Overview of Photosynthesis

Bài 1: Overview of SQL Server 2000 Tác giả: Vovisoft.comÐể đọc và hiểu bài viết này bạn phải có kiến thức căn bản về SQL và Access Database Giới Thiệu SQL Server 2000SQL Server 2000 là một hệ thống quản lý cơ sở dữ liệu (Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) ) sử dụng Transact-SQL để trao đổi dữ liệu giữa Client computer và SQL Server computer. Một RDBMS bao gồm databases, database engine và các ứng dụng dùng để quản lý dữ liệu và các bộ phận khác nhau trong RDBMS.SQL Server 2000 được tối ưu để có thể chạy trên môi trường cơ sở dữ liệu rất lớn (Very Large Database Environment) lên đến Tera-Byte và có thể phục vụ cùng lúc cho hàng ngàn user. SQL Server 2000 có thể kết hợp "ăn ý" với các server khác như Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), E-Commerce Server, Proxy Server SQL Server có 7 editions:• Enterprise : Chứa đầy đủ các đặc trưng của SQL Server và có thể chạy tốt trên hệ thống lên đến 32 CPUs và 64 GB RAM. Thêm vào đó nó có các dịch vụ giúp cho việc phân tích dữ liệu rất hiệu quả (Analysis Services) • Standard : Rất thích hợp cho các công ty vừa và nhỏ vì giá thành rẻ hơn nhiều so với Enterprise Edition, nhưng lại bị giới hạn một số chức năng cao cấp (advanced features) khác, edition này có thể chạy tốt trên hệ thống lên đến 4 CPU và 2 GB RAM. • Personal: được tối ưu hóa để chạy trên PC nên có thể cài đặt trên hầu hết các phiên bản windows kể cả Windows 98. • Developer : Có đầy đủ các tính năng của Enterprise Edition nhưng được chế tạo đặc biệt như giới hạn số lượng người kết nối vào Server cùng một lúc Ðây là edition mà các bạn muốn học SQL Server cần có. Chúng ta sẽ dùng edition này trong suốt khóa học. Edition này có thể cài trên Windows 2000 Professional hay Win NT Workstation. • Desktop Engine (MSDE): Ðây chỉ là một engine chạy trên desktop và không có user interface (giao diện). Thích hợp cho việc triển khai ứng dụng ở máy client. Kích thước database bị giới hạn khoảng 2 GB. • Win CE : Dùng cho các ứng dụng chạy trên Windows CE • Trial: Có các tính năng của Enterprise Edition, download free, nhưng giới hạn thời gian sử dụng. Cài Ðặt SQL Server 2000 (Installation) Các bạn cần có Developer Edition và ít nhất là 64 MB RAM, 500 MB hard disk để có thể install SQL Server. Bạn có thể install trên Windows Server hay Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 Professional hay NT Workstation nhưng không thể install trên Win 98 family.Vì một trong những đặc điểm của các sản phẩm Microsoft là dễ install nên chúng tôi không trình bày chi tiết về cách install hay các bước install mà chỉ trình bày các điểm cần lưu ý khi install mà thôi. Nếu các bạn gặp trở ngại trong việc install thì có thể đưa lên forum để hỏi thêm. Khi install bạn cần lưu ý các điểm sau:Ở màn hình thứ hai bạn chọn Install Database Server. Sau khi install xong SQL Server bạn có thể install thêm Analysis Service nếu bạn thích.Ở màn hình Installation Definition bạn chọn Server and Client Tools.Sau đó bạn nên chọn kiểu Custom và chọn tất cả các bộ phận của SQL Server. Ngoài ra nên chọn các giá trị mặc định Overview of Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth; both plants and animals depend on it It is the only biological process that can capture energy that originates in outer space (sunlight) and convert it into chemical compounds (carbohydrates) that every organism uses to power its metabolism In brief, the energy of sunlight is captured and used to energize electrons, which are then stored in the covalent bonds of sugar molecules How long lasting and stable are those covalent bonds? The energy extracted today by the burning of coal and petroleum products represents sunlight energy captured and stored by photosynthesis almost 200 million years ago Plants, algae, and a group of bacteria called cyanobacteria are the only organisms capable of performing photosynthesis ([link]) Because they use light to manufacture their own food, they are called photoautotrophs (literally, “self-feeders using light”) Other organisms, such as animals, fungi, and most other bacteria, are termed heterotrophs (“other feeders”), because they must rely on the sugars produced by photosynthetic organisms for their energy needs A third very interesting group of bacteria synthesize sugars, not by using sunlight’s energy, but by extracting energy from inorganic chemical compounds; hence, they are referred to as chemoautotrophs 1/8 Overview of Photosynthesis Photoautotrophs including (a) plants, (b) algae, and (c) cyanobacteria synthesize their organic compounds via photosynthesis using sunlight as an energy source Cyanobacteria and planktonic algae can grow over enormous areas in water, at times completely covering the surface In a (d) deep sea vent, chemoautotrophs, such as these (e) thermophilic bacteria, capture energy from inorganic compounds to produce organic compounds The ecosystem surrounding the vents has a diverse array of animals, such as tubeworms, crustaceans, and octopi that derive energy from the bacteria (credit a: modification of work by Steve Hillebrand, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service; credit b: modification of work by "eutrophication&hypoxia"/Flickr; credit c: modification of work by NASA; credit d: University of Washington, NOAA; credit e: modification of work by Mark Amend, West Coast and Polar Regions Undersea Research Center, UAF, NOAA) The importance of photosynthesis is not just that it can capture sunlight’s energy A lizard sunning itself on a cold day can use the sun’s energy to warm up Photosynthesis is vital because it evolved as a way to store the energy in solar radiation (the “photo” part) as high-energy electrons in the carbon-carbon bonds of carbohydrate molecules (the “-synthesis” part) Those carbohydrates are the energy source that heterotrophs use to power the synthesis of ATP via respiration Therefore, photosynthesis powers 99 percent of Earth’s ecosystems When a top predator, such as a wolf, preys on a deer ([link]), the wolf is at the end of an energy path that went from nuclear reactions on the surface of the sun, to light, to photosynthesis, to vegetation, to deer, and finally to wolf The energy stored in carbohydrate molecules from photosynthesis passes through the food chain The predator that eats these deer receives a portion of the energy that originated in the photosynthetic vegetation that the deer consumed (credit: modification of work by Steve VanRiper, U.S Fish and Wildlife Service) Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a multi-step process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide (which is low in energy), and water as substrates ([link]) After the process is complete, it releases oxygen and produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P), simple carbohydrate molecules (which are high in energy) that can subsequently be converted into glucose, 2/8 Overview of Photosynthesis sucrose, or any of dozens of other sugar molecules These sugar molecules contain energy and the energized carbon that all living things need to survive Photosynthesis uses solar energy, carbon dioxide, and water to produce energy-storing carbohydrates Oxygen is generated as a waste product of photosynthesis The following is the chemical equation for photosynthesis ([link]): The basic equation for photosynthesis is deceptively simple In reality, the process takes place in many steps involving intermediate reactants and products Glucose, the primary energy source in cells, is made from two three-carbon GA3Ps Although the equation looks simple, the many steps that take place during photosynthesis are actually quite complex Before learning the details of how photoautotrophs turn sunlight into food, it is important to become familiar with the structures involved In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called the mesophyll The gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen occurs through small, regulated openings called stomata ... Outline: I. Introduction and overview of KFC Corporation II. Body 1. Environment factors effect to international strategies of KFC 1.1. National environment 1.1.1. Home country: America 1.1.2. Host countries 1.1.2.1. Vietnam 1.1.2.2. Australia 2. International environment factors 1.2.1. The political environment 1.2.2. The economic environment 1.2.3. The social cultural environment 1.2.4. The demographic environment 1.2.5. The technological environment 2. How does KFC segment the market 2.1. In America 2.2. In Vietnam 2.3. In Australia 3. Best activities that KFC used in Vietnam III. Conclusion Group members: 1. Phan Thi Thanh Binh ( group leader) 2. Le Thi Quynh Anh 3. Tu Thi Lan Anh 4. Hoang Thi Tuyet Anh 5. Le Thi Ngoc Anh 6. Nguyen Thi Anh 7. Mai Thi Chi 8. Nguyen Hong Chi 9. Do Thi Chinh 10. Nguyen Thi Cham I. The introduction and overview of Kentucky Fried Chicken 1.1. Introduction International marketing (IM) or global marketing refers to marketing carried out by companies overseas or across national borderlines. This strategy uses an extension of the techniques used in the home country of a firm. It refers to the firm-level marketing practices across the border including market identification and targeting, entry mode selection, marketing mix, and strategic decisions to compete in international markets. A international company must have a good international marketing strategy. To be successful in home country environment and host country environment, international businesses need use several factors in the environment to gauge the direction in which they should steer. There are various environmental factors which can impact the businesses in an economy. These environmental factors can be categorized into external and internal environment of the businesses. The internal environment of the company includes the factors which are within the company and under the control of company like product Organizational culture, Leadership, and Manufacturing (quality). On the other hand, the external factors are not under the control of the company and include Social environment, political conditions, suppliers, competitors of the company, Government regulations and policies, accounting agencies like Accounting standard board, Resources in an economy and demographics of people. From that, we can see environmental factors have much effects to international marketing strategy of an international company. And here is the case of KFC - the world's most popular chicken restaurant chain. It is not only successful in American, but also in many other countries over the world. To do this, KFC always evaluates the environmental factors and often find ways to succeed through innovative technologies, clever marketing tactics and unique product and service offerings. So, what are those environmental factors? How does KFC segment the market? What is the best activity KFC used Overview of Vietnam’s tourism The tourism industry in Vietnam today has become a fast-growing economic sector and occupies an important position in the economic structure of many countries. Vietnam is known for its famous landscapes and is recognized worldwide for its cultural heritages destinations such as Ha Long Bay, Phong Nha, Ke Bang, My Son, Hue, and the ancient town of Hoi An, with their rich and diverse natural settings. Besides those, Vietnam has some ecological systems of mangrove forests that have not been exploited such as Cuc Phuong in Ninh Binh and Pu Mat in Nghe An. Furthermore, Vietnam has many beautiful landscapes such as Phan Thiet in Binh Thuan, Nha Trang in Khanh Hoa, Bai Chay in Ha Long, Vung Tau which are suitable for the development of marine tourism. Therefore, Vietnam is and has been an ideal destination for travellers and international tourists alike. To further develop these scenic attractions, Vietnam should increasingly boost investment and upgrade infrastructure more comprehensively. One of the most basic measures to attract tourists is to create compelling services to meet the needs and preferences of guests, providing preliminary information for guests about the cultural life of the region that tourists visit. However, if the product is attractive, but the environment for tourists is inadequate, then you cannot create a solid foundation for recreational and tourist activities. Environmental tourism here is understood as tourism in the natural environment as well as cultural tourism. In recent years, the development of tourism in our country has created many business opportunities such as organizations opening the door for tourists to visit, additional investment and materials and the expansion of the road network, Tour price incentives and friendly people. But with the positive side there are many problems such as solving environmental pollution at tourist sites, some beggars stealing and clinging on to buyers. In addition, many business establishments have begun dying and losing business and people in some places are not friendly to tourists, some accommodation for visitors to rest remains to be clean. Importantly, these things have reduced Vietnam's image in the eyes of international tourists. Therefore, in recent years our country has offered solutions to limit the effects on tourism in particular and the environment in general. For example, last October, Ho Chi Minh City issued its 2010 Tourism development plan for Vietnam. Accordingly, in 2010, the city’s tourism industry has striven to fulfil and exceed the basic target. International visitors to the city reached 2.8 million, up 7% over 2009. Domestic tourists increased form 15-20%. Total revenue reached VND 40,000 billion, an increase of 15% over 2009’s revenue. As a result, it reinforces 1 the important role of tourism in Ho Chi Minh City as well as it affirms the development of “the Vietnam’s tourism of the new millennium.” Advantages of tourism development in Vietnam As we know to develop tourism in Vietnam successfully, the most crucial factor is to provide a pristine natural environment because this is the key to ensure lasting impressions and therefore satisfied customers. Also, when talking about the environment, by definition we mean both the natural and material elements, so creating a close inter-connected relationship of these aspects is equally important. As tourism grows, there should be little or no impact on the environment CHAPTER ONE: OVERVIEW OF BANKCARD 1.1. General introduction about bankcard 1.1.1 History of bankcard Bankcard history began when individual retail merchants extended credit to their customers, allowing them to charge purchases to an account held by the merchant. In 1730, Christopher Thompson, a furniture merchant, created the first advertisement for credit by offering furniture that could be paid off weekly. However, 1950 marked the real beginning of the credit card most of us are familiar with today. Diner’s Club, Inc. introduced the first credit card that could be used at a variety of stores and businesses. Advantages of this card immediately took notice of many people. In 1960, Bank of American introduced its own bankcard, the BankAmericard. In 1966, fourteen United States banks formed Interbank, a new association with the ability to exchange information on credit card transactions. The following year, 1967, four California banks changed their named from the California Bankcard Association to the Western States Bankcard Association (WSBA). The new WSBA licensed Interbank to use the MasterCharge name and logo. In the late 1960s, numerous financial institutions became MasterCharge (Interbank) members to compete with BankAmericard. Eventually, financial institutions interested in issuing cards in the U.S. became members of either BankAmericard or MasterCharge. In 1977, BankAmericard became Visa USA/ Visa International. In 1979, MasterCharge changed its name to MasterCard to reflect its expanded services. At the present time, the leaders in the bankcard systems are Visa, Master Card, Amex and JCB. Payment by bankcard quickly become popularity in other countries. In 1960, the first plastic card was used in Japan marked the beginning of bankcard in Asia. The first plastic card of Barcaly Bank issued in 1966 also highlighted a new period of development of bankcard in Europe. In Vietnam, the first card was accepted in 1990. It was the starting point for card’s products and services in Vietnam. Nowadays, bankcard presents all over the world in diversified forms which meet every demand of cardholders. Banks and financial institutions always try to improve bankcard to reach a friendly and convenient payment method for customers. 1.1.2. Concept and classification Everyday millions of people all around the globe are using bankcards for making credit card payments for their purchases. However, the fact that not every cardholders know concept of a bankcard * Concept: .In simple terms: A bankcard can be described as a plastic card issued by a bank or a financial institution, using which, the cardholder can gain access to the financial resources of the bank as a line of credit. * Classification: There are many types of cards that can be used as alternative forms of payment. Financial institutions issue some and banks issues others. Many allow the balance to be paid in full each month. Some take the payment directly from the cardholder’s bank account while others require that the cardholder send payment to the issuer. Herein, I list some popular ways to divide bankcards. Figure 1. - Types of bankcards Source: Developed for the report * Payment method: - Debit card: A plastic card used to initiate a debit transaction. In general, these transactions are used primarily to purchase goods and services and to obtain cash, for which the cardholder's asset account is debited by the issuer Debit card consist two basic types: + On-line debit card: An online-debit card deducts funds Bài 1: Overview of SQL Server 2000 Tác giả: Vovisoft.comÐể đọc và hiểu bài viết này bạn phải có kiến thức căn bản về SQL và Access Database Giới Thiệu SQL Server 2000SQL Server 2000 là một hệ thống quản lý cơ sở dữ liệu (Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) ) sử dụng Transact-SQL để trao đổi dữ liệu giữa Client computer và SQL Server computer. Một RDBMS bao gồm databases, database engine và các ứng dụng dùng để quản lý dữ liệu và các bộ phận khác nhau trong RDBMS.SQL Server 2000 được tối ưu để có thể chạy trên môi trường cơ sở dữ liệu rất lớn (Very Large Database Environment) lên đến Tera-Byte và có thể phục vụ cùng lúc cho hàng ngàn user. SQL Server 2000 có thể kết hợp "ăn ý" với các server khác như Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS), E-Commerce Server, Proxy Server SQL Server có 7 editions:• Enterprise : Chứa đầy đủ các đặc trưng của SQL Server và có thể chạy tốt trên hệ thống lên đến 32 CPUs và 64 GB RAM. Thêm vào đó nó có các dịch vụ giúp cho việc phân tích dữ liệu rất hiệu quả (Analysis Services) • Standard : Rất thích hợp cho các công ty vừa và nhỏ vì giá thành rẻ hơn nhiều so với Enterprise Edition, nhưng lại bị giới hạn một số chức năng cao cấp (advanced features) khác, edition này có thể chạy tốt trên hệ thống lên đến 4 CPU và 2 GB RAM. • Personal: được tối ưu hóa để chạy trên PC nên có thể cài đặt trên hầu hết các phiên bản windows kể cả Windows 98. • Developer : Có đầy đủ các tính năng của Enterprise Edition nhưng được chế tạo đặc biệt như giới hạn số lượng người kết nối vào Server cùng một lúc Ðây là edition mà các bạn muốn học SQL Server cần có. Chúng ta sẽ dùng edition này trong suốt khóa học. Edition này có thể cài trên Windows 2000 Professional hay Win NT Workstation. • Desktop Engine (MSDE): Ðây chỉ là một engine chạy trên desktop và không có user interface (giao diện). Thích hợp cho việc triển khai ứng dụng ở máy client. Kích thước database bị giới hạn khoảng 2 GB. • Win CE : Dùng cho các ứng dụng chạy trên Windows CE • Trial: Có các tính năng của Enterprise Edition, download free, nhưng giới hạn thời gian sử dụng. Cài Ðặt SQL Server 2000 (Installation) Các bạn cần có Developer Edition và ít nhất là 64 MB RAM, 500 MB hard disk để có thể install SQL Server. Bạn có thể install trên Windows Server hay Windows XP Professional, Windows 2000 Professional hay NT Workstation nhưng không thể install trên Win 98 family.Vì một trong những đặc điểm của các sản phẩm Microsoft là dễ install nên chúng tôi không trình bày chi tiết về cách install hay các bước install mà chỉ trình bày các điểm cần lưu ý khi install mà thôi. Nếu các bạn gặp trở ngại trong việc install thì có thể đưa lên forum để hỏi thêm. Khi install bạn cần lưu ý các điểm sau:Ở màn hình thứ hai bạn chọn Install Database Server. Sau khi install xong SQL Server bạn có thể install thêm Analysis Service nếu bạn thích.Ở màn hình Installation Definition bạn chọn Server and Client Tools.Sau đó bạn nên chọn kiểu Custom và chọn tất cả các bộ phận của SQL Server. Ngoài ra nên chọn các giá trị mặc định Overview of Photosynthesis Overview of Photosynthesis Bởi: OpenStaxCollege All living organisms on earth consist of one or more cells Each cell runs on the chemical energy found mainly in carbohydrate molecules (food), and the majority of these molecules are produced by one process: photosynthesis Through photosynthesis, certain organisms convert solar energy (sunlight) into chemical energy, which is then used to build carbohydrate molecules The energy used to hold these molecules together is released when an organism breaks down food Cells then use this energy to perform work, such as cellular respiration The energy that is harnessed from photosynthesis enters the ecosystems of our planet continuously and is transferred from one organism to another Therefore, directly or indirectly, the process of ... glucose, 2/8 Overview of Photosynthesis sucrose, or any of dozens of other sugar molecules These sugar molecules contain energy and the energized carbon that all living things need to survive Photosynthesis. .. plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells The process of photosynthesis occurs in a middle layer called the mesophyll The gas exchange of carbon... link to learn more about photosynthesis Everyday Connection Photosynthesis at the Grocery Store 5/8 Overview of Photosynthesis Foods that humans consume originate from photosynthesis (credit: