Global Stratification and Inequality

Global Stratification and Inequality tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các...

Viet Nam and Global Viet Nam and Global Warming (GW) Warming (GW) By: Hoang Thanh An Pham Ba Nhat Mai Quang Vinh Nguyen Minh Duc Objective  To inform effects of GW on Viet Nam  To give audiences Correct understanding about the situation of the Earth. Content Content  Nature: Nature: • Disasters Disasters • Temperature Temperature • Sea level rise Sea level rise • Biodiversity Biodiversity  Economy Economy Floods occur continuously Floods occur continuously Nature Nature Natural disasters Natural disasters Sources: www.tailieu.vn • In 2009: 4 big floods with great damages -Properties: 23.745 billions dong -People: 426 deaths, 1930 injured • 2005-2009: 2005-2009: -Properties: average -Properties: average 10-13 storms 10-13 storms attacked Viet Nam’s attacked Viet Nam’s continent/year continent/year -Damage: 12000 -Damage: 12000 billions Dong, 150 billions Dong, 150 deaths/ year deaths/ year Sources: www.tailieu.vn Disasters increase Nature Nature Natural disasters Natural disasters Nature Nature Natural disasters Natural disasters • In 2009: In 2009: - 20-30% droughty - 20-30% droughty area area • In next 10 years: In next 10 years: -10-30% unusable -10-30% unusable agricultural land agricultural land Sources: www.tailieu.vn Drought and desertification Content Content  Nature Nature  Disasters Disasters • Temperature Temperature • Sea level rise Sea level rise • Biodiversity Biodiversity  Economy Economy Effects on Recent changes temperature of Global and Viet Nam Recent changes temperature of Global and Viet Nam Nature Temperature Sources: www.tailieu.vn Content Content  Nature: Nature:  Disasters Disasters  Temperature Temperature • Sea level rise Sea level rise • Biodiversity Biodiversity  Economy Economy Effects on Sources: www.tailieu.vn Nature Sea level rise The fluctuation of sea level [...]... threatened by Global Warming Sources: www.tailieu.vn Nature Biodiversity • 350 plant species and 365 animal species can be extinct Sources: www.tailieu.vn Content Effects on  Nature: Disasters Temperature Sea level rise Biodiversity  Economy Economy  • • • • Vietnam could lose up to: 16 % of its land (Taiwan:5%, ranked 2nd) 35 % of its GDP (Thailand:22%, ranked 2nd ) 40 % of its population (Thailand:13%,... (Thailand:13%, ranked 2nd ) 23 % of its agriculture (Myanmar:12%, ranked 2nd ) Sources: www.tailieu.vn Conclusion Effects of Global Warming on Viet Nam  Nature • • • • Disasters Temperature Sea level rise Biodiversity  Economy   Viet Nam is facing with serious problem Viet Nam needs to reduce the effects of GW Reference   Website www.tailieu.vn Some pictures from Center prediction of climate ThankGlobal Stratification and Inequality Global Stratification and Inequality Bởi: OpenStaxCollege A family lives in this grass hut in Ethiopia Another family lives in a single-wide trailer in the trailer park in the United States Both families are considered poor, or lower class With such differences in global stratification, what constitutes poverty? (Photo (a) courtesy of Canned Muffins/flickr; Photo (b) courtesy of Herb Neufeld/flickr) Global stratification compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world Global stratification highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality 1/6 Global Stratification and Inequality In the early years of civilization, hunter-gatherer and agrarian societies lived off the earth, rarely interacting with other societies When explorers began traveling, societies began trading goods, as well as ideas and customs In the 19th century, the Industrial Revolution created unprecedented wealth in Western Europe and North America Due to mechanical inventions and new means of production, people began working in factories—not only men, but women and children as well By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, industrial technology had gradually raised the standard of living for many people in the United States and Europe The Industrial Revolution also saw the rise of vast inequalities between countries that were industrialized and those that were not As some nations embraced technology and saw increased wealth and goods, others maintained their ways; as the gap widened, the nonindustrialized nations fell further behind Some social researchers, such as Walt Rostow, suggest that the disparity also resulted from power differences Applying a conflict theory perspective, he asserts that industrializing nations took advantage of the resources of traditional nations As industrialized nations became rich, other nations became poor (Rostow 1960) Sociologists studying global stratification analyze economic comparisons between nations Income, purchasing power, and wealth are used to calculate global stratification Global stratification also compares the quality of life that a country’s population can have Poverty levels have been shown to vary greatly The poor in wealthy countries like the United States or Europe are much better off than the poor in less-industrialized countries such as Mali or India In 2002 the UN implemented the Millennium Project, an attempt to cut poverty worldwide by the year 2015 To reach the project’s goal, planners in 2006 estimated that industrialized nations must set aside 0.7 percent of their gross national income—the total value of the nation’s good and service, plus or minus income received from and sent to other nations—to aid in developing countries (Landler and Sanger, 2009; Millennium Project 2006) 2/6 Global Stratification and Inequality Models of Global Stratification Luxury vacation resorts can contribute to a poorer country’s economy This one, in Jamaica, attracts middle and upper-middle class people from wealthier nations The resort is a source of income and provides jobs for local people Just outside its borders, however, are povertystricken neighborhoods (Photo courtesy of gailf548/flickr) Various models of global stratification all have one thing in common: they rank countries according to their relative economic status, or gross national product (GNP) Traditional models, now considered outdated, used labels to describe the stratification of the different areas of the world Simply put, they were named “first world, “second world,” and “third world.” First and second world described industrialized nations, while third world referred to “undeveloped” countries (Henslin 2004) When researching existing historical sources, you may still encounter these terms, and even today people still refer to some nations as the “third world.” Another model separates countries into two groups: more developed and less developed More developed nations have higher wealth, such as Canada, Japan, and Australia Less developed nations have less wealth to distribute among higher populations, including many countries in central Africa, South America, and some island nations Yet another system of global classification defines countries based on the per capita gross domestic product (GDP), a country’s average national wealth per person The GDP is calculated (usually annually) one of two ways: by totaling either the income of all citizens or the value of all goods and services produced in the country during the year It also includes government spending Because the GDP indicates a country’s productivity and performance, comparing GDP rates helps establish a country’s economic health in relation to other countries 3/6 Global Stratification and Inequality The figures also establish a country’s standard of living According to this analysis, a GDP standard of a middle-income nation represents a global average In low-income countries, most people are poor ...ECONOMICS AND RESEARCH DEPARTMENT ERD WORKING PAPER SERIES NO. 3 Francisco Veloso Rajiv Kumar January 2002 Asian Development Bank The Automotive Supply Chain: Global Trends and Asian Perspectives 43 Francisco Veloso is with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rajiv Kumar is the Principal Economist of the Operations Coordination Division, East and Central Asia Regional Department, Asian Development Bank. This background paper was prepared for RETA 5875: International Competitiveness of Asian Economies: A Cross-Country Study. ERD Working Paper No. 3 THE AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN: GLOBAL TRENDS AND ASIAN PERSPECTIVES Francisco Veloso Rajiv Kumar January 2002 ERD Working Paper No. 3 THE AUTOMOTIVE SUPPLY CHAIN: GLOBAL TRENDS AND ASIAN PERSPECTIVES 44 Asian Development Bank P.O. Box 789 0980 Manila Philippines 2002 by Asian Development Bank January 2002 ISSN 1655-5252 The views expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Asian Development Bank. 45 Foreword The ERD Working Paper Series is a forum for ongoing and recently completed research and policy studies undertaken in the Asian Development Bank or on its behalf. The Series is a quick-disseminating, informal publication meant to stimulate discussion and elicit feedback. Papers published under this Series could subsequently be revised for publication as articles in professional journals or chapters in books. 47 Contents Page I. Introduction 1 II. Major Drivers of the Automotive Industry 1 III. Assembler Strategies 6 IV. The New Supplier Roles 12 A. First Tier Suppliers 14 B. Component Suppliers 19 V. Focus on Asia 22 A. Prospects for the Asian Market 22 B. Major Trends in Regions and Countries 26 1. India 26 2. People’s Republic of China 28 3. Republic of Korea 30 4. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) 31 5. Taipei,China 34 VI. Understanding Automotive Supplier Performance 35 A. Focus of the Study 35 B. Evaluating Manufacturing Excellence 36 C. Analyzing Innovation Capabilities 39 References 41 1 I. Introduction T he objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the major trends taking place in the automotive industry across the world, with an emphasis on the Asian market. It is not a comprehensive report, but rather an informed view of the issues and a panorama of the behavior of the major players, both automakers and suppliers. In the final section, the paper presents some suggestions on how to measure firm competitiveness in this fast moving industry, focusing on automotive suppliers, particularly the smaller ones that make up most of the local autoparts industry in Asia. Besides this initial introduction, the paper has five additional sections. The second section describes the major drivers of the auto industry. It explains how today’s fast changing business environment, where the client is in charge, the technology evolves at breathtaking speed, and regulatory issues are pressing, is altering the industry characteristics, strategies, and products. The third and fourth sections address the behavior of the major players in the industry. The third section focuses on the responses of the automakers. These firms are the lead actors in the industry and have been on the first stage of industry evolution. The section summarizes the major strategies they have followed in the recent past, as well as those forecast for the near future. The VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages 24 (2008) 260-266 260 English - A global language and its implications for students Nguyen Thuy Nga * Faculty of English, Hanoi University of Education, 136 Xuan Thuy Street, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam Received 15 March 2008 Abstract. This article writes on the factors which make a language become ‘global language’ and discusses about how English achieves that status. The impacts of Engish as a global language on Vietnamese learners, science, business, technology, education are analysed. With the development of technology, media, science, education etc. English will help students broaden knowledge, change the way of thinking and brighten career prospect. 1. Introduction * Today, English is becoming more and more popular all over the world. It is not only considered as the mother tongue of about 60 million speakers in many countries but also used widely in the world as an international language. English is the language of the United Nations, international summit meetings, science, technology, business, tourism, medicine etc. As the mean of communication, English brings people on Earth together and helps them understand each other and exchange material, cultural and spiritual values of their own countries. Needless to say, English is now an indispensable part of our lives; the term “global language” is now used for English with wide acceptance. In my writing, firstly, I will discuss about the term “global language” and how a ______ * Tel.: 84-4-7565992 E-mail: minhandnga@yahoo.com language becomes a global language. Some theories, ideas and comments will be mentioned; the main features will be discussed. Secondly, why English dominates as a “global language” will be analyzed. Thirdly, the implications for students are presented. In this part, the advantages and difficulties are provided. The final part presents the summary of the study. 2. The term “global language” and how a language becomes a “global language”? - The term “global language”: From Crystal’s [1] point of view, a language can achieve its role as a “global language” when it reaches a special role which is accepted in every country. Crystal [1] also claims that there are two main ways to make it possible to make a language “global language”. The first way is official way, that is, a language can be chosen to be used as “first language” or “second Nguyen Thuy Nga / VNU Journal of Science, Foreign Languages 24 (2008) 260-266 261 language” in a country. Therefore, the chosen language will be used in all kinds of communication, in academic fields as technology, science, media and in government. A language can also have “official” role, “semi-official” status or stands as foreign language. As Crystal [1] puts it “ being used only in certain domains, or taking second place to other languages while still performing certain official roles”. As a result, to survive in these societies the need to master the language is very important if not essential. The second way to achieve the status is by receiving education priority. Although a language is not an “official language”, it is taught in school as a compulsory subject for children or even for adults who need it. Take Russian for example, that language received education priority not only in the countries of former Soviet Union but also the countries under its sponsors as Vietnam, Mongolia. However, education privilege for a language is not always fixed, one BIS Working Papers No 346 Global imbalances and the financial crisis: Link or no link? by Claudio Borio and Piti Disyatat Monetary and Economic Department May 2011 JEL classification: E40, E43, E44, E50, E52, F30, F40. Keywords: Global imbalances, saving glut, money, credit, capital flows, current account, interest rates, financial crisis. BIS Working Papers are written by members of the Monetary and Economic Department of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by other economists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topical interest and are technical in character. The views expressed in them are those of their authors and not necessarily the views of the BIS. Copies of publications are available from: Bank for International Settlements Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland E-mail: publications@bis.org Fax: +41 61 280 9100 and +41 61 280 8100 This publication is available on the BIS website ( www.bis.org ). © Bank for International Settlements 2011. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced or translated provided the source is stated. ISSN 1020-0959 (print) ISBN 1682-7678 (online) iii Global imbalances and the financial crisis: Link or no link? 1 Claudio Borio and Piti Disyatat 2 Abstract Global current account imbalances have been at the forefront of policy debates over the past few years. Many observers have recently singled them out as a key factor contributing to the global financial crisis. Current account surpluses in several emerging market economies are said to have helped fuel the credit booms and risk-taking in the major advanced deficit countries at the core of the crisis, by putting significant downward pressure on world interest rates and/or by simply financing the booms in those countries (the “excess saving” view). We argue that this perspective on global imbalances bears reconsideration. We highlight two conceptual problems: (i) drawing inferences about a country’s cross-border financing activity based on observations of net capital flows; and (ii) explaining market interest rates through the saving-investment framework. We trace the shortcomings of this perspective to a failure to consider the distinguishing characteristics of a monetary economy. We conjecture that the main contributing factor to the financial crisis was not “excess saving” but the “excess elasticity” of the international monetary and financial system: the monetary and financial regimes in place failed to restrain the build-up of unsustainable credit and asset price booms (“financial imbalances”). Credit creation, a defining feature of a monetary economy, plays a key role in this story. JEL Classification: E40, E43, E44, E50, E52, F30, F40. Keywords: Global imbalances, saving glut, money, credit, capital flows, current account, interest rates, financial crisis. 1 An abridged version of this paper has been published with the title “Global imbalances and the financial crisis: Reassessing the role of international finance” in Asian Economic Policy Review (2010) vol. 5, no. 2. This version has been significantly revised. We would like to thank Stephen Cecchetti, Anthony Courakis, Andrew Crockett, Ettore Dorrucci, Mitsuhiro Fukao, Joseph Gagnon, Martin Hellwig, Peter Hördahl, Don Kohn, David Laidler, Axel Leijonhufvud, Bob McCauley, Pat Hero, A. “Signal Detection and Classification” Digital Signal Processing Handbook Ed. Vijay K. Madisetti and Douglas B. Williams Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999 c  1999byCRCPressLLC 13 Signal Detection and Classification Alfred Hero University of Michigan 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Signal Detection TheROCCurve • DetectorDesignStrategies • LikelihoodRatio Test 13.3 Signal Classification 13.4 The Linear Multivariate Gaussian Model 13.5 Temporal Signals in Gaussian Noise Signal Detection: Known Gains • Signal Detection: Unknown Gains • Signal Detection: Random Gains • Signal Detection: Single Signal 13.6 Spatio-Temporal Signals Detection: Known Gains and Known Spatial Covariance • Detection: Unknown Gains andUnknown SpatialCovariance 13.7 Signal Classification Classifying Individual Signals • Classifying Presence of Multi- ple Signals References 13.1 Introduction Detection and classification arise in signal processing problems whenever a decision is to be made among a finite number of hypotheses concerning an observed waveform. Signal detection algo- rithms decide whether the waveform consists of “noise alone” or “signal masked by noise.” Signal classification algorithms decide whether a detected signal belongs to one or another of prespecified classes of signals. The objective of signal detection and classification theory is to specify systematic strategies for designing algorithms which minimize the average number of decision errors. This theory is grounded in the mathematical discipline of statistical decision theory where detection and classification are respectively called binary and M-ary hypothesis testing [1, 2]. However, signal pro- cessing engineers must also contend with the exceedingly large size of signal processing datasets, the absence of reliable and tractible signal models, the associated requirement of fast algorithms, and the requirement for real-time imbedding of unsupervised algorithms into specialized software or hardware. While ad hoc statistical detection algorithms were implemented by engineers before 1950, the systematic development of signal detection theory was first undertaken by radar and radio engineers in the early 1950s [3, 4]. This chapter provides a brief and limited overview of some of the theory and practice of signal detection and classification. The focus will be on the Gaussian observation model. For more details and examples see the cited references. c  1999 by CRC Press LLC 13.2 Signal Detection Assume that for some physical measurement a sensor produces an output waveform x ={x(t) : t ∈ [0,T]} over a time interval [0,T]. Assume that the waveform may have been produced by ambient noise alone or by an impinging signal of known form plus the noise. These two possibilities are called the null hypothesis H and the alternative hypothesis K, respectively, and are commonly written in the compact notation: H : x = noise alone K : x = signal + noise. The hypotheses H and K are called simple hypotheses when the statistical distributions of x under H and K involve no unknown parameters such as signal amplitude, signal phase, or noise power. When the statistical distribution of x under a hypothesis depends on unknown (nuisance) parameters the hypothesis is called a composite hypothesis. To decide between the null and alternative hypotheses one might apply a high threshold to the sensor output x and make a decision that the signal is present if and only if the threshold is exceeded at some time within [0,T]. The engineer is Global Stratification and Classification Global Stratification and Classification Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Just as America’s wealth is increasingly concentrated among its richest citizens while the middle class slowly disappears, global inequality involves the concentration of ... good and service, plus or minus income received from and sent to other nations—to aid in developing countries (Landler and Sanger, 2009; Millennium Project 2006) 2/6 Global Stratification and Inequality. .. Sociologists studying global stratification analyze economic comparisons between nations Income, purchasing power, and wealth are used to calculate global stratification Global stratification also... countries 3/6 Global Stratification and Inequality The figures also establish a country’s standard of living According to this analysis, a GDP standard of a middle-income nation represents a global