Patterns of Unemployment

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This page intentionally left blank Globalisation and the Western Legal TraditionWhat can ‘globalisation’ teach us about law in the Western tradition? Thisimportant new work seeks to explore that question by analysing key ideas andevents in the Western legal tradition, including the Papal Revolution, theProtestant Reformations and the Enlightenment. Addressing the role of law,morality and politics, it looks at the creation of orders which offer the possibi-lity for global harmony, in particular the United Nations and the EuropeanUnion. It also considers the unification of international commercial laws in theattempt to understand Western law in a time of accelerating cultural intercon-nections. The title will appeal to scholars of legal history and globalisation aswell as students of jurisprudence and all those trying to understand globalisa-tion and the Western dynamic of law and authority.Dr David B. Goldman is a Special Counsel at Deacons, Sydney, and an HonoraryAffiliate, Julius Stone Institute of Jurisprudence, University of Sydney. The Law in Context SeriesEditors: William Twining (University College London), Christopher McCrudden(Lincoln College, Oxford) and Bronwen Morgan (University of Bristol).Since 1970 the Law in Context series has been in the forefront of the movementto broaden the study of law. It has been a vehicle for the publication of innova-tive scholarly books that treat law and legal phenomena critically in their social,political and economic contexts from a variety of perspectives. The series partic-ularly aims to publish scholarly legal writing that brings fresh perspectives to bearon new and existing areas of law taught in universities. A contextual approachinvolves treating legal subjects broadly, using materials from other social sciences,and from any other discipline that helps to explain the operation in practice ofthe subject under discussion. It is hoped that this orientation is at once morestimulating and more realistic than the bare exposition of legal rules. The seriesincludes original books that have a different emphasis from traditional legaltextbooks, while maintaining the same high standards of scholarship. They arewritten primarily for undergraduate and graduate students of law and of otherdisciplines, but most also appeal to a wider readership. In the past, most books inthe series have focused on English law, but recent publications include books onEuropean law, globalisation, transnational legal processes, and comparative law.Books in the SeriesAnderson, Schum & Twining: Analysis of EvidenceAshworth: Sentencing and Criminal JusticeBarton & Douglas: Law and ParenthoodBeecher-Monas: Evaluating Scientific Evidence: An Interdisciplinary Frameworkfor Intellectual Due ProcessBell: French Legal CulturesBercusson: European Labour LawBirkinshaw: European Public LawBirkinshaw: Freedom of Information: The Law, the Practice and the IdealCane: Atiyah’s Accidents, Compensation and the LawClarke & Kohler: Property Law: Commentary and MaterialsCollins: The Law of ContractCranston: Legal Foundations of the Welfare StateDavies: Perspectives on Labour LawDembour: Who Believes in Human Rights?: The European Convention in Questionde Sousa Santos: Toward a New Legal Common SenseDiduck: Law’s Families Elworthy & Holder: Environmental Protection: Text and MaterialsFortin: Children’s Rights and the Developing LawGlover-Thomas: Reconstructing Mental Health Law and PolicyGoldman: Globalisation and the Western Legal Tradition: Recurring Patternsof Law and AuthorityGobert & Punch: Rethinking Corporate CrimeHarlow & Rawlings: Law and AdministrationHarris: An Introduction to LawHarris, Campbell & Halson: Remedies in Contract and TortHarvey: Seeking Asylum in the UK: Problems and ProspectsHervey & McHale: Health Law and the European UnionHolder and Lee: Environmental Protection, Law and PolicyKostakopoulou: The Future Governance of CitizenshipLacey & Wells: Reconstructing Criminal Patterns of Unemployment Patterns of Unemployment By: OpenStaxCollege Let’s look at how unemployment rates have changed over time and how various groups of people are affected by unemployment differently The Historical U.S Unemployment Rate [link] shows the historical pattern of U.S unemployment since 1948 The U.S Unemployment Rate, 1948–2012 The U.S unemployment rate moves up and down as the economy moves in and out of recessions But over time, the unemployment rate seems to return to a range of 4% to 6% There does not seem to be a long-term trend toward the rate moving generally higher or generally lower (Source: www.census.gov/cps) As we look at this data, several patterns stand out: Unemployment rates fluctuate over time During the deep recessions of the early 1980s and of 2007–2009, unemployment reached roughly 10% For comparison, during the Great Depression of the 1930s, the unemployment rate reached almost 25% of the labor force 1/8 Patterns of Unemployment Unemployment rates in the late 1990s and into the mid-2000s were rather low by historical standards The unemployment rate was below 5% from 1997 to 2000 and near 5% during almost all of 2006–2007 The previous time unemployment had been less than 5% for three consecutive years was three decades earlier, from 1968 to 1970 The unemployment rate never falls all the way to zero Indeed, it never seems to get below 3%—and it stays that low only for very short periods (Reasons why this is the case are discussed later in this chapter.) The timing of rises and falls in unemployment matches fairly well with the timing of upswings and downswings in the overall economy During periods of recession and depression, unemployment is high During periods of economic growth, unemployment tends to be lower No significant upward or downward trend in unemployment rates is apparent This point is especially worth noting because the U.S population nearly quadrupled from 76 million in 1900 to over 314 million by 2012 Moreover, a higher proportion of U.S adults are now in the paid workforce, because women have entered the paid labor force in significant numbers in recent decades Women composed 18% of the paid workforce in 1900 and nearly half of the paid workforce in 2012 But despite the increased number of workers, as well as other economic events like globalization and the continuous invention of new technologies, the economy has provided jobs without causing any longterm upward or downward trend in unemployment rates Unemployment Rates by Group Unemployment is not distributed evenly across the U.S population [link] shows unemployment rates broken down in various ways: by gender, age, and race/ethnicity 2/8 Patterns of Unemployment Unemployment Rate by Demographic Group (a) By gender, 1972–2012 Unemployment rates for men used to be lower than unemployment rates for women, but in recent decades, the two rates have been very close, often with the unemployment rate for men somewhat higher (b) By age, 1972–2012 Unemployment rates are 3/8 Patterns of Unemployment highest for the very young and become lower with age (c) By race and ethnicity, 1972–2012 Although unemployment rates for all groups tend to rise and fall together, the unemployment rate for whites has been lower than the unemployment rate for blacks and Hispanics in recent decades (Source: www.census.gov/bls) The unemployment rate for women had historically tended to be higher than the unemployment rate for men, perhaps reflecting the historical pattern that women were seen as “secondary” earners By about 1980, however, the unemployment rate for women was essentially the same as that for men, as shown in [link] (a) During the recession of 2008–2009, however, the unemployment rate climbed higher for men than for women Read this report for detailed information on the recession of 2008–2009 It also provides some very useful information on the statistics of unemployment Younger workers tend to have higher unemployment, while middle-aged workers tend to have lower unemployment, probably because the middle-aged workers feel the responsibility of needing to have a job more heavily Younger workers move in and out of jobs (and in and out of the labor force) more easily Elderly workers have extremely low rates of unemployment, because those who not have jobs often exit the labor force by retiring, and thus are not counted in the unemployment statistics [link] (b) shows unemployment rates for women divided by age; the pattern for men is similar The unemployment rate for African-Americans is substantially higher than the rate for other racial or ethnic groups, a fact that surely reflects, to some extent, a pattern of discrimination that has constrained blacks’ labor market opportunities However, the gaps between unemployment rates for whites and for blacks and Hispanics diminished in the 1990s, as shown in [link] (c) In fact, unemployment rates for blacks and Hispanics were at the lowest levels for several decades in the mid-2000s ...The chart below shows the sleep patterns of people in five different occupations according to a Canadian study. Write a report for a university lecturer, describing the information below. Give possible reasons for the differences. You should write at least 150 words. You should spend about 20 minutes on this task. model answer: Differences in sleep patterns appear to reflect differences in individuals' occupations. A Canadian study has pointed out, for example, that students typically sleep for a consecutive 8-hour period each night, from 11 p.m. to 7 a.m. This may be because the central activity in their lives, study, takes place in normal daylight hours. Similarly, business executives sleep consecutive hours, but perhaps because their jobs are especially busy and stressful they sleep for 6 hours on average, getting up around 5 a.m By contrast, truck drivers, probably because of their need to keep their trucks on the road over long periods, tend to sleep in two 3-hour blocks: one between 7 and 10 a.m. and another from 4 to 7 p.m. Another occupation associated with broken sleep schedules is that of doctors. They tend to retire to bed around 1 a.m. and start their day at 7 a.m , but may be woken up to deal with emergencies in the middle of the night. Finally, full-time mothers, especially those with young children, tend to sleep when their babies do. Typically, they will sleep from 10 p.m. and be awoken at 1 a.m. to comfort their babies for a couple of hours. They then go back to bed to wake at 6 a.m., but nap for two hours or so in the early afternoon. Thus the influence on one's sleep pattern is worthy of consideration when choosing an occupation. Website: http://www.docs.vn Email : lienhe@docs.vn Tel (: 0918.775.368 NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL STUDY HA NOI THE HAGUE VIETNAM – NETHERLANDS PROJECT FOR MASTER DEGREE ON ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT PATTERNS OF HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION IN VIETNAM A thesis presented by Cao Thi Thuy Hang Supervisor Dr. NGO HUY DUC IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OBTAINING THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN ECONOMICS OF DEVELOPMENT Hanoi, 2006 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thanks the Vietnam-Netherlands project for providing me the opportunity to participate in this course, in which I have received many benefits in terms of knowledge, approach and methodology of doing research. I wish to express my since thanks to my supervisor, Dr. Ngo Huy Duc for his patient attention, guidance and precious advice. His assistance helped me overcome difficulties and encourage me during the period of writing this thesis. I am indebted to Dr. Adam Mc.Carty and Prof., Dr.Sc. Vu Thieu for their efforts in running the Project and their strict disciplines toward writing a thesis. Their advice would still accompany with my life and my career in the future. My thanks are also sent to all my teachers in the Vietnam-Netherlands Project for Master Program in Economics of Development for their enthusiastic supports. I also wish to express my appreciation for the assistance of the project staffs; all my friends and classmates who helped me fulfill this thesis Finally, I would like to thank my family for their understanding and support during the thesis preparation process. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 The relevance of the thesis .1 1.2 Focus and scope of the thesis .2 1.3 Methodology COMMUNICATION PATTERNS OF ENGINEERS ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page i IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Stamatios V. Kartalopoulos, Editor in Chief M. Akay R. J. Herrick M. S. Newman R. J. Baker R. F. Hoyt M. Padgett J. E. Brewer D. Kirk W. D. Reeve M. E. El-Hawary R. Leonardi S. Tewksbury G. Zobrist Kenneth Moore, Director of Business and Information Services Catherine Faduska, Senior Acquisitions Editor Christina Kuhnen, Associate Acquisitions Editor IEEE Education Society, Sponsor EDS Liaison to the IEEE Press, Robert J. Herrick IEEE Professional Communications Society, Sponsor PCS Liaison to the IEEE Press, Gene Hoffnagle Technical Reviewers Thomas E. Pinelli, NASA Langley Research Center W. David Penniman, University of Buffalo Katherine Thomes, University of Pittsburgh ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page ii COMMUNICATION PATTERNS OF ENGINEERS CAROL TENOPIR DONALD W. KING IEEE Education Society, Sponsor IEEE Professional Communications Society, Sponsor A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION IEEE PRESS ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page iii Copyright © 2004 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved. Published simultaneously in Canada. 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Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print, however, may not be available in electronic format. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Tenopir, Carol. Communication patterns of engineers / Carol Tenopir, Donald W. King. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-471-48492-X (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Communication in engineering. I. King, Donald Ward, 1932– II. Title. TA158.5.T46 2004 620'.001'4—dc22 2003062037 Printed in the United States of America. 10987654321 ffirs.qxd 3/31/2004 7:16 AM Page iv CONTENTS Preface ix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Focus of the Book 1 1.2 Structure of the Book 6 2 Communication Models 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Models of Communication Systems 12 2.3 Models of This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and cancer mortality in Portugal, 1980 2010 BMC Public Health 2012, 12:1126 doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1126 Marta Pereira (martasfp@med.up.pt) Bárbara Peleteiro (barbarap@med.up.pt) Simon Capewell (capewell@liverpool.ac.uk) Kathleen Bennett (bennettk@tcd.ie) Ana Azevedo (anazev@med.up.pt) Nuno Lunet (nlunet@med.up.pt) ISSN 1471-2458 Article type Research article Submission date 10 September 2012 Acceptance date 27 December 2012 Publication date 29 December 2012 Article URL http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/12/1126 Like all articles in BMC journals, this peer-reviewed article can be downloaded, printed and distributed freely for any purposes (see copyright notice below). Articles in BMC journals are listed in PubMed and archived at PubMed Central. For information about publishing your research in BMC journals or any BioMed Central journal, go to http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/authors/ BMC Public Health © 2012 Pereira et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Changing patterns of cardiovascular diseases and cancer mortality in Portugal, 1980–2010 Marta Pereira 1* * Corresponding author Email: martasfp@med.up.pt Bárbara Peleteiro 2 Email: barbarap@med.up.pt Simon Capewell 3 Email: capewell@liverpool.ac.uk Kathleen Bennett 4 Email: bennettk@tcd.ie Ana Azevedo 1 Email: anazev@med.up.pt Nuno Lunet 1,2 Email: nlunet@med.up.pt 1 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School and Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, Porto 4200-319, Portugal 2 Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School and Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto (ISPUP), Porto, Portugal 3 Department of Public Health and Policy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK 4 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland Abstract Background Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are jointly responsible for more than half all deaths in Portugal. They also share some important risk factors and act as mutual competing risks. We aimed firstly to describe time trends in death rates and years of life lost due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer in the Portuguese population from 1980 to 2010; and secondly to quantify the contribution of the variation in population and age structure, and age- independent “risk” by cardiovascular or oncological causes to the change in the corresponding number of deaths. Methods We estimated the annual percent change in age-standardized mortality rates from cardiovascular diseases and cancer, in each sex. The specific contribution of demographic changes (due to changes in population size and in population age structure) and the variation in the age-independent “risk” of dying from the disease to the observed trends in the number of deaths was quantified using the tool RiskDiff. ... age, and race/ethnicity 2/8 Patterns of Unemployment Unemployment Rate by Demographic Group (a) By gender, 1972–2012 Unemployment rates for men used to be lower than unemployment rates for women,... the two rates have been very close, often with the unemployment rate for men somewhat higher (b) By age, 1972–2012 Unemployment rates are 3/8 Patterns of Unemployment highest for the very young... the unemployment rate was 7.6%; and for those without a high school diploma, the unemployment rate was 10.3% This pattern 4/8 Patterns of Unemployment may arise because additional education offers