The Law of Refraction

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WAR AND THE LAW OF NATIONSThis book is a history of war, from the standpoint of international law,from the beginning of history to the present day. Its primary focus ison legal conceptions of war as such, rather than on the substantive ortechnical aspects of the law of war. It tells the story, in narrative form,of the interplay through the centuriesbetween,ontheonehand,legalideasaboutwarand,ontheotherhand,statepracticeinwarfare.Neffcovers the emergence, in various ancient societies, of an associationbetween justice and warfare, which matured into the just-war doctrineof the Middle Ages. He then traces the decline of this conception ofwar in favour of a view of war as an instrument of statecraft, culmina-ting in the evolution of what became known as the legal institution ofwar in the nineteenth century. There is also coverage of the much-neglected topic of measures short of war, most notably of reprisals, butalso including the evolution of self-defence doctrines and practicesover the years. International legal aspects of civil wars are alsoconsidered, notably the development of recognition of belligerencyand of insurgency in the nineteenth century. The attempt by theLeague of Nations to restrict war is analysed, with an explanation ofthe deeper reasons for its failure and the way in which this paved theway for the substantial discarding, after the Second World War, of waras a legal institution, in favour of the alternate conception of aggres-sion-and-self-defence. Treatment of new approaches to civil wars after1945 and of the advent of war against terrorism brings the story to thepresent day.STEPHEN C.NEFFis a Reader in Public International Law at theUniversity of Edinburgh. He is the author of two previous books oninternational legal history: Friends But No Allies: Economic Liberalismand the Law of Nations (1990) and The Rights and Duties of Neutrals:A General History (2000). WAR AND THE LAW OFNATIONSA General HistorybySTEPHEN C. NEFF   Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São PauloCambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  ,UKFirst published in print format- ----- ----© Stephen C. Neff 20052005Information on this title: www.cambridg e.org /9780521662055This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision ofrelevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take placewithout the written permission of Cambridge University Press.- ---- ---Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of sfor external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does notguarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New Yorkwww.cambridge.orghardbackeBook (NetLibrary)eBook (NetLibrary)hardback To my nephews and nieces:Eric DelaneyJohn CameronAlexander Katherine ClarkJocelyn Thomas War holds a great place in history, and it is not to be supposed thatmen will soon give it up – in spite of the protests which it arousesand the horror which it inspires – because it appears to be the onlypossible issue of disputes which threaten the existence of States,their liberty, their vital interests.– Institute of International The Law of Refraction The Law of Refraction Bởi: OpenStaxCollege It is easy to notice some odd things when looking into a fish tank For example, you may see the same fish appearing to be in two different places (See [link].) This is because light coming from the fish to us changes direction when it leaves the tank, and in this case, it can travel two different paths to get to our eyes The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction Refraction is responsible for a tremendous range of optical phenomena, from the action of lenses to voice transmission through optical fibers Refraction The changing of a light ray’s direction (loosely called bending) when it passes through variations in matter is called refraction Speed of Light The speed of light c not only affects refraction, it is one of the central concepts of Einstein’s theory of relativity As the accuracy of the measurements of the speed of light were improved, c was found not to depend on the velocity of the source or the observer However, the speed of light does vary in a precise manner with the material it traverses These facts have far-reaching implications, as we will see in Special Relativity It makes connections between space and time and alters our expectations that all observers measure the same time for the same event, for example The speed of light is so important that its value in a vacuum is one of the most fundamental constants in nature as well as being one of the four fundamental SI units 1/13 The Law of Refraction Looking at the fish tank as shown, we can see the same fish in two different locations, because light changes directions when it passes from water to air In this case, the light can reach the observer by two different paths, and so the fish seems to be in two different places This bending of light is called refraction and is responsible for many optical phenomena Why does light change direction when passing from one material (medium) to another? It is because light changes speed when going from one material to another So before we study the law of refraction, it is useful to discuss the speed of light and how it varies in different media The Speed of Light Early attempts to measure the speed of light, such as those made by Galileo, determined that light moved extremely fast, perhaps instantaneously The first real evidence that light traveled at a finite speed came from the Danish astronomer Ole Roemer in the late 17th century Roemer had noted that the average orbital period of one of Jupiter’s moons, as measured from Earth, varied depending on whether Earth was moving toward or away from Jupiter He correctly concluded that the apparent change in period was due to the change in distance between Earth and Jupiter and the time it took light to travel this distance From his 1676 data, a value of the speed of light was calculated to be 2.26 × 108 m/s (only 25% different from today’s accepted value) In more recent times, physicists have measured the speed of light in numerous ways and with increasing accuracy One particularly direct method, used in 1887 by the American physicist Albert Michelson (1852–1931), is illustrated in [link] Light reflected from a rotating set of mirrors was reflected from a stationary mirror 35 km away and returned to the rotating mirrors The time for the light to travel can be determined by how fast the mirrors must rotate for the light to be returned to the observer’s eye 2/13 The Law of Refraction A schematic of early apparatus used by Michelson and others to determine the speed of light As the mirrors rotate, the reflected ray is only briefly directed at the stationary mirror The returning ray will be reflected into the observer's eye only if the next mirror has rotated into the correct position just as the ray returns By measuring the correct rotation rate, the time for the round trip can be measured and the speed of light calculated Michelson’s calculated value of the speed of light was only 0.04% different from the value used today The speed of light is now known to great precision In fact, the speed of light in a vacuum c is so important that it is accepted as one of the basic physical quantities and has the fixed value c = 2.9972458 × 108 m/s ≈ 3.00 × 108 m/s, where the approximate value of 3.00 × 108 m/s is used whenever three-digit accuracy is sufficient The speed of light through matter is less than it is in a vacuum, because light interacts with atoms in a material The speed of light depends strongly on the type of material, since its interaction with different atoms, crystal lattices, and other substructures varies We define the index of refraction n of a material to be c n = v, where v is the observed speed of light in the material Since the speed of light is always less than c in matter and equals c only in a vacuum, the index of refraction is always greater than or equal to one 3/13 The Law of Refraction Value of ... M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 1 The 7 Biggest Mistakes People Make with the Law of Attraction and Money and How YOU Can Avoid Them A Complimentary Special Report by Valerie Dawson, Founder of The Dawson Method M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 2 Transforming Your Relationship with Money Like most people, you have probably been taught to see money as a tangible resource that resides in your wallet and bank account until you need to spend it. You use it to pay bills, buy products and services, and support worthwhile causes. When you need more money, you probably do what most people would do: take physical action that will bring in more money, such as working extra hours, asking your boss for a raise, or even selling a few of your material possessions. What you may not realize is that you can attract money into your life in much easier ways; simply by changing the way you think about money and abundance. It’s called the Law of Attraction, and getting it to work effectively for you can make the difference between a lifetime of lack and struggle, or abundance and ease. This report is going to share 7 of the biggest mistakes that people make when attempting to use the Law of Attraction to attract more money into their lives; and offer helpful suggestions on how to turn them around if you find that you may be doing the same. M o n e y M a g n e t M e d i t a t i o n s . c o m P a g e 3 Law of Attraction Money Mistake #1 Holding a Mind-Set of Lack and Struggle Based on your own life experiences, would you say that obtaining money on a regular basis is easy or difficult? In other words, do you have to work very hard to receive enough money to cover your monthly expenses, or does money seem to come to you effortlessly? Take some time to think carefully about these questions because they reveal something very important: your overall mind-set regarding money and wealth. You can tell immediately whether you have a wealth mind-set or lack mind-set by looking at your life experiences. Law of Attraction Think Rich Lesson #1 Your Mind-Set Creates Your Experiences The Law of Attraction is activated by your mind-set – in other words, the things you think, believe and feel on a regular basis. Here’s how it works: Your thoughts trigger your emotions. Your emotional state emits a specific ―frequency‖ of energy to the universe, and the universe returns events and experiences into your life, that correspond with your emotional frequency. When you think and feel positively on a regular basis, everything in your life seems to ―flow‖ more easily, including money. When your thoughts and emotions lean more toward the negative side on a regular basis, you experience more problems, setbacks and financial lack in your life. Also important are your beliefs. Your beliefs form the structure of what is possible for you. If you believe you have to work hard to have a lot of money, you’ll create exactly that experience for yourself. If you don’t believe you deserve more than a certain amount of money, you’ll block more from arriving. Whatever your beliefs are, they are your TRUTH, and you will subconsciously create ―evidence‖ that 1 At Last – The Law of Attraction for Regular People Copyright © 2009 Carol King www.missingingredientcoaching.com Notice of Rights All rights reserved. No part of this report may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. At Last The Law of Attraction for Regular People Carol King (aka Coach Carol) www.missingingredientcoaching.com Personal Info Telephone – 206-984-1067 Email – missingingredientcoaching@gmail.com Social Sites Twitter – http://twitter.com/Blessed_one Facebook – www.facebook.com/people/Carol_King/533881857 MyBlogLog – http://www.mybloglog.com/buzz/community/inspiredjourney Giveaway Rights You do have the right to give away this report, offer it as a bonus in your packages, (digital or physical) give it away to your clients, on your blog, with material you send out, etc. You also have the rights to pass these rights along to anyone who received this report. You do not have the right to sell this report or change the content in any way or quote it without giving credit to the author. Please read the full disclaimer at the end of this report. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Page 4 PART 1 Page 6 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Health PART 2 Page 14 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Money PART 3 Page 26 4 Law of Attraction Tips for an Amazing Career PART 4 Page 32 5 Law of Attraction Tips for Amazing Relationships PART 5 Page 39 5 Law of Attraction Tips for an Amazing Body PART 6 Page 44 A Few Words About Visualization, Limiting Beliefs and Feeling Good Conclusion Page 54 Parting words Other Services Page 56 More products provided by Coach Carol 3 Introduction Thank you for downloading this report. I am happy that you have taken the time to do something for yourself that may improve your life dramatically. Life can sometimes be like running on a treadmill where we find ourselves continuously in motion but not getting anywhere. It is easy to become trapped in a prison of mediocrity and spend our time wandering if this is all there is to life. But as you are reading this report I assume that you want to get off the treadmill, you want to live life to the fullest and you want to experience all the wonderful things that life has to offer, which is exactly what you are here to do. The knowledge of the law of attraction has been around since the beginning of time, unfortunately it was a knowledge that was coveted by those who were wealthy. This was done to create a world where real wealth was reserved for an elite few and every one else was to spend their lives toiling and wishing they could live a better life. Fortunately there were some who discovered this knowledge and passed it on to as many as they could, but the fact still remained that the real wealth was distributed amongst a select few. Even as we look around today in this particular time, things have not changed that much. Those with real wealth, real power is few and those who are poor and struggling to get by are many. The good news is the shift of wealth and power has already begun. In 2006 Rhonda Byrne brought out a DVD called The Secret, I am sure that you have heard about it by now, if not be sure to get yourself a copy. The great thing about Ms Byrne’s book is that it made the ‘law of attraction’ a household phrase. Although there were 2 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the polar marine environment   The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS Convention) was conceived as a framework convention regulating the relations of states in respect of all ocean space: it had to regulate all the different legal regimes at sea and all human activities on the seas and oceans. 1 In addition to many other subjects, the Convention deals with the marine environment: it contains a system of rules on the protection and preservation of the marine environment. The application of those general rules to particular parts of the ocean space has often been examined. This chapter will scrutinise the environmental provisions of the LOS Convention with a view to their applicability to the polar oceans. A very valid reason for such a study can be found in the Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy (AEPS), adopted at the First Ministerial Conference on the Protection of the Arctic Environment in Rovaniemi, Finland, on 14 June 1991, where eight Arctic countries expressed their opinion on the relevance of the LOS Convention also for the implementation of the Strategy, as the Convention reflects customary international law: The implementation of the Strategy will be carried out through national legislation and in accordance with international law, including customary international law as reflected in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. 2 34 1 The LOS Convention was negotiated through eleven sessions of the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), in the period 1973–82. It was opened for signature on 10 December 1982, and entered into force on 16 November 1994. On 28 July 1994, the Agreement Relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the Convention was adopted by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/263 (the Agreement, which itself entered into force on 28 July 1996, is to be interpreted and applied together with Part XI as a single instrument). As of 8 June 1999, there were 130 parties to the Convention (i.e., 129 states and the European Community). Among them there are twenty-four of the total of twenty-seven Consultative Parties to the Antarctic Treaty; of the eight Arctic countries, Iceland, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden are parties to the LOS Convention. Texts of the Convention and the Agreement are reproduced in UN Pub. Sales No. E.97.V.10 (New York: United Nations, 1997). 2 AEPS, Chapter 1; text reprinted in ILM, Vol. 30, 1991, pp. 1,624ff. On the AEPS see Vidas, Chapter 4 in this book. As a consequence of a belief in the importance of the LOS Convention, the minis- ters of the Arctic countries concluded in the AEPS that the preventive measures they take will be ‘consistent in particular with the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea’, 3 and they agreed to apply ‘the principles concerning the Law-of-Attraction-Info.com Presents THOUGHT VIBRATION OR THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD by William Walker Atkinson Please visit our website for more information on The Law of Attraction Law-of-Attraction-Info.com THOUGHT VIBRATION OR THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD by William Walker Atkinson . First Published by The New Thought Publishing Co., Chicago, 1906. INDEX . Chapter I - THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD Chapter II - THOUGHT WAVES AND THEIR PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION Chapter III - A TALK ABOUT THE MIND Chapter IV - MIND BUILDING Chapter V - THE SECRET OF THE WILL Chapter VI - HOW TO BECOME IMMUNE TO INJURIOUS THOUGHT ATTRACTION Chapter VII - THE TRANSMUTATION OF NEGATIVE THOUGHT Chapter VIII - THE LAW OF MENTAL CONTROL Chapter IX - ASSERTING THE LIFE-FORCE Chapter X - TRAINING THE HABIT-MIND Chapter XI - THE PSYCHOLOGY OF EMOTION Chapter XII - DEVELOPING NEW BRAIN-CELLS Chapter XIII - THE ATTRACTIVE POWER - DESIRE FORCE Chapter XIV - The GREAT DYNAMIC FORCES Chapter XV - CLAIMING YOUR OWN Chapter XVI - LAW, NOT CHANCE Chapter I THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD. THE Universe is governed by Law - one great Law. Its manifestations are multiform, but viewed from the Ultimate there is but one Law. We are familiar with some of its manifestations, but are almost totally ignorant of certain others. Still we are learning a little more every day - the veil is being gradually lifted. We speak learnedly of the Law of Gravitation, but ignore that equally wonderful manifestation, THE LAW OF ATTRACTION IN THE THOUGHT WORLD. We are familiar with that wonderful manifestation of Law which draws and holds together the atoms of which matter is composed - we recognize the power of the law that attracts bodies to the earth, that holds the circling worlds in their places, but we close our eyes to the mighty law that draws to us the things we desire or fear, that makes or mars our lives. When we come to see that Thought is a force - a manifestation of energy - having a magnet-like power of attraction, we will begin to understand the why and wherefore of many things that have heretofore seemed dark to us. There is no study that will so well repay the student for his time and trouble as the study of the workings of this mighty law of the world of Thought - the Law of Attraction. When we think we send out vibrations of a fine ethereal substance, which are as real as the vibrations manifesting light, heat, electricity, magnetism. That ... showing the path of rays from the feet to the eye of an observer who is out of the water Why is the front surface of a thermometer curved as shown? 9/13 The Law of Refraction The curved surface of the. .. change in direction of the light ray depends on how the speed of light changes The change in the speed of light is related to the indices of refraction of the media involved In the situations shown... angle The exact mathematical relationship is the law of refraction, or “Snell’s Law, ” which is stated in equation form as 6/13 The Law of Refraction n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2 Here n1 and n2 are the