WAR AND THE LAW OF NATIONSThis book is a history of war, from the standpoint of international law,from the beginning of history to the present day. Its primary focus ison legal conceptions of war as such, rather than on the substantive ortechnical aspects of the law of war. It tells the story, in narrative form,of the interplay through the centuriesbetween,ontheonehand,legalideasaboutwarand,ontheotherhand,statepracticeinwarfare.Neffcovers the emergence, in various ancient societies, of an associationbetween justice and warfare, which matured into the just-war doctrineof the Middle Ages. He then traces the decline of this conception ofwar in favour of a view of war as an instrument of statecraft, culmina-ting in the evolution of what became known as the legal institution ofwar in the nineteenth century. There is also coverage of the much-neglected topic of measures short of war, most notably of reprisals, butalso including the evolution of self-defence doctrines and practicesover the years. International legal aspects of civil wars are alsoconsidered, notably the development of recognition of belligerencyand of insurgency in the nineteenth century. The attempt by theLeague of Nations to restrict war is analysed, with an explanation ofthe deeper reasons for its failure and the way in which this paved theway for the substantial discarding, after the Second World War, of waras a legal institution, in favour of the alternate conception of aggres-sion-and-self-defence. Treatment of new approaches to civil wars after1945 and of the advent of war against terrorism brings the story to thepresent day.STEPHEN C.NEFFis a Reader in Public International Law at theUniversity of Edinburgh. He is the author of two previous books oninternational legal history: Friends But No Allies: Economic Liberalismand the Law of Nations (1990) and The Rights and Duties of Neutrals:A General History (2000). WAR AND THE LAW OFNATIONSA General HistorybySTEPHEN C. NEFF Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge ,UKFirst published in print format- ----- ----© Stephen C. Neff 20052005Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521662055This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press.- ---- ---Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of sfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orghardbackeBook (NetLibrary)eBook (NetLibrary)hardback To my nephews and nieces:Eric DelaneyJohn CameronAlexander Katherine ClarkJocelyn Thomas War holds a great place in history, and it is not to be supposed thatmen will soon give it up – in spite of the protests which it arousesand the horror which it inspires – because it appears to be the onlypossible issue of disputes which threaten the existence of States,their liberty, their vital interests.– Institute of International The Law of Reflection The Law of Reflection Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Whenever we look into a mirror, or squint at sunlight glinting from a lake, we are seeing a reflection When you look at this page, too, you are seeing light reflected from it Large telescopes use reflection to form an image of stars and other astronomical objects The law of reflection is illustrated in [link], which also shows how the angles are measured relative to the perpendicular to the surface at the point where the light ray strikes We expect to see reflections from smooth surfaces, but [link] illustrates how a rough surface reflects light Since the light strikes different parts of the surface at different angles, it is reflected in many different directions, or diffused Diffused light is what allows us to see a sheet of paper from any angle, as illustrated in [link] Many objects, such as people, clothing, leaves, and walls, have rough surfaces and can be seen from all sides A mirror, on the other hand, has a smooth surface (compared with the wavelength of light) and reflects light at specific angles, as illustrated in [link] When the moon reflects from a lake, as shown in [link], a combination of these effects takes place The law of reflection states that the angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence— θr = θi The angles are measured relative to the perpendicular to the surface at the point where the ray strikes the surface 1/5 The Law of Reflection Light is diffused when it reflects from a rough surface Here many parallel rays are incident, but they are reflected at many different angles since the surface is rough When a sheet of paper is illuminated with many parallel incident rays, it can be seen at many different angles, because its surface is rough and diffuses the light A mirror illuminated by many parallel rays reflects them in only one direction, since its surface is very smooth Only the observer at a particular angle will see the reflected light Moonlight is spread out when it is reflected by the lake, since the surface is shiny but uneven (credit: Diego Torres Silvestre, Flickr) 2/5 The Law of Reflection The law of reflection is very simple: The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence The Law of Reflection The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence When we see ourselves in a mirror, it appears that our image is actually behind the mirror This is illustrated in [link] We see the light coming from a direction determined by the law of reflection The angles are such that our image is exactly the same distance behind the mirror as we stand away from the mirror If the mirror is on the wall of a room, the images in it are all behind the mirror, which can make the room seem bigger Although these mirror images make objects appear to be where they cannot be (like behind a solid wall), the images are not figments of our imagination Mirror images can be photographed and videotaped by instruments and look just as they with our eyes (optical instruments themselves) The precise manner in which images are formed by mirrors and lenses will be treated in later sections of this chapter Our image in a mirror is behind the mirror The two rays shown are those that strike the mirror at just the correct angles to be reflected into the eyes of the person The image appears to be in the direction the rays are coming from when they enter the eyes Take-Home Experiment: Law of Reflection Take a piece of paper and shine a flashlight at an angle at the paper, as shown in [link] Now shine the flashlight at a mirror at an angle Do your observations confirm the predictions in [link] and [link]? Shine the flashlight on various surfaces and determine whether the reflected light is diffuse or not You can choose a shiny metallic lid of a pot or your skin Using the mirror and flashlight, can you confirm the law of reflection? You will need to draw lines on a piece of paper showing the incident and reflected rays (This part works even better if you use a laser pencil.) 3/5 The Law of Reflection Section Summary • • • • The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence A mirror has a smooth surface and reflects light at specific angles Light is diffused when it reflects from a rough surface Mirror images can be photographed and videotaped by instruments Conceptual Questions Using the law of reflection, explain how powder takes the shine off of a person’s nose What is the name of the optical effect? Problems & Exercises Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to the incoming ray, as illustrated in the following figure A corner reflector sends the reflected ray back in a direction parallel to the incident ray, independent of incoming direction Light shows staged with lasers use moving mirrors to swing beams and create colorful effects Show that a light ray reflected from a mirror changes direction by 2θ when the mirror is rotated by an angle θ A flat mirror is ... M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 1 The 7 Biggest Mistakes People Make with the Law of Attraction and Money and How YOU Can Avoid Them A Complimentary Special Report by Valerie Dawson, Founder of The Dawson Method M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 2 Transforming Your Relationship with Money Like most people, you have probably been taught to see money as a tangible resource that resides in your wallet and bank account until you need to spend it. You use it to pay bills, buy products and services, and support worthwhile causes. When you need more money, you probably do what most people would do: take physical action that will bring in more money, such as working extra hours, asking your boss for a raise, or even selling a few of your material possessions. What you may not realize is that you can attract money into your life in much easier ways; simply by changing the way you think about money and abundance. It’s called the Law of Attraction, and getting it to work effectively for you can make the difference between a lifetime of lack and struggle, or abundance and ease. This report is going to share 7 of the biggest mistakes that people make when attempting to use the Law of Attraction to attract more money into their lives; and offer helpful suggestions on how to turn them around if you find that you may be doing the same. M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 3 Law of Attraction Money Mistake #1 Holding a Mind-Set of Lack and Struggle Based on your own life experiences, would you say that obtaining money on a regular basis is easy or difficult? In other words, do you have to work very hard to receive enough money to cover your monthly expenses, or does money seem to come to you effortlessly? Take some time to think carefully about these questions because they reveal something very important: your overall mind-set regarding money and wealth. You can tell immediately whether you have a wealth mind-set or lack mind-set by looking at your life experiences. Law of Attraction Think Rich Lesson #1 Your Mind-Set Creates Your Experiences The Law of Attraction is activated by your mind-set – in other words, the things you think, believe and feel on a regular basis. Here’s how it works: Your thoughts trigger your emotions. Your emotional state emits a specific ―frequency‖ of energy to the universe, and the universe returns events and experiences into your life, that correspond with your emotional frequency. When you think and feel positively on a regular basis, everything in your life seems to ―flow‖ more easily, including money. When your thoughts and emotions lean more toward the negative side on a regular basis, you experience more problems, setbacks and financial lack in your life. Also important are your beliefs. Your beliefs form the structure of what is possible for you. If you believe you have to work hard to have a lot of money, you’ll create exactly that experience for yourself. If you don’t believe you deserve more than a certain amount of money, you’ll block more from arriving. Whatever your beliefs are, they are your TRUTH, and you will subconsciously create ―evidence‖ that 1 At Last – The Law of Attraction for Regular People Copyright © 2009 Carol King www.missingingredientcoaching.com Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. At Last The Law of Attraction for Regular People Carol King (aka Coach Carol) www.missingingredientcoaching.com Personal Info Telephone – 206-984-1067 Email – missingingredientcoaching@gmail.com Social Sites Twitter – http://twitter.com/Blessed_one Facebook – www.facebook.com/people/Carol_King/533881857 MyBlogLog – http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/community/inspiredjourney Giveaway Rights You do have the right to give away this report, offer it as a bonus in your packages, (digital or physical) give it away to your clients, on your blog, with material you send out, etc. You also have the rights to pass these rights along to anyone who received this report. You do not have the right to sell this report or change the content in any way or quote it without giving credit to the author. Please read the full disclaimer at the end of this report. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Page 4 PART 1 Page 6 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Health PART 2 Page 14 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Money PART 3 Page 26 4 Law of Attraction Tips for an Amazing Career PART 4 Page 32 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Relationships PART 5 Page 39 5 Law of Attraction Tips for an Amazing Body PART 6 Page 44 A Few Words About Visualization, Limiting Beliefs and Feeling Good Conclusion Page 54 Parting words Other Services Page 56 More products provided by Coach Carol 3 Introduction Thank you for downloading this report. I am happy that you have taken the time to do something for yourself that may improve your life dramatically. Life can sometimes be like running on a treadmill where we find ourselves continuously in motion but not getting anywhere. It is easy to become trapped in a prison of mediocrity and spend our time wandering if this is all there is to life. But as you are reading this report I assume that you want to get off the treadmill, you want to live life to the fullest and you want to experience all the wonderful things that life has to offer, which is exactly what you are here to do. The knowledge of the law of attraction has been around since the beginning of time, unfortunately it was a knowledge that was coveted by those who were wealthy. This was done to create a world where real wealth was reserved for an elite few and every one else was to spend their lives toiling and wishing they could live a better life. Fortunately there were some who discovered this knowledge and passed it on to as many as they could, but the fact still remained that the real wealth was distributed amongst a select few. Even as we look around today in this particular time, things have not changed that much. Those with real wealth, real power is few and those who are poor and struggling to get by are many. The good news is the shift of wealth and power has already begun. In 2006 Rhonda Byrne brought out a DVD called The Secret, I am sure that you have heard about it by now, if not be sure to get yourself a copy. The great thing about Ms Byrne’s book is that it made the ‘law of attraction’ a household phrase. Although there were 2 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the polar marine environment The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was conceived as a framework convention regulating the relations of states in respect of all ocean space: it had to regulate all the different legal regimes at sea and all human activities on the seas and oceans. 1 In addition to many other subjects, the Convention deals with the marine environment: it contains a system of rules on the protection and preservation of the marine environment. The application of those general rules to particular parts of the ocean space has often been examined. This chapter will scrutinise the environmental provisions of the LOS Convention with a view to their applicability to the polar oceans. A very valid reason for such a study can be found in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), adopted at the First Ministerial Conference on the Protection of the Arctic Environment in Rovaniemi, Finland, on 14 June 1991, where eight Arctic countries expressed their opinion on the relevance of the LOS Convention also for the implementation of the Strategy, as the Convention reflects customary international law: The implementation of the Strategy will be carried out through national legislation and in accordance with international law, including customary international law as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 2 34 1 The LOS Convention was negotiated through eleven sessions of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), in the period 1973–82. It was opened for signature on 10 December 1982, and entered into force on 16 November 1994. On 28 July 1994, the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention was adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/263 (the Agreement, which itself entered into force on 28 July 1996, is to be interpreted and applied together with Part XI as a single instrument). As of 8 June 1999, there were 130 parties to the Convention (i.e., 129 states and the European Community). Among them there are twenty-four of the total of twenty-seven Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty; of the eight Arctic countries, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden are parties to the LOS Convention. Texts of the Convention and the Agreement are reproduced in UN Pub. Sales No. E.97.V.10 (New York: United Nations, 1997). 2 AEPS, Chapter 1; text reprinted in ILM, Vol. 30, 1991, pp. 1,624ff. On the AEPS see Vidas, Chapter 4 in this book. As a consequence of a belief in the importance of the LOS Convention, the minis- ters of the Arctic countries concluded in the AEPS that the preventive measures they take will be ‘consistent in particular with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’, 3 and they agreed to apply ‘the principles concerning the Law-of-Attraction-Info.com Presents THOUGHT VIBRATION OR THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD by William Walker Atkinson Please visit our website for more information on The Law of Attraction Law-of-Attraction-Info.com THOUGHT VIBRATION OR THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD by William Walker Atkinson . First Published by The New Thought Publishing Co., Chicago, 1906. INDEX . Chapter I - THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD Chapter II - THOUGHT WAVES AND THEIR PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION Chapter III - A TALK ABOUT THE MIND Chapter IV - MIND BUILDING Chapter V - THE SECRET OF THE WILL Chapter VI - HOW TO BECOME IMMUNE TO INJURIOUS THOUGHT ATTRACTION Chapter VII - THE TRANSMUTATION OF NEGATIVE THOUGHT Chapter VIII - THE LAW OF MENTAL CONTROL Chapter IX - ASSERTING THE LIFE-FORCE Chapter X - TRAINING THE HABIT-MIND Chapter XI - THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTION Chapter XII - DEVELOPING NEW BRAIN-CELLS Chapter XIII - THE ATTRACTIVE POWER - DESIRE FORCE Chapter XIV - The GREAT DYNAMIC FORCES Chapter XV - CLAIMING YOUR OWN Chapter XVI - LAW, NOT CHANCE Chapter I THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD. THE Universe is governed by Law - one great Law. Its manifestations are multiform, but viewed from the Ultimate there is but one Law. We are familiar with some of its manifestations, but are almost totally ignorant of certain others. Still we are learning a little more every day - the veil is being gradually lifted. We speak learnedly of the Law of Gravitation, but ignore that equally wonderful manifestation, THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD. We are familiar with that wonderful manifestation of Law which draws and holds together the atoms of which matter is composed - we recognize the power of the law that attracts bodies to the earth, that holds the circling worlds in their places, but we close our eyes to the mighty law that draws to us the things we desire or fear, that makes or mars our lives. When we come to see that Thought is a force - a manifestation of energy - having a magnet-like power of attraction, we will begin to understand the why and wherefore of many things that have heretofore seemed dark to us. There is no study that will so well repay the student for his time and trouble as the study of the workings of this mighty law of the world of Thought - the Law of Attraction. When we think we send out vibrations of a fine ethereal substance, which are as real as the vibrations manifesting light, heat, electricity, magnetism. That ... since the surface is shiny but uneven (credit: Diego Torres Silvestre, Flickr) 2/5 The Law of Reflection The law of reflection is very simple: The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence... angle of incidence The Law of Reflection The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence When we see ourselves in a mirror, it appears that our image is actually behind the mirror This is... see the light coming from a direction determined by the law of reflection The angles are such that our image is exactly the same distance behind the mirror as we stand away from the mirror If the