Overview of the Digestive System

Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 1 Chapter 2 An Overview of the Financial System Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 2 An Overview of the Financial System • Primary function of the Financial System is financial Intermediation • The channeling of funds from households, firms and governments who have surplus funds (savers) to those who have a shortage of funds (borrowers). • Direct finance vs. Indirect finance Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 3 An Overview of the Financial System II Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 4 Structure of Financial Markets I Debt Markets • Short-term (maturity < 1 year) – the Money Market • Long-term (maturity > 10 year) – the Capital Market • Medium-term (maturity >1 and < 10 years) Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 5 Structure of Financial Markets II • Equity Markets - Common stocks – Some make dividend payments – Equity holders are residual claimants • Primary Market - New security issues sold to initial buyers • Secondary Market - Securities previously issued are bought and sold • Brokers and Dealers Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 6 Structure of Financial Markets III Exchanges • Trades conducted in central locations (e.g., Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange) Over-the-Counter (OTC) Markets • Dealers at different locations buy and sell Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 7 Structure of Financial Markets IV Money and Capital Markets • Money market – trade in short-term debt instruments (maturity < 1 year) • Capital Market – trade in longer term debt (maturity > 1 year) Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 8 Financial Market Instruments I Money Market Instruments: • Government of Canada Treasury Bills • Certificates of Deposit • Commercial Paper • Repurchase Agreements • Overnight Funds Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 9 Financial Market Instruments II Copyright 2011  Pearson Canada Inc. 2 - 10 Financial Market Instruments III Capital Market Instruments – debt and equity instruments with maturities greater than 1 year. – Stocks – Mortgages – Corporate bonds – Government of Canada bonds [...]... inequality of information between counterparties 2- Function of Financial Intermediaries II 1 Reduce Transactions Costs • Financial intermediaries make profits by reducing transactions costs • They reduce transactions costs by developing expertise and taking advantage of economies of scale 2- Function of Financial Intermediaries III 2 Risk Sharing • Create and sell assets with low risk characteristics and then... currency other than the country in which it is sold • Eurocurrencies – foreign currencies deposited in banks outside the home country 2- World Stock Markets 2- Function of Financial Intermediaries I Financial Intermediaries • Engage in Overview of the Digestive System Overview of the Digestive System Bởi: OpenStaxCollege The function of the digestive system is to break down the foods you eat, release their nutrients, and absorb those nutrients into the body Although the small intestine is the workhorse of the system, where the majority of digestion occurs, and where most of the released nutrients are absorbed into the blood or lymph, each of the digestive system organs makes a vital contribution to this process ([link]) 1/10 Overview of the Digestive System Components of the Digestive System All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion As is the case with all body systems, the digestive system does not work in isolation; it functions cooperatively with the other systems of the body Consider for example, the interrelationship between the digestive and cardiovascular systems Arteries supply the digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients, and veins drain the digestive tract These intestinal veins, constituting the hepatic portal system, are unique; they not return blood directly to the heart Rather, this blood is diverted to the liver where its nutrients are off-loaded for processing before blood completes its circuit back to the heart At the same time, the digestive system provides nutrients to the heart muscle and vascular tissue to support their functioning The interrelationship of the digestive and endocrine systems is also critical Hormones secreted by several endocrine glands, as well as endocrine cells of the pancreas, the stomach, and the small intestine, contribute to the control of digestion and nutrient metabolism In turn, the digestive system provides the nutrients to fuel endocrine function [link] gives a quick glimpse at how these other systems contribute to the functioning of the digestive system Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System Body system Benefits received by the digestive system Cardiovascular Blood supplies digestive organs with oxygen and processed nutrients Endocrine Endocrine hormones help regulate secretion in digestive glands and accessory organs Integumentary Skin helps protect digestive organs and synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption Lymphatic Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue and other lymphatic tissue defend against entry of pathogens; lacteals absorb lipids; and lymphatic vessels transport lipids to bloodstream Muscular Skeletal muscles support and protect abdominal organs Nervous Sensory and motor neurons help regulate secretions and muscle contractions in the digestive tract Respiratory Respiratory organs provide oxygen and remove carbon dioxide Skeletal Bones help protect and support digestive organs 2/10 Overview of the Digestive System Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System Body system Benefits received by the digestive system Urinary Kidneys convert vitamin D into its active form, allowing calcium absorption in the small intestine Digestive System Organs The easiest way to understand the digestive system is to divide its organs into two main categories The first group is the organs that make up the alimentary canal Accessory digestive organs comprise the second group and are critical for orchestrating the breakdown of food and the assimilation of its nutrients into the body Accessory digestive organs, despite their name, are critical to the function of the digestive system Alimentary Canal Organs Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut, the alimentary canal (aliment- = “to nourish”) is a one-way tube about 7.62 meters (25 feet) in length during life and closer to 10.67 meters (35 feet) in length when measured after death, once smooth muscle tone is lost The main function of the organs of the alimentary canal is to nourish the body This tube begins at the mouth and terminates at the anus Between those two points, the canal is modified as the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines to fit the functional needs of the body Both the mouth and anus are open to the external environment; thus, food and wastes within the alimentary canal are technically considered to be outside the body Only through the process of absorption the nutrients in food enter into and nourish the body’s “inner space.” Accessory Structures Each accessory digestive organ aids in the breakdown of food ([link]) Within the mouth, the teeth and tongue begin mechanical digestion, whereas the salivary glands begin chemical digestion Once food products enter the small intestine, the gallbladder, liver, and pancreas release secretions—such as bile and enzymes—essential for digestion to continue Together, these are called accessory organs because they sprout from the lining cells of the developing gut (mucosa) and augment its function; indeed, you could not live without their vital contributions, and many significant diseases result from their malfunction Even after development is complete, they maintain a connection ... An Overview of the Computer System le s s o n 1 This lesson includes the following sections: • The Parts of a Computer System • Looking Inside the Machine • Software: Bringing the Machine to Life The Parts of a Computer System • What is a Computer? • Hardware • Software • Data • Users • A computer can convert data into information that is useful to people. • A complete computer system includes four distinct parts: Hardware Software Data User The Parts of a Computer System - What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device used to process data. • A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can see and touch. • The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc. The Parts of a Computer System - Hardware • Software – also called programs – consists of organized sets of instructions for controlling the computer. • Some programs exist for the computer's use, to help it manage its own tasks and devices. • Other programs exist for the user, and enable the computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating documents. The Parts of a Computer System - Software • Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. • Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers. • Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images. The Parts of a Computer System - Data Ten different symbols in the decimal system Numbers above 9 use more than 1 digit [...]... software and application software Bringing the Machine to Life – System Software • System software exists primarily for the computer itself, to help the computer perform specific functions • One major type of system software is the operating system (OS) All computers require an operating system • The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices • Common operating systems... called the central processing unit (CPU) It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data The CPU consists of one or more chips attached to the computer' s main circuit board (the motherboard) Looking Inside the Machine - Memory • Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard • Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them This memory is called Random... is Software? • System Software • Application Software Bringing the Machine to Life – What is Software? • Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks A set of instructions is often called a program • When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be running or executing the program • The two most common types of programs are system software... (RAM) • An Overview of the Computer System le s s o n 1 This lesson includes the following sections: • The Parts of a Computer System • Looking Inside the Machine • Software: Bringing the Machine to Life The Parts of a Computer System • What is a Computer? • Hardware • Software • Data • Users • A computer can convert data into information that is useful to people. • A complete computer system includes four distinct parts: Hardware Software Data User The Parts of a Computer System - What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device used to process data. • A computer's hardware consists of electronic devices; the parts you can see and touch. • The term "device" refers to any piece of hardware used by the computer, such as a keyboard, monitor, modem, mouse, etc. The Parts of a Computer System - Hardware • Software – also called programs – consists of organized sets of instructions for controlling the computer. • Some programs exist for the computer's use, to help it manage its own tasks and devices. • Other programs exist for the user, and enable the computer to perform tasks for you, such as creating documents. The Parts of a Computer System - Software • Data consists of raw facts, which the computer can manipulate and process into information that is useful to people. • Computerized data is digital, meaning that it has been reduced to digits, or numbers. The computer stores and reads all data as numbers. • Although computers use data in digital form, they convert data into forms that people can understand, such as text, numerals, sounds, and images. The Parts of a Computer System - Data Ten different symbols in the decimal system Numbers above 9 use more than 1 digit [...]... software and application software Bringing the Machine to Life – System Software • System software exists primarily for the computer itself, to help the computer perform specific functions • One major type of system software is the operating system (OS) All computers require an operating system • The OS tells the computer how to interact with the user and its own devices • Common operating systems... called the central processing unit (CPU) It manages all devices and performs the actual processing of data The CPU consists of one or more chips attached to the computer' s main circuit board (the motherboard) Looking Inside the Machine - Memory • Memory also consists of chips attached to the motherboard • Memory holds data and program instructions as the CPU works with them This memory is called Random... is Software? • System Software • Application Software Bringing the Machine to Life – What is Software? • Software is a set of electronic instructions that tells the computer how to do certain tasks A set of instructions is often called a program • When a computer is using a particular program, it is said to be running or executing the program • The two most common types of programs are system software... (RAM) • Tổng quan Hệ điều hành (An Overview of the Operating Systems) Tổng quan Hệ điều hành (An Overview of the Operating Systems) Bởi: Khoa CNTT ĐHSP KT Hưng Yên Windows Driver Model cung cấp khung cho điều khiển thiết bị hoạt động hệ điều hành hệ thống—Windows 98/Windows Me Windows 2000/Windows XP Như thảo luận tóm lược lịch sử trước đây, hai cặp hệ điều hành sản phẩm hai đường phát triển song song Thật ra, tham chiếu tới cặp trước hệ thống với tóm tắt “Windows 98/Me” để nhấn mạnh di sản chung họ để and to ghép đôi đơn giản XP Mặc dù tới người dùng cuối hai cặp hệ thống giống nhau, chúng làm việc khác Ở đoạn này, Tôi giới thiệu tổng quan ngắn gọn hai hệ thống 1/3 Tổng quan Hệ điều hành (An Overview of the Operating Systems) Tổng qua Windows XP Hình 1-1 tóm tắt cao sơ đồ chức hệ điều hành Windows XP, khía cạnh nhấn mạnh đặc trưng mà quan trọng tới người mà viết điều khiển thiết bị Mọi tảng mà Windows XP chạy hỗ trợ hai kiểu thi hành Phần mềm thực hay user-mode kernel-mode Một chương trình user-mode điều muốn tới, nói, đọc liệu từ thiết bị gọi giao diện lập trình ứng dụng (API) ReadFile Một module hệ thống thi hành KERNEL32.DLL API việc kéo theo chức API ngữ NtReadFile Đề cập tới khía cạnh để có thêm thông tin API ngữ Chúng thường nói NtReadFile gọi quản lý Vào/ra Thuật ngữ quản lý Vào/ra lạc đường không mô đun thực đơn với tên Hệ điều hành giao tiếp với thiết bị trình điều khiển riêng Nhiều thủ tục phục vụ NtReadFile Họ vận hành kernel-mode thứ tự để phục vụ vài ứng dụng để tương tác với thiết bị cách API gốc NtReadFile thuộc API Windows XP Hệ điều hành Windows NT bao gồm số hệ thống để thực thi ngữ nghĩa vài hệ điều hành tồn Đã có hệ thống OS/2, POSIX, hệ thống Win32 Những hệ thống 2/3 Tổng quan Hệ điều hành (An Overview of the Operating Systems) thực việc tạo mà user-mode hướng tới API gốc, mà thực kernel-mode Một user-mode DLL có tên (rather redundantly, I’ve always thought) NTDLL.DLL bổ sung API gốc cho đối tượng gọi Win32 Mỗi mục vào DLL trình bao bọc mỏng xung quanh gọi tới chức kernel-mode maf thật thực chức Việc gọi sử dụng giao diện cộng tác hệ thống phụ thuộc để chuyển điều khiển ngang qua ranh giới user-mode/kernel-mode Trên xử lý Intel hơn, giao diện công tác hệ thống sử dụng dẫn SYSENTER Trên xử lý Intel cũ hơn, sử dụng giao diện cấu trúc INT với với chức viết mã x2E Trên xử lý khác, chế khác sử dụng Mặc dù, bạn không cần hiểu chi tiết chế để viết điều khiển thiết bị Tất cần hiểu chế cho phép chương trình chạy user mode gọi chương trình mà thực kernel mode ý định trở lại người gọi user-mode Không có chuyển mạch ngữ cảnh luồng xuất thời gian xử lý: tất thay đổi mức đặc quyền thực mã (cùng với vài chi tiết khác lập trình viên hợp ngữ ý quan tâm xung quanh) Hệ thống Win32 đa số lập trình viên ứng dụng quen thuộc với thi hành chức kết hợp phổ biến với hệ giao diện đồ hoạ Windows Một điều khiển thiết bị cần truy nhập thật phần cứng để thực IRP Trong trường hợp IRP_MJ_READ tới loại vào/ (PIO) chương trình hóa thiết bị, truy nhập có lẽ đưa mẫu (dạng) (của) thao tác đọc định hướng cổng vào/ra ghi nhớ đăng ký thiết bị Những bọ phận điều khiển, họ thực kernelmode nói trực tiếp tới phần cứng họ, sử dụng phương tiện cung cấp lớp trừu tượng hóa phần cứng (HAL) để truy nhập phần cứng Một thao tác đọc có lẽ bao gồm gọi EAD_PORT_UCHAR để đọc byte liệu từ cổng Vào/ra HAL thường sử dụng phương pháp platform-dependent thật thực thao tác HAL thường lệ sử dụng phương pháp phụ thuộc tảng để thật thực thao tác Trên máy tính x86, HAL sử dụng lệnh IN; tảng Windows XP tương lai khác đó, có lẽ thực công việc nạp vào nhớ Sau trình điều khiển kết thúc với thao tác Vào/ra, hoàn thành IRP việc gọi thủ tục dịch vụ kernel-mode đặc biệt Hoàn thành cuối việc xử Overview of the Judicial System in Japan JUDICIAL POWER IN THE STATE The Constitution (promulgated on November 3, 1946, and put into force on May 3, 1947) provides the democratic foundation for the separation of state powers To be more precise, legislative power is vested in the Diet; executive power is vested in the Cabinet, the members of which are collectively responsible to the Diet in the exercise of this power The Diet is empowered to designate the Prime Minister, the head of the Cabinet, from among the members of the Diet; and the whole judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court and lower courts established by law The courts are the final adjudicators of all legal disputes, including those arising out of administrative actions between citizens and the state As shown in the chart below, the judicial system of Japan is composed of the following five types of courts: the Supreme Court, high courts, district courts, family courts, and summary courts The respective courts have their own jurisdictions as provided for in law (As of 2010) SUPREME COURT Courtroom of the Grand Bench of the Supreme Court (Jul 2010) Judicial Function The Supreme Court is the highest court in the state and is composed of the Chief Justice and fourteen Justices The Supreme Court exercises appellate jurisdiction of final appeal and appeals against a ruling as provided specifically in the codes of procedure In addition, it has original and final jurisdiction in the proceedings involving the impeachment of commissioners of the National Personnel Authority A final appeal to the Supreme Court is permissible in the following instances: (1) an appeal lodged against a judgment rendered in the first or second instance by a high court; (2) a direct appeal sought against a judgment rendered by a district court or a family court, or a judgment in criminal cases rendered by a summary court as a court of first instance; (3) an appeal filed with a high court and transferred to the Supreme Court for a special reason; (4) a special appeal to the court of the last resort made against a judgment in a civil case rendered by a high court as the final appellate court; and (5) an extraordinary appeal to the court of the last resort lodged by the Prosecutor-General against a final and binding judgment of a criminal case An appeal against a ruling to the Supreme Court is permissible in the following instances: (1) an appeal filed against a ruling in a civil case or a domestic relations case either on the grounds of violation of the Constitution or with the permission of the high court that shall be given in a case that the court deems to involve an important issue concerning the construction of laws and regulations, and (2) a special appeal filed against an order or direction in a criminal case to which no ordinary appeal is permitted in the Code of Criminal Procedure or an appeal filed against an order, etc of an intermediate appellate court in a juvenile case, on the grounds of violation of the Constitution or for the reason of a conflict with judicial precedents In civil and administrative cases, a final appeal to the Supreme Court may be lodged only on the grounds of violation of the Constitution and grave contraventions of provisions regarding the procedure of the lower courts, which are listed in the Code of Civil Procedure as the absolute reasons for the final appeal The Supreme Court, however, may accept a case when the Court deems that it involves an important issue concerning the construction of laws and regulations, as the final appellate court upon a petition to so In criminal cases, the reasons for a final appeal are limited to those involving a possible violation of the Constitution, misconstruction of the Constitution or conflicts with the precedents of the Supreme Court or conflicts with those of the high courts in the absence of Supreme Court precedents The Supreme Court, however, may accept a case when the Court deems that it involves an important issue ... at how these other systems contribute to the functioning of the digestive system Contribution of Other Body Systems to the Digestive System Body system Benefits received by the digestive system. . .Overview of the Digestive System Components of the Digestive System All digestive organs play integral roles in the life-sustaining process of digestion As is the case with all body systems,... heart At the same time, the digestive system provides nutrients to the heart muscle and vascular tissue to support their functioning The interrelationship of the digestive and endocrine systems