Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs

Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs tài liệu, giáo án, bài giảng , luận văn, luận án, đồ án, bài tập lớn về t...

Int. J. Med. Sci. 2011, 8 http://www.medsci.org 345 IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall JJoouurrnnaall ooff MMeeddiiccaall SScciieenncceess 2011; 8(4):345-350 Case Report Foramen Magnum Arachnoid Cyst Induces Compression of the Spinal Cord and Syringomyelia: Case Report and Literature Review Haiyan Huang1*, Yuanqian Li1*, Kan Xu1*, Ye Li2, Limei Qu3, Jinlu Yu1  1. Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China 2. Department of Radiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China 3. Department of Pathology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, P. R. China * Haiyan Huang, Yunqian Li and Kan Xu contributed equally to the work.  Corresponding author: Jinlu Yu, +86043188782331, E-mail: jinluyu@hotmail.com © Ivyspring International Publisher. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons License (http://creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). Reproduction is permitted for personal, noncommercial use, provided that the article is in whole, unmodified, and properly cited. Received: 2011.04.21; Accepted: 2011.05.16; Published: 2011.05.27 Abstract It is very rare that a foramen magnum arachnoid cyst induces compression of the spinal cord and syringomyelia, and currently there are few treatment experiences available. Here we reported the case of a 43-year-old male patient who admitted to the hospital due to weakness and numbness of all 4 limbs, with difficulty in urination and bowel move-ment. MRI revealed a foramen magnum arachnoid cyst with associated syringomyelia. Posterior fossa decompression and arachnoid cyst excision were performed. Decom-pression was fully undertaken during surgery; however, only the posterior wall of the arachnoid cyst was excised, because it was almost impossible to remove the whole arachnoid cyst due to toughness of the cyst and tight adhesion to the spinal cord. Three months after the surgery, MRI showed a reduction in the size of the arachnoid cyst but syrinx still remained. Despite this, the symptoms of the patient were obviously improved compared to before surgery. Thus, for the treatment of foramen magnum arachnoid cyst with compression of the spinal cord and syringomyelia, if the arachnoid cyst could not be completely excised, excision should be performed as much as possible with complete decompression of the posterior fossa, which could result in a satisfying outcome. Key words: foramen magnum; arachnoid cyst; syringomyelia. Introduction The commonest type of arachnoid cyst that causes compression of the spinal cord and develop-ment of syringomyelia is the Chiari malformation type I [1]. Other types of arachnoid cysts can occur as an occupied lesion in the posterior fossa and in Dan-dy-Walker syndrome [2-10]. Occasionally, a posterior fossa arachnoid cyst can induce compression of the spinal cord and development of syringomyelia [11,12]. Common features of these lesions are secondary cer-ebellar tonsillar herniation with syringomyelia due to mass effect, Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Bởi: OpenStaxCollege Muscles of the shoulder and upper limb can be divided into four groups: muscles that stabilize and position the pectoral girdle, muscles that move the arm, muscles that move the forearm, and muscles that move the wrists, hands, and fingers The pectoral girdle, or shoulder girdle, consists of the lateral ends of the clavicle and scapula, along with the proximal end of the humerus, and the muscles covering these three bones to stabilize the shoulder joint The girdle creates a base from which the head of the humerus, in its ball-and-socket joint with the glenoid fossa of the scapula, can move the arm in multiple directions Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle Muscles that position the pectoral girdle are located either on the anterior thorax or on the posterior thorax ([link] and [link]) The anterior muscles include the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and serratus anterior The posterior muscles include the trapezius, rhomboid major, and rhomboid minor When the rhomboids are contracted, your scapula moves medially, which can pull the shoulder and upper limb posteriorly Muscles That Position the Pectoral Girdle 1/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs The muscles that stabilize the pectoral girdle make it a steady base on which other muscles can move the arm Note that the pectoralis major and deltoid, which move the humerus, are cut here to show the deeper positioning muscles Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Position in the Movement thorax Target Target motion direction Stabilizes Anterior clavicle during Clavicle Depression thorax movement by depressing it Rotates shoulder anteriorly Anterior (throwing thorax motion); assists with inhalation Scapula: Scapula; depresses; ribs ribs: elevates Prime mover Origin Subclavius First rib Insertion Inferior surface of clavicle Pectoralis minor Anterior surfaces of certain ribs (2–4 or 3–5) Coracoid process of scapula Serratus anterior Muscle slips from certain ribs (1–8 or 1–9) Anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula Moves arm from side of Anterior body to front thorax of body; assists with inhalation Scapula: Scapula; protracts; ribs ribs: elevates Elevates shoulders (shrugging); Posterior pulls shoulder thorax blades together; tilts head backwards Scapula: rotests inferiorly, Scapula; retracts, cervical Trapezius elevates, and spine depresses; spine: extends Acromion Skull; and spine vertebral of column scapula; clavicle 2/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Muscles that Position the Pectoral Girdle Position in the Movement thorax Target Target motion direction Prime mover Origin Insertion Stabilizes Retracts; Posterior scapula during Scapula rotates thorax pectoral girdle inferiorly movement Thoracic Medial Rhomboid vertebrae border of major (T2–T5) scapula Stabilizes Retracts; Posterior scapula during Scapula rotates thorax pectoral girdle inferiorly movement Cervical and Medial Rhomboid thoracic border of minor vertebrae scapula (C7 and T1) Muscles That Move the Humerus Similar to the muscles that position the pectoral girdle, muscles that cross the shoulder joint and move the humerus bone of the arm include both axial and scapular muscles ([link] and [link]) The two axial muscles are the pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi The pectoralis major is thick and fan-shaped, covering much of the superior portion of the anterior thorax The broad, triangular latissimus dorsi is located on the inferior part of the back, where it inserts into a thick connective tissue shealth called an aponeurosis 3/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Muscles That Move the Humerus (a, c) The muscles that move the humerus anteriorly are generally located on the anterior side of the body and originate from the sternum (e.g., pectoralis major) or the anterior side of the scapula (e.g., subscapularis) (b) The muscles that move the humerus superiorly generally originate from the superior surfaces of the scapula and/or the clavicle (e.g., deltoids) The muscles that move the humerus inferiorly generally originate from middle or lower back (e.g., latissiumus dorsi) (d) The muscles that move the humerus posteriorly are generally located on the posterior side of the body and insert into the scapula (e.g., infraspinatus) 4/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Muscles That Move the Humerus The rest of the shoulder muscles originate on the scapula The anatomical and ligamental structure of the shoulder joint and the arrangements of the muscles covering it, allows the arm to carry out different types of movements The deltoid, the thick muscle that creates the rounded lines of the shoulder is the major abductor of the arm, but it also facilitates flexing and medial rotation, as well as extension and lateral rotation The subscapularis originates on the anterior scapula and medially rotates the arm Named for their ... Cách phát âm động từ -ed Các động từ có quy tắc ở các thì quá khứ đơn hay động tính từ quá khứ đều kết thúc bằng âm -ed. Ví dụ: work - worked - worked Những tính từ hình thành từ động tính từ quá khứ cũng kết thúc bằng âm -ed. Ví dụ: I like painted furniture. Câu hỏi đặt ra là chúng ta sẽ phát âm âm -ed này như thế nào? Có 3 cách phát âm là /Id/ /t/ và /d/ + Pronounce /t/ after voiceless sounds: /p, k, f, s, sh, ch, gh/. * Example: - Jump ----> jumped - Cook -----> Cooked - Cough -----> Coughed - Kiss -----> kissed - Wash -----> washed - Watch -----> watched + Pronounce /e(d/ after /d/ or /t/ sounds. * Example: - Wait -----> waited - Add -----> added + Pronounce /d/ after voiced sounds: /b, g, v, đ/th/, z, soft sound g, hard sound g/j/, m, n, ng, l, r/ and all vowels sounds * Example: - Rub -----> rubbed - drag -----> dragged - Love -----> loved - Bathe ------> bathed - Use ------> Used - Massage -----> massaged - Charge -----> Charged - Name -----> named - Learn -----> Learned - Bang -----> banged - Call -----> called - Care -----> cared - Free -----> freed nobody2008vn * Lưu ý là ở đây âm cuối cùng mới là quan trọng chứ không phải là chữ cái kết thúc. Ví dụ: "fax" kết thúc bằng chữ "x" nhưng đó là âm /s/ "like" kết thúc bằng chữ "e" nhưng đó là âm /k/Ngoại lệ: 1 số từ kết thúc bằng -ed được dùng làm tính từ phát âm là /Id/: * aged * blessed * crooked * dogged * learned * naked * ragged * wicked * wretched 1 THE MINISTRY OF TRAINING AND EDUCATION DANANG UNIVERSITY NGUYỄN THỊ HUỆ A STUDY OF SEMANTIC AND PRAGMATIC FEATURES OF THE ADJECTIVE “WARM” AND ITS VIETNAMESE EQUIVALENTS Subject Area: English Linguistics Code: 60.22.15 M.A THESIS ON LINGUISTICS (SUMMARY) SUPERVISOR: Assoc.Prof. Dr. TRAN VAN PHUOC DANANG - 2010 2 The thesis has been completed at the College of Foreign Language, Danang University Supervisor : Assoc.Prof. Dr. Tran Van Phuoc Examiner 1: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Ngo Dinh Phuong Examiner 2: Assoc.Prof. Dr. Luu Quy Khuong The thesis will be orally defended at The Examining Committee. Time: 15.30, 15/ 01/ 2011 Venue: University of Danang The thesis is accessible for the purpose of reference at: - The Library of College of Foreign Language, University of Danang - Information Resource Center, University of Danang. 3 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 RATIONALE Language takes an important role in every day communication. However, we are very likely to face with some problems in expressing our ideas, especially in transferring meanings of words from a language to another one. Adjective always takes an important role in enriching language by its abundance and potentially descriptive qualities and characteristics. In English, the adjective is multi-functional. It is used essentially to describe an object but, in general, it is meant to enrich and clarify ideas and lead the interlocutors to communicate eloquently. The adjective Warm is commonly known as one of four adjectives indicating temperature. In fact, it can bear various meanings in different categories. It can be used to indicate the weather, describe seasons, and more specially, express feelings, show attitudes and political expressions as well. This thesis deals with the adjective Warm through the investigation of its semantic and pragmatic features and its Vietnamese equivalents. This topic must be important to learners of English and it will provide them a deep understanding of such adjective in different situations. 1.2. JUSTIFICATION FOR THE STUDY 4 Hopefully, doing a research of the adjective Warm will be a contribution to the present recognition of the field. And the findings of classification of semantics as well as analysis of pragmatic aspects of this kind of adjective will be expected as great benefits for Vietnamese learners of English. 1.3. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1.3.1. Aims The study aims at: - Making an investigation of some semantic and pragmatic features of the adjective Warm in English and its equivalents in Vietnamese. - Analyzing meanings of the adjective Warm in particular contexts, getting access to various features of that in expression. - Finding out the features of pragmatics of the adjective Warm so that individuals have the best understanding and the most effective use of such adjective in different situations. 1.3.2. Objectives To achieve these above aims, this study attempts: - Describing the semantic features of the adjective Warm in English and its Vietnamese equivalents. - Making it 1 Conditions of the surface water and ground water resources in the rural area of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam – exemplary investigations at the study sites An Binh and Hoa An Thomas Nuber 1 , Harro Stolpe 1 , Le Anh Tuan 2 , Vu Van Nam 2 1 Environmental Engineering and Ecology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany, Univer- sitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany 2 College of Technology, University of Can Tho, Can Tho City, Vietnam 1. Introduction As a consequence of a fast-growing economy the Mekong Delta region is facing severe envi- ronmental problems related to industrial and agricultural activities. These environmental problems include soil reclamation (L E QUANG MINH ET AL., 1997), deforestation (MILLER ET AL ., 1999) and water quality problems due to pollution of the water resources by pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers (L E QUY AN, 2000). Besides those anthropogenic impacts on the water resources also climatic and geogenic factors play an important role: severe floodings occur during the end of the rainy season (N GUYEN VIET PHO, 2000), surface water bodies are polluted by acid sulphate soils (L E QUANG MINH, 1996), saltwater intrudes into the surface and ground water bodies from the sea (SIWRMP, 1995; NGUYEN HONG TOAN, 2000). Also ground water is often polluted by high chloride or iron concentrations (D O TIEN HUNG ET AL., 2000). In this context a survey was carried out for the rural areas of the Mekong Delta. The goal of the survey was the appraisal of the water resources in terms of quality and availability in or- der to develop a concept for the rural drinking water supply. In the focus of this survey were two exemplary study sites in the rural area of the Mekong Delta. The objective of this paper is the appraisal of the hydrological, hydrogeological, as well as the chemical and microbiological conditions of the surface water and ground water resources of the two study sites. In order to allocate the two study sites into a regional context an in- tense research on the conditions of the surrounding area was also matter of the survey. 2. Description of the study sites 2.1. General description The investigations were done at the two study sites An Binh and Hoa An. The study site An 2 Binh is located in the suburban area of Can Tho City, whereas the study site Hoa An is approx. 40 km southeast of Can Tho City located in the Province Hau Giang (see figure 1). Both study sites are characterized by an agricultural land use with farms, mainly cropping rice and fruits. Some of the farms maintain small animal husbandries and fishponds. Surface water, rain water and ground water are used for the drinking and the domestic water supply. Many farms and households have small scale tube wells to withdraw ground water. In some cases the waste water is treated with small biogas plants before discharged into the canals. Usually the domestic waste water and waste water from the animal husbandries are dis- charged into the rivers, canals or ponds Muscles of the Arm and Elbow Actions of the Arm at the Elbow • Flexion: bending at the elbow • Extension: straightening at the elbow • Pronation: moving the arm in a palms down position • Supination: moving the arm in a palms up position Muscles that act to Flex at the elbow • Most of these muscles are located on the anterior side of the upper arm • Biceps brachii (prime mover) • Brachialis • Brachioradialis Biceps Brachii • Origin: – Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula – Short head: coracoid process of the scapula • Insertion: – Radial tuberosity (radius) • Actions: – Flexion at the elbow – Supination at the elbow – Assists in flexion at the shoulder Brachialis • Origin: – Humerus • Insertion: – Coronoid process of the ulna • Action: – Flexion at the elbow Brachioradialis • Origin: – Humerus • Insertion: – Styloid process of the radius • Actions: – Flexion at the elbow, some pronation and supination at the elbow Muscles that act to Extend at the elbow • These muscles are located on the posterior side of the upper arm • Triceps brachii (prime mover) • Anconeus: – Major function is to stabilize elbow joint and allow for maximal ROM during extension Triceps Brachii • Origin: – Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula – Medial head: humerus – Lateral head: humerus • Insertion: – Olecranon process of the ulna • Actions: – Extension at the elbow – Long head: extension and adduction of the shoulder Anconeus • Origin: – Lateral condyle of the humerus • Insertion: – Olecranon process of the ulna • Action: – Extension of the elbow Muscles that act to Pronate the arm • Pronator teres • Pronator quadratus • Brachioradialis Pronator Teres • Origin: – Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, ulna • Insertion: – Radius • Actions: – Pronation, assists with flexion at the elbow Pronator Quadratus • Origin: – Ulna • Insertion: – Radius • Action: – Pronation at the wrist Muscles that act to supinate at the elbow • Supinator • Biceps brachii • Brachioradialis Supinator • Origin: – Lateral epicondyle of the humerus, ulna • Insertion: – Radius • Action: – Supination [...]... ulna • Actions: – Extension at the elbow – Long head: extension and adduction of the shoulder Anconeus • Origin: – Lateral condyle of the humerus • Insertion: – Olecranon process of the ulna • Action: – Extension of the elbow Muscles that act to Pronate the arm • Pronator teres • Pronator quadratus • Brachioradialis Pronator Teres • Origin: – Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, ulna • Insertion:... Muscles that act to Extend at the elbow • These muscles are located on the posterior side of the upper arm • Triceps brachii (prime mover) • Anconeus: – Major function is to stabilize elbow joint and allow for maximal ROM during extension Triceps Brachii • Origin: – Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula – Medial head: humerus – Lateral head: humerus • Insertion: – Olecranon process of the. .. humerus, ulna • Insertion: – Radius • Actions: – Pronation, assists with flexion at the elbow Pronator Quadratus • Origin: – Ulna • Insertion: – Radius • Action: – Pronation at the wrist Muscles that act to supinate at the elbow • Supinator • Biceps brachii • Brachioradialis Supinator • Origin: – Lateral epicondyle ... groups of muscles The forearm is the origin of the extrinsic muscles of the hand The palm is the origin of the intrinsic muscles of the hand Muscles of the Arm That Move the Wrists, Hands, and Fingers... Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand 11/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs The intrinsic muscles of the hand both originate and insert within the hand These muscles provide the fine motor... over the palmar surface of the hand while the extensor retinaculum extends over the dorsal surface of the hand 10/16 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs Intrinsic Muscles of the Hand The