannibalism,” industries’ killing their own workers in order to save money on pollution control. Background Who is right about environmental-health threats, the Alvin Weinbergs or the Ralph Naders of the world? Are environmental-health risks minimal, but fueled by public ignorance and hypochondria? Or are environmental-health risks massive, but covered up by vested interests attempting to reduce manufacturing costs? To answer these questions, it is important to examine environmental-health problems faced by at least three distinct groups workers, the public, and the poor or members of minority groups. Medical doctors long have realized that workers face special public-health threats as a consequence of workplace exposure to various environmental hazards. In 1472 a German booklet warned goldsmiths how to avoid poisoning by mercury and lead. And in 1556, the mineralogist Agricola wrote the first known review of miners’ health problems. He noted that some women who lived near the mines of the Carpathian Mountains in Eastern Europe had lost seven successive husbands to mine-related accidents and diseases. Pleading with employers to make workplaces safer, in 1700 Italian physician Ramazzini wrote Diseases of Workers (Shrader-Frechette 2002, ch. 7). More than two centuries ago, Percival Pott linked coal tars to the scrotal cancer that killed young chimney sweeps in England. Yet today thousands of coke-oven workers in steel mills around the world continue to inhale the same deadly substances, and they are dying of cancer at 10 times the rate of other Module 7: Ethical Issues in Environmental and Occupational Health 160 steel workers (Leigh 1995). Even in nations like the US, annual occupation-related deaths are approximately five times greater than those caused by the illegal drug trade and approximately four times greater than those caused by AIDS (Leigh 1995). A later case study will examine whether occupational health is getting better or worse and whether the current state of occupational health raises any [...]... conditions must be met for ethical caring Hanford speaks of nursing having to practise in a ‘chronically ethically diminished state’ Nursing administration needs to create an environment, she suggests, where conditions for care may flourish In chapter 12 Dickenson also raises questions about care, examining nurse time treated as a resource I think her case runs into great difficulties, pointing to a deeper question—does... reductionist in one way or another’ (p 196) Noddings’ book has been seminal in the United States, especially in the debate about moral education, but has hardly entered into the debate about nursing Noddings sees care as the true basis of ethical behaviour If this is true, since caring is said by many to be the essence of nursing, 16 INTRODUCTION Noddings’ work might be expected to have something important...x Linda Smith is a Lecturer-Practitioner in Nursing, based at the Hammersmith Hospital and is a specialist in care of the elderly and in nursing research Deborah Taplin is Lecturer-Practitioner in Nursing, based at the Hammersmith Hospital and is a specialist in critical care Paul Wainwright is Programme Manager (Graduate Studies) for the Mid and West Wales College of Nursing & Midwifery,... of machines and operating instructions, can easily be separated from a way of thinking in terms of machines, a machine-like way of thinking The recovery of nursing care requires not so much more thinking about the ‘proper place of technology’, but rather less technological thinking Feeding has always been a part of nursing care, but of late it has become more of a technical process and a part of medical... etc.? Nursing is defined and moulded and driven by forces outside nursing and which nursing has never really understood or challenged How far is self-regulation and upward (line 14 INTRODUCTION management) accountability able to serve the public good and thus serve the truth in nursing, the truth of nursing? The circle is broken, can it be closed, and how? I am critical of an imposed discipline which... from instruction in professional ethics and the law I take it for granted that the debate is illuminating and the instruction useful What one has to beware of is making the problem appear to be one of finding the technically right procedure or method for dealing with ethical decisions’, as though the problem were similar in kind to finding the right medication or the right diagnosis or the right administrative... unease in one way or another More often than not discussions end up in an exploration of the constraints on their freedom to care Two general and related constraints, nearly always emerge: the way in which medicine defines health and illness, reflected in the way doctors think about and ‘approach’ people in care EcoProduction Environmental Issues in Logistics and Manufacturing Series Editor Paulina Golinska For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/10152 Paulina Golinska • Carlos Andres Romano Editors Environmental Issues in Supply Chain Management New Trends and Applications 123 Editors Paulina Golinska Poznan University of Technology Strzelecka 11 60-965 Poznan Poland Carlos Andres Romano Department of Management Polytechnic University of Valencia Camino de Vera S/N 46022 Valencia Spain ISSN 2193-4614 ISSN 2193-4622 (electronic) ISBN 978-3-642-23561-0 ISBN 978-3-642-23562-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23562-7 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2012939333 Ó Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 This work is subject to copyright. 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Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Preface On the Way to Environmental Friendly Supply Chain Management Traditionally, supply chain management is defined as design, planning, and control of flow of goods among a number of independent entities from sourcing base to the final consumers. For the last 20 years, environmental issues of supply chain management have gained a growing concern among academia and practitioners. First, this was because governments imposed new regulations for environment protection in a number of countries around the world and then researchers have included these new constraints and objective functions in their models to represent better the new reality. The second reason is because companies have faced the need to seek for new ways of costs reduction and appropriate products returns management. The effort to improve supply chains using environmental friendly management approaches results in manufacturing performance improvements by developing new ways to manage product quality, quantity, and production system flexibility by collaborating with suppliers, dealers, and consumers. In order to do this, companies have to fix their common environmental objectives, ... oppose bilingual 3/9 Issues in Education education often point to the need for English fluency in everyday life and in the professional world Charter Schools Charter schools are self-governing public... diversity remain at the heart of issues in education, with programs such as the Head Start program attempting to give students equal footing Other educational issues that impact society include charter... fosters lifelong learning and transferable work skills Bilingual Education New issues of inequality have entered the national conversation in recent years with the issue of bilingual education, which