Freshwater Aquaculture in the Lower Mekong Basin Freshwater Aquaculture in the Lower Mekong Basin MRC Technical Paper No. 7 October 2002 Mekong River Commission Published in Phnom Penh in October 2002 by the Mekong River Commission This document should be cited as: Phillips, M. J. 2002. Fresh water aquaculture in the Lower Mekong Basin. MRC Technical Paper No. 7, Mekong River Commission, Phnom Penh. 62 pp. ISSN: 1683-1489 This paper was compiled by M.J. Phillips, with contributions from those listed in the Acknowledgements. The opinions and interpretations expressed within are those of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Mekong River Commission. Editor: Ann Bishop Layout: Boonruang Song-ngam © Mekong River Commission P.O. Box 1112, 364 M.V. Preah Monivong Boulevard Phnom Penh, Cambodia Telephone: (855-23) 720-979 Fax: (855-23) 720-972 E-mail: mrcs@mrcmekong.org Website: www.mrcmekong.org Acknowledgements The material presented here was initially gathered for the MRC Fisheries Sector Review, and subsequently edited into this MRC Technical Paper. The paper is based on contributions of aquaculture and rural development specialists working in the Mekong basin. A meeting of some of these experts, hosted by NACA in Bangkok in May 2001, prepared a first draft that was developed through further consultation, including during the NACA/ACIAR workshop on “Feeds and Feeding Constraints in Inland Aquaculture: Research and Extension Priorities” hosted by the Government of Cambodia in Siem Reap, Cambodia on 24 th -26 th June 2002. The contributions of the following individuals are gratefully acknowledged: Graham Haylor (STREAM), Simon Funge- Smith (FAO), Rohana Subasinghe (FAO), Hans Guttman (MRC), Sten Sverdrup Jensen (MRC Sector Review coordinator/editor), Melba Reantaso (NACA), Don Griffiths (READ Component, MRC), Jorgen Jensen (MRC), Chris Barlow (MRC), Khamchai Lawonyawut (DOF, Thailand), Xaypladeth Choulamany (LARReC, Lao PDR), Srum Lim Song (DOF, Cambodia), Simon Bush (Australian Mekong Resource Centre, University of Sydney), Nguyen Thanh Phuong (Can Tho University, Viet Nam), Peter Edwards (AIT, Thailand) and Sena De Silva (Deakin University, Australia). Abbreviations and Acronyms ACIAR Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research AIMS Aquaculture of Indigenous Mekong Species AIT Asian Institute of Technology DfID Department for International Development (of the United Kingdom) DOF Department of Fisheries FAO Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) IPM Integrated Pest Management Lao PDR Lao People’s Democratic Republic LARReC Living Aquatic Resources Research Centre MRC Mekong River Commission NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific NGO Non-governmental organisation READ Rural Extension for Aquaculture Development STREAM Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management VAC Vietnamese words vuon (garden or orchard), ao (fish pond) and chuong (pig sty or poultry shed). Table of Contents Summary - English .1 Summary - Khmer 5 Summary - Lao 11 Summary - Thai .17 Summary - Vietnamese .23 1- STATUS OF AQUACULTURE IN THE LOWER MEKONG BASIN .29 1.1 Background 29 1.2 Aquaculture production in Errors in Meiosis Errors in Meiosis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Inherited disorders can arise when chromosomes behave abnormally during meiosis Chromosome disorders can be divided into two categories: abnormalities in chromosome number and chromosome structural rearrangements Because even small segments of chromosomes can span many genes, chromosomal disorders are characteristically dramatic and often fatal Disorders in Chromosome Number The isolation and microscopic observation of chromosomes forms the basis of cytogenetics and is the primary method by which clinicians detect chromosomal abnormalities in humans A karyotype is the number and appearance of chromosomes, including their length, banding pattern, and centromere position To obtain a view of an individual’s karyotype, cytologists photograph the chromosomes and then cut and paste each chromosome into a chart, or karyogram ([link]) This karyogram shows the chromosomes of a female human immune cell during mitosis (credit: Andreas Bolzer, et al) Careers in Action Geneticists Use Karyograms to Identify Chromosomal AberrationsThe karyotype is a method by which traits characterized by chromosomal abnormalities can be identified from a single cell To observe an individual’s karyotype, a person’s cells (like white blood cells) are first collected from a blood sample or other tissue In the laboratory, the isolated cells are stimulated to begin actively dividing A chemical is then applied to the cells to arrest mitosis during metaphase The cells are then fixed to a slide The geneticist then stains chromosomes with one of several dyes to better visualize the distinct and reproducible banding patterns of each chromosome pair Following staining, 1/9 Errors in Meiosis chromosomes are viewed using bright-field microscopy An experienced cytogeneticist can identify each band In addition to the banding patterns, chromosomes are further identified on the basis of size and centromere location To obtain the classic depiction of the karyotype in which homologous pairs of chromosomes are aligned in numerical order from longest to shortest, the geneticist obtains a digital image, identifies each chromosome, and manually arranges the chromosomes into this pattern ([link]) At its most basic, the karyogram may reveal genetic abnormalities in which an individual has too many or too few chromosomes per cell Examples of this are Down syndrome, which is identified by a third copy of chromosome 21, and Turner syndrome, which is characterized by the presence of only one X chromosome in women instead of two Geneticists can also identify large deletions or insertions of DNA For instance, Jacobsen syndrome, which involves distinctive facial features as well as heart and bleeding defects, is identified by a deletion on chromosome 11 Finally, the karyotype can pinpoint translocations, which occur when a segment of genetic material breaks from one chromosome and reattaches to another chromosome or to a different part of the same chromosome Translocations are implicated in certain cancers, including chronic myelogenous leukemia By observing a karyogram, geneticists can actually visualize the chromosomal composition of an individual to confirm or predict genetic abnormalities in offspring even before birth Nondisjunctions, Duplications, and Deletions Of all the chromosomal disorders, abnormalities in chromosome number are the most easily identifiable from a karyogram Disorders of chromosome number include the duplication or loss of entire chromosomes, as well as changes in the number of complete sets of chromosomes They are caused by nondisjunction, which occurs when pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis The risk of nondisjunction increases with the age of the parents Nondisjunction can occur during either meiosis I or II, with different results ([link]) If homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I, the result is two gametes that lack that chromosome and two gametes with two copies of the chromosome If sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II, the result is one gamete that lacks that chromosome, two normal gametes with one copy of the chromosome, and one gamete with two copies of the chromosome 2/9 Errors in Meiosis Following meiosis, each gamete has one copy of each chromosome Nondisjunction occurs when homologous chromosomes (meiosis I) or sister chromatids (meiosis II) fail to separate during meiosis An individual with the appropriate number of chromosomes for their species is called euploid; in humans, euploidy corresponds to 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes An individual with an error in chromosome number is described as aneuploid, a term that includes monosomy (loss of one chromosome) or trisomy (gain of an extraneous chromosome) Monosomic human zygotes missing any one copy of an autosome invariably fail to develop to birth because they have only one copy of essential genes Most autosomal ... Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page i Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page ii Managing Risk in Organizations Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page iii Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page iv J. Davidson Frame Managing Risk in Organizations A Guide for Managers Q Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page v Copyright © 2003 by J. Davidson Frame. Published by Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103-1741 www.josseybass.com No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201-748-6011, fax 201-748-6008, e-mail: permcoordinator@wiley.com. The Washington Post story on pp. 13–14 is © 2001, The Washington Post. Reprinted with permission. Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800-956-7739, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3986 or fax 317-572-4002. Jossey-Bass also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Frame, J. Davidson. Managing risk in organizations : a guide for managers / by J. Davidson Frame.—1st ed. p. cm.—(The Jossey-Bass business & management series) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-7879-6518-9 (alk. paper) 1. Risk management. I. Title. II. Series. HD61.F726 2003 658.15’5—dc21 2003008144 Printed in the United States of America FIRST EDITION HB Printing 10987654321 Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page vi The Jossey-Bass Business & Management Series Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page vii Frame.ffirs 6/16/03 12:59 PM Page viii [...]... Business risk • Project risk • Operational risk • Technical risk • Political risk These risk categories are not mutually exclusive Thus, technical risks can also be pure risks as well, and operational risk may contribute substantially to project risk Total ignorance Uncertainty Risk Perfect information Figure 1.2 Risk, Uncertainty, and Levels of Information 10 MANAGING RISK IN ORGANIZATIONS Pure (or Insurable)... describes various types of risk you can encounter: pure risk, operational risk, project risk, technical risk, business risk, and political risk Finally, it offers a framework for handling Preface xv risk: risk planning, risk identification, qualitative and quantitative impact analysis, risk response planning, and risk monitoring and control Chapter Two looks at the practical limitations of risk management It... Limitations of Risk Management 17 3 Organizing to Deal with Risk 32 4 Identifying Risk 49 5 Assessing Impacts of Risk Events— Qualitative Impact Analysis 68 Assessing Impacts of Risk Events— Quantitative Analysis 83 6 1 Assessing the Impacts of Risk Events: The Role of Probability and Statistics 104 8 Planning to Handle Risk 134 9 Monitoring and Controlling Risk 150 10 Business Risk 177 11 Operational Risks... encouraged the dissemination of the new techniques of )HDWXUH $UWLFOH 129(// $33127(6 .94-07 0XOWLSURFHVVLQJ6XSSRUWLQ 1HW:DUH .HYLQ %XUQHWW 6HQLRU 5HVHDUFK (QJLQHHU 1RYHOO $SS1RWHV NEXUQHWW#QRYHOOFRP NetWare 6 is a reliable, highly-scalable version of NetWare which takes advantage of high-powered Multi-Processor (MP) server hardware by MP-enabling the complete packet transfer from the wire to the storage media. This AppNote provides background information about NetWare 6’s MP functionality and explains how MP-enabled programs run on NetWare 6. It details the MP-related improvements made in NetWare 6 and discusses development opportunities for the new OS. &RQWHQWV • A Short History of NetWare MP • NetWare 6 MP Functionality • Running Programs on NetWare 6 • Improvements in NetWare 6 Multiprocessing • Development Opportunities for NetWare 6 MP • Conclusion 7RSLFV QHWZRUN SURJUDPPLQJ 1HW:DUH PXOWLSURFHVVLQJ 3URGXFWV 1HW:DUH $XGLHQFH QHWZRUN DGPLQLVWUDWRUV LQWHJUDWRUV GHYHORSHUV /HYHO EHJLQQHU 3UHUHTXLVLWH 6NLOOV IDPLOLDULW\ ZLWK QHWZRUNLQJ EDVLFV 2SHUDWLQJ 6\VWHP 1HW:DUH 7RROV 1RYHOO .HUQHO 6HUYLFHV 1.6 1'. 6DPSOH &RGH QR ZZZQRYHOOFRPDSSQRWHV $ 6KRUW +LVWRU\ RI 1HW:DUH 03 NetWare 6 is Novell’s second-generation MP network operating system. Actually it could be looked at as being a third generation, as you will see from this short history. Novell introduced MP functionality with NetWare 4.x. This first attempt was somewhat limited in functionality in that the core operating system (OS) was not MP-enabled. All of the core OS functionality had to be funneled to processor 0, which is the default processor that threads are run on when the application is not MP-compliant. This version of NetWare allowed applications that were written to the MP standard to run on processors other than processor 0. But any time the application needed to use core OS functionality—disk access, transmit on the wire, and so on—the request had to be reverted back to processor 0. Hence, it was not a complete solution. With the advent of NetWare 5, the MP functionality was completely rewritten and integrated into the NetWare OS Kernel. This made the vast majority of OS functionality MP-compliant. However, there were still some essential services that had to run on processor 0. Functionality such as LAN drivers and disk drivers still needed to be MP-enabled. In NetWare 6, all components are MP-compliant. The whole chain of events, from the network wire to the hard disk storage devices, is MP-enabled. Thus with NetWare 6, Novell now provides a complete MP server solution. 1HW:DUH 03 )XQFWLRQDOLW\ NetWare 6 has been designed from the ground up to run on Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP) hardware. Typically, a computer hardware manufacturer will refer to a SMP machine as a “high-end server.” Today, SMP machines are shipped with one to 32 processors. In most cases, the machines are processor upgradable, meaning you can add processors as your needs demand it. A benefit of upgrading to an SMP machine is that you can have a server with six processors doing the work that up to six separate servers used to do. As shipped, NetWare 6 includes the following MP-enabled components: 3URWRFRO 6WDFNV 1HW:DUH &RUH 3URWRFROV 1&3 6HUYLFH /RFDWLRQ 3URWRFROV 6/3 ,3 6WDFN +773 (WKHUQHW &RQQHFWLYLW\ 7RNHQ 5LQJ &RQQHFWLYLW\ :HEEDVHG 'LVWULEXWHG $XWKRULQJ DQG 9HUVLRQLQJ :HE'$9 /LJKWZHLJKW 'LUHFWRU\ $FFHVV 3URWRFRO /'$3 2FWREHU Before we discuss MP and the way it is implemented in NetWare 6, a discussion of threads is in order. This is because to truly understand MP, you need to understand threads. 7KUHDGV LQ 1HW:DUH Ever since NetWare was first released, it [...]... -1 when adding a vowel ending: quarrel + ing instal + ed excel + ent ^ = quarrelling = installed = excellent Notice how the change of stress in these words affects the spelling: confer conferred conferring conference defer deferred deferring deference infer inferred inferring inference prefer preferred preferring preference refer referred referring reference transfer transferred transferring transference... beginning with a vowel, drop the -e: hope + ing care + er sincere + ity separate + ion achieve + ed = = = = = hoping carer sincerity separation achieved Do, however, keep the -e in words like singeing (different from singing) and dyeing (different 5 ADDING ENDINGS from dying) and whenever you need to keep the identity of the base word clear (e.g shoeing, canoeing) Do remember to keep the -e with soft... win + some See CONSONANTS = droplet = flatly = winsome When you add an ending beginning with a vowel to a 1-1-1 word, you double the final letter of the base word: 4 ADDING ENDINGS drop + ed = dropped flat + est = flattest win + ing = winning sun + *y = sunny *y counts as a vowel when it sounds like i or e See VOWELS Treat qu as one letter: quit + ing quip + ed = quitting = quipped Don't double final... laziness Do keep the y when adding -ing Two i's together would look very odd, despite our two words ski-ing and taxi-ing try + ing empty + ing = trying = emptying Don't apply the rule in these fourteen cases: daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, slain, babyhood, shyly, shyness, dryness, slyness, wryly, wry ness 6 ADDING ENDINGS (iv) The 2-1-1 rule This rule applies to: words of TWO syllables ending... approaching (not apr-) aquaint Wrong spelling See ACQUAINT 23 AQUAINTANCE aquaintance Wrong spelling See ACQUAINTANCE aquarium (singular) aquaria or aquariums (plural) See FOREIGN PLURALS aquiesce Wrong spelling See ACQUIESCE aquiescence Wrong spelling See ACQUIESCENCE aquire Wrong spelling See ACQUIRE arange Wrong spelling See ARRANGE arbiter or arbitrator? An ARBITER is a judge or someone with decisive influence... truly, duly, ninth, argument, wholly, awful, whilst, wisdom (iii) -y rule This rule applies to all words ending in -y Look at the letter before the -y in the base word It doesn't matter at all what kind of ending you are adding When you add an ending to a word ending in a vowel + y, keep the y: portray + ed employ + ment = portrayed = employment When you add an ending to a word ending in a consonant... correctly: tax + ing paw + ed = taxing = pawed (ii) The magic -e rule This rule applies to all words ending with a silent -e e.g hope, care, achieve, sincere, separate When you add an ending beginning with a consonant, keep the -e: hope + ful care + less sincere + ly separate + ly achieve + ment = = = = = hopeful careless sincerely separately achievement When you add an ending beginning with a vowel,... spelling See ANOINT announce announced, announcing, announcer, announcement (not -n-) annoy annoyed, annoying, annoyance (not anoy or annoied) annul annulled, annulling, annulment See ADDING ENDINGS (iv) anoint (not -nn-) anounce Wrong spelling See ANNOUNCE anoy Wrong spelling See ANNOY ante-/antiANTE- means before, antenatal = before birth ANTI- means against, antifreeze = against freezing antecedent... adapter 3 ADDENDUM of novels, for instance) and -or for the piece of electrical equipment However, the distinction has become very blurred and the two spellings are considered by many authorities to be interchangeable Use either for both meanings but be consistent within a single piece of writing addendum (singular) addenda (plural) See FOREIGN PLURALS adding endings Usually endings (suffixes) can be added... amusing account of something that has happened An ANTIDOTE is a medicine taken to counteract a poison angsiety Wrong spelling See ANXIETY angsious Wrong spelling See ANXIOUS annex or annexe? To ANNEX is to take possession of a country or part of a country An ANNEX is another word for an Even the possibility that the legal basis for a stable, functional marketplace for computer software might be threatened is enough to create alarm in the industry, … one of the few high-tech industries in which U. S. firms still enjoy a commanding position in international trade. —Lewis Branscomb, Director, Science, Technology and Public Policy Program, Harvard University As an attorney, I want to make it possible for him [the businessman] to be able to get back something on the R& D investment, which today can run millions and millions of dollars. —J. Jancin, Jr., Counsel, IBM Corp. The purpose of the Constitution is to protect originality and useful originality. So, if you spend $3 billion doing something fundamentally useless, the Constitution doesn't really care. —Esther Dyson, Publisher, "Release 1.0" [T] here is a stultifying, dulling effect— in some cases subtle, [in others] not so subtle—[ resulting from] the confusion that has arisen in this field, which is slowing down activity. It is slowing down the small companies, …and it is slowing down the large companies. —Robert Spinad, Director, Corporate Technology, Xerox Corp. Copyright is procompetitive. It allows the competitor to enter a market by independently creating, via his own R& D, a competing product. —Howard G. Figueroa, Vice President, Commercial and Industry Relations, IBM Corp. We can be hurt in our company by too much protection or too little protection. —Frank Ingari, Vice President, Spreadsheet Division, Lotus Development Corp. National Research Council Staff. All rights reserved.results of a survey sponsored by the Massachusetts Software Council. About 75 percent of the respondents said that they relied on trade secret law, and only 25 percent relied on copyright, even though this latter protection applies to works of authorship, published and unpublished, and can be used in conjunction with trade secrets. Only 8 percent of the software vendors said they used patents. Heavy reliance on trade secret law can pose considerable risk since innovations protected in this manner do not qualify as prior art and, therefore, may be eligible for patenting, perhaps by a competing firm. THE PATENT-COPYRIGHT INTERFACE If for no other reason, the status of software as both patentable and copyrightable intellectual property makes the technology unusual. As has long been true of some industrial designs in developed countries, explained Jerome Reichman of Vanderbilt University, treatment in both legal domains poses the potential for a conflict between two conceptually separate branches of the law— copyright and patent— at both the domestic and the international levels. Stressing the need for a "holistic approach" to the different forms of intellectual property protection, John Shoch of the Asset Management Co. said that the seeming division of legal perspectives frustrates those within the industry. "[W]e can have a wonderful discourse on the impact and limits of copyright law," he said, "and we can have another wonderful discourse on the limits of patent law, and it is right at the edge where things get interesting." Treatises on copyright, Shoch added, focus on 58 distinguishing between protectable expression and idea, the point at which patent lawyers are likely "to pick up the gaunlet." Yet software seems amenable to both protections, sometimes simultaneously. For example, copyright attorneys can argue cogently that disputes over the ownership of graphical displays and the sequencing of commands— that is the look and feel of user interfaces— should be resolved in the copyright arena because the issues center on creative expression. Objecting to the subjectivity of copyright concepts, such as "look and feel" and "structure, sequence, and organization," patent attorneys argue just Issues in ... humans, but that during the duplication it was inverted (inserted into the chromosome in reverse orientation A comparison of human and chimpanzee genes in the region of this inversion indicates that... gain or loss of genetic information ([link]) 7/9 Errors in Meiosis An (a) inversion occurs when a chromosome segment breaks from the chromosome, reverses its orientation, and then reattaches in. .. species 5/9 Errors in Meiosis Chromosome Structural Rearrangements Cytologists have characterized numerous structural rearrangements in chromosomes, including partial duplications, deletions, inversions,