Patterns of Inheritance

Patterns of Inheritance tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về tất cả các lĩnh vực kinh...

This page intentionally left blank Globalisation and the Western Legal TraditionWhat can ‘globalisation’ teach us about law in the Western tradition? Thisimportant new work seeks to explore that question by analysing key ideas andevents in the Western legal tradition, including the Papal Revolution, theProtestant Reformations and the Enlightenment. Addressing the role of law,morality and politics, it looks at the creation of orders which offer the possibi-lity for global harmony, in particular the United Nations and the EuropeanUnion. It also considers the unification of international commercial laws in theattempt to understand Western law in a time of accelerating cultural intercon-nections. The title will appeal to scholars of legal history and globalisation aswell as students of jurisprudence and all those trying to understand globalisa-tion and the Western dynamic of law and authority.Dr David B. Goldman is a Special Counsel at Deacons, Sydney, and an HonoraryAffiliate, Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence, University of Sydney. The Law in Context SeriesEditors: William Twining (University College London), Christopher McCrudden(Lincoln College, Oxford) and Bronwen Morgan (University of Bristol).Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movementto broaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innova-tive scholarly books that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social,political and economic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series partic-ularly aims to publish scholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bearon new and existing areas of law taught in universities. A contextual approachinvolves treating legal subjects broadly, using materials from other social sciences,and from any other discipline that helps to explain the operation in practice ofthe subject under discussion. It is hoped that this orientation is at once morestimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules. The seriesincludes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legaltextbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship. They arewritten primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of otherdisciplines, but most also appeal to a wider readership. In the past, most books inthe series have focused on English law, but recent publications include books onEuropean law, globalisation, transnational legal processes, and comparative law.Books in the SeriesAnderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of EvidenceAshworth: Sentencing and Criminal JusticeBarton & Douglas: Law and ParenthoodBeecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Frameworkfor Intellectual Due ProcessBell: French Legal CulturesBercusson: European Labour LawBirkinshaw: European Public LawBirkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the IdealCane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the LawClarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and MaterialsCollins: The Law of ContractCranston: Legal Foundations of the Welfare StateDavies: Perspectives on Labour LawDembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Questionde Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common SenseDiduck: Law’s Families Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and MaterialsFortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing LawGlover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and PolicyGoldman: Globalisation and the Western Legal Tradition: Recurring Patternsof Law and AuthorityGobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate CrimeHarlow & Rawlings: Law and AdministrationHarris: An Introduction to LawHarris, Campbell & Halson: Remedies in Contract and TortHarvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and ProspectsHervey & McHale: Health Law and the European UnionHolder and Lee: Environmental Protection, Law and PolicyKostakopoulou: The Future Governance of CitizenshipLacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal Patterns of Inheritance Patterns of Inheritance Bởi: OpenStaxCollege We have discussed the events that lead to the development of a newborn But what makes each newborn unique? The answer lies, of course, in the DNA in the sperm and oocyte that combined to produce that first diploid cell, the human zygote From Genotype to Phenotype Each human body cell has a full complement of DNA stored in 23 pairs of chromosomes [link] shows the pairs in a systematic arrangement called a karyotype Among these is one pair of chromosomes, called the sex chromosomes, that determines the sex of the individual (XX in females, XY in males) The remaining 22 chromosome pairs are called autosomal chromosomes Each of these chromosomes carries hundreds or even thousands of genes, each of which codes for the assembly of a particular protein—that is, genes are “expressed” as proteins An individual’s complete genetic makeup is referred to as his or her genotype The characteristics that the genes express, whether they are physical, behavioral, or biochemical, are a person’s phenotype You inherit one chromosome in each pair—a full complement of 23—from each parent This occurs when the sperm and oocyte combine at the moment of your conception Homologous chromosomes—those that make up a complementary pair—have genes for the same characteristics in the same location on the chromosome Because one copy of a gene, an allele, is inherited from each parent, the alleles in these complementary pairs may vary Take for example an allele that encodes for dimples A child may inherit the allele encoding for dimples on the chromosome from the father and the allele that encodes for smooth skin (no dimples) on the chromosome from the mother 1/15 Patterns of Inheritance Chromosomal Complement of a Male Each pair of chromosomes contains hundreds to thousands of genes The banding patterns are nearly identical for the two chromosomes within each pair, indicating the same organization of genes As is visible in this karyotype, the only exception to this is the XY sex chromosome pair in males (credit: National Human Genome Research Institute) Although a person can have two identical alleles for a single gene (a homozygous state), it is also possible for a person to have two different alleles (a heterozygous state) The two alleles can interact in several different ways The expression of an allele can be dominant, for which the activity of this gene will mask the expression of a nondominant, or recessive, allele Sometimes dominance is complete; at other times, it is incomplete In some cases, both alleles are expressed at the same time in a form of expression known as codominance In the simplest scenario, a single pair of genes will determine a single heritable characteristic However, it is quite common for multiple genes to interact to confer a feature For instance, eight or more genes—each with their own alleles—determine eye color in humans Moreover, although any one person can only have two alleles corresponding to a given gene, more than two alleles commonly exist in a population This phenomenon is called multiple alleles For example, there are three different alleles that encode ABO blood type; these are designated IA, IB, and i Over 100 years of theoretical and experimental genetics studies, and the more recent sequencing and annotation of the human genome, have helped scientists to develop a better understanding of how an individual’s genotype is expressed as their phenotype This body of knowledge can help scientists and medical professionals to predict, or 2/15 Patterns of Inheritance at least estimate, some of the features that an offspring will inherit by examining the genotypes or phenotypes of the parents One important application of this knowledge is to identify an individual’s risk for certain heritable genetic disorders However, most diseases have a multigenic pattern of inheritance and can also be affected by the environment, so examining the genotypes or phenotypes of a person’s parents will provide only limited information about the risk of inheriting a disease Only for a handful of single-gene disorders can genetic testing allow clinicians to calculate the probability with which a child born to the two parents tested may inherit a specific disease Mendel’s Theory of Inheritance Our contemporary understanding of genetics rests on the work of a nineteenth-century monk Working in the mid-1800s, long before anyone knew about genes or chromosomes, Gregor Mendel discovered that garden peas transmit their physical characteristics to subsequent generations in a discrete and predictable fashion When he mated, or crossed, two pure-breeding pea plants that differed by a certain characteristic, the first-generation offspring all looked like one of the parents For instance, when he crossed tall and dwarf pure-breeding pea plants, all of the offspring were tall Mendel called tallness dominant because it was expressed in offspring when it was present in a ...The chart below shows the sleep patterns of people in five different occupations according to a Canadian study. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information below. Give possible reasons for the differences. You should write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. model answer: Differences in sleep patterns appear to reflect differences in individuals' occupations. A Canadian study has pointed out, for example, that students typically sleep for a consecutive 8-hour period each night, from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. This may be because the central activity in their lives, study, takes place in normal daylight hours. Similarly, business executives sleep consecutive hours, but perhaps because their jobs are especially busy and stressful they sleep for 6 hours on average, getting up around 5 a.m By contrast, truck drivers, probably because of their need to keep their trucks on the road over long periods, tend to sleep in two 3-hour blocks: one between 7 and 10 a.m. and another from 4 to 7 p.m. Another occupation associated with broken sleep schedules is that of doctors. They tend to retire to bed around 1 a.m. and start their day at 7 a.m , but may be woken up to deal with emergencies in the middle of the night. Finally, full-time mothers, especially those with young children, tend to sleep when their babies do. Typically, they will sleep from 10 p.m. and be awoken at 1 a.m. to comfort their babies for a couple of hours. They then go back to bed to wake at 6 a.m., but nap for two hours or so in the early afternoon. Thus the influence on one's sleep pattern is worthy of consideration when choosing an occupation. Website: http://www.docs.vn Email : lienhe@docs.vn Tel (: 0918.775.368 NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDY HA NOI THE HAGUE VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROJECT FOR MASTER DEGREE ON ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM A thesis presented by Cao Thi Thuy Hang Supervisor Dr. NGO HUY DUC IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT Hanoi, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thanks the Vietnam-Netherlands project for providing me the opportunity to participate in this course, in which I have received many benefits in terms of knowledge, approach and methodology of doing research. I wish to express my since thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Ngo Huy Duc for his patient attention, guidance and precious advice. His assistance helped me overcome difficulties and encourage me during the period of writing this thesis. I am indebted to Dr. Adam Mc.Carty and Prof., Dr.Sc. Vu Thieu for their efforts in running the Project and their strict disciplines toward writing a thesis. Their advice would still accompany with my life and my career in the future. My thanks are also sent to all my teachers in the Vietnam-Netherlands Project for Master Program in Economics of Development for their enthusiastic supports. I also wish to express my appreciation for the assistance of the project staffs; all my friends and classmates who helped me fulfill this thesis Finally, I would like to thank my family for their understanding and support during the thesis preparation process. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The relevance of the thesis .1 1.2 Focus and scope of the thesis .2 1.3 Methodology COMMUNICATION PATTERNS OF ENGINEERS ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page i IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, Editor in Chief M. Akay R. J. Herrick M. S. Newman R. J. Baker R. F. Hoyt M. Padgett J. E. Brewer D. Kirk W. D. Reeve M. E. El-Hawary R. Leonardi S. Tewksbury G. Zobrist Kenneth Moore, Director of Business and Information Services Catherine Faduska, Senior Acquisitions Editor Christina Kuhnen, Associate Acquisitions Editor IEEE Education Society, Sponsor EDS Liaison to the IEEE Press, Robert J. Herrick IEEE Professional Communications Society, Sponsor PCS Liaison to the IEEE Press, Gene Hoffnagle Technical Reviewers Thomas E. Pinelli, NASA Langley Research Center W. David Penniman, University of Buffalo Katherine Thomes, University of Pittsburgh ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page ii COMMUNICATION PATTERNS OF ENGINEERS CAROL TENOPIR DONALD W. KING IEEE Education Society, Sponsor IEEE Professional Communications Society, Sponsor A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION IEEE PRESS ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page iii Copyright © 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Tenopir, Carol. Communication patterns of engineers / Carol Tenopir, Donald W. King. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-48492-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Communication in engineering. I. King, Donald Ward, 1932– II. Title. TA158.5.T46 2004 620'.001'4—dc22 2003062037 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page iv CONTENTS Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Focus of the Book 1 1.2 Structure of the Book 6 2 Communication Models 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Models of Communication Systems 12 2.3 Models of Chapter Patterns of Inheritance PowerPoint Lectures for Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh Edition Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Lecture by Edward J Zalisko Introduction  Dogs are one of man’s longest genetic experiments – Over thousands of years, humans have chosen and mated dogs with specific traits – The result has been an incredibly diverse array of dogs with distinct – body types and – behavioral traits © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 9.0_1 Chapter 9: Big Ideas Mendel’s Laws The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance Variations on Mendel’s Laws Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes MENDEL’S LAWS © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.1 The science of genetics has ancient roots  Pangenesis, proposed around 400 BCE by Hippocrates, was an early explanation for inheritance that suggested that – particles called pangenes came from all parts of the organism to be incorporated into eggs or sperm and – characteristics acquired during the parents’ lifetime could be transferred to the offspring  Aristotle rejected pangenesis and argued that instead of particles, the potential to produce the traits was inherited © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.1 The science of genetics has ancient roots  The idea that hereditary materials mix in forming offspring, called the blending hypothesis, was – suggested in the 19th century by scientists studying plants but – later rejected because it did not explain how traits that disappear in one generation can reappear in later generations © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.2 Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden  Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next  Genetics is the scientific study of heredity  Gregor Mendel – began the field of genetics in the 1860s, – deduced the principles of genetics by breeding garden peas, and – relied upon a background of mathematics, physics, and chemistry © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.2 Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden  In 1866, Mendel – correctly argued that parents pass on to their offspring discrete “heritable factors” and – stressed that the heritable factors (today called genes), retain their individuality generation after generation  A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color, is called a character  Each variant for a character, such as purple or white flowers, is a trait © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.2 Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden  True-breeding varieties result when self-fertilization produces offspring all identical to the parent  The offspring of two different varieties are hybrids  The cross-fertilization is a hybridization, or genetic cross  True-breeding parental plants are the P generation  Hybrid offspring are the F1 generation  A cross of F1 plants produces an F2 generation © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 9.2B Petal Carpel Stamen Figure 9.19B Mutant phenotypes Short aristae Black body (g) Cinnabar Vestigial wings eyes (l) (c) Red Long aristae Gray Normal eyes (appendages body wings (C) on head) (G) (L) Wild-type phenotypes Brown eyes Red eyes SEX CHROMOSOMES AND SEX-LINKED GENES © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc 9.20 Chromosomes determine sex in many species  Many animals have a pair of sex chromosomes, – designated X and Y, – that determine an individual’s sex  In mammals, – males have XY sex chromosomes, – females have XX sex chromosomes, – the Y chromosome has genes for the development of testes, and – an absence of the Y allows ovaries to develop © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc Figure 9.20A X Y Figure 9.20B Male 44 + XY Parents (diploid) Gametes (haploid) Offspring (diploid) 22 + X 22 + Y Sperm 44 + XX Female Female 44 + XX 22 + X Egg 44 + XY Male Figure 9.21A Figure 9.21A_1 Figure 9.21A_2 Figure 9.21B Female Male XRXR XrY Sperm Eggs XR Xr Y XRXr XRY R = red-eye allele r = white-eye allele Figure 9.21C Female Male XRXr XRY Sperm Y xR XR XRXR XRY XrXR XrY Eggs Xr R = red-eye allele r = ... dominant inheritance pattern in which one parent is heterozygous and the other is homozygous for the normal gene 8/15 Patterns of Inheritance X-Linked Patterns of Inheritance A chart of X-linked... phenotype This body of knowledge can help scientists and medical professionals to predict, or 2/15 Patterns of Inheritance at least estimate, some of the features that an offspring will inherit... ratio of 3:1 4/15 Patterns of Inheritance Random Segregation In the formation of gametes, it is equally likely that either one of a pair alleles from one parent will be passed on to the offspring